Unsafe Practices of Motorcycle Riders in El Petén, Guatemala: A Community Observational Study and a Retrospective Institutional Review.

INTRODUCTION: Outcomes from trauma at the major referral hospital [Hospital Nacional de San Benito (HNSB)] in El Petén, Guatemala, have not been analyzed. Empirical evidence demonstrated a high number of motorcycle accidents (MAs). We hypothesized a large incidence of head trauma with poor outcomes in MAs compared to all other forms of blunt trauma. METHODS: Our hypothesis was tested by performing a community observational study and a retrospective chart review in El Petén, Guatemala. An independent observer catalogued 100 motorcycle riders on the streets of El Petén for riding practices as well as helmet utilization. HNSB does not have electronic medical records. For this study, we performed a retrospective chart review of randomly selected nonconsecutive trauma admission at HNSB between March 2018 and June 2023. Blunt trauma was compared between MAs versus all others. Variables were examined by parametric and nonparametric tests as well as contingency table analyses. RESULTS: Most motorcycles riders involved multiple individuals (2.61 ± 0.79/motorcycle). Seventy riders included children (median = 1.0 [Q1-Q3 range = 1.0-3.0]/motorcycle). Overall, only three riders were wearing helmets. Forty-one were women. Of patients presenting to HNSB with trauma, 91 charts were reviewed (33.0 [20.0-37.0] y old; male 89%), 76.7% were blunt, and 23.3% were penetrating trauma. Within blunt trauma, 57.1% were MAs versus 42.9% all others; P = 0.13. MAs were younger (29.5 [20.0-37.0] versus 34.0 [21.8-45.8] y old; P < 0.05) and of similar gender (male 82.5% versus 96.6%; P = 0.1). More MAs had a computed tomography (70.0% versus 30.0%; P < 0.01) and they were more likely to present with head trauma (72.5% versus 46.7%; P = 0.04) but similar Glasgow Coma Scale (15.0 [13.5-15.0] versus 15.0 [12.5-15.0]; P = 0.7). MAs were less likely to require surgical intervention (37.5% versus 56.7%; P = 0.05) but had similar hospital length of stay (4.0 [2-6] versus 4.0 [2-10.5] d; P = 0.5). CONCLUSIONS: Unsafe motorcycle practices in El Petén are staggering. Most trauma at HNSB is blunt, and likely from MAs. More patients with MAs presented with head trauma. However, severe trauma might be transferred to higher level hospitals or mortality might occur on scene, which will need further investigations. Assessment of mortality from trauma admissions is ongoing. These findings should lead to enforcement of safe motorcycle practices in El Petén, Guatemala.

Factors Associated With Major Lower Extremity Amputations in Diabetic Foot Infections at a County Hospital in Guatemala.

INTRODUCTION: Outcomes from diabetic foot infections (DFIs) at the major referral hospital (Hospital Nacional de San Benito) in El Petén, Guatemala have not been analyzed. We hypothesized that poor diabetic control might be associated with a high rate of major lower extremity amputations (mLEAs; above the ankle). METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis at Hospital Nacional de San Benito between (8/14 and 6/23) in patients presenting with DFIs. Patients receiving mLEAs were compared with all others (AO = [trans-metatarsal amputations, toe amputations, incision and drainage, and antibiotic treatment]). Interviews surgeons were undertaken to ascertain reasons for index operation choice. Univariable and multivariable analyses were undertaken to determine factors associated with mLEAs. RESULTS: Of 110 patients with DFIs, there were 23 mLEAs (above the knee = 21, below the knee = 2). Age, duration with diabetes, and a prior ipsilateral minor amputation were associated with mLEAs. Multivariable analysis identified white blood cell count as significant for mLEA (odds ratio = 1.5 95% confidence interval [1.0 to 2.5]). Cited reasons for a high rate of above the knee amputation (AKAs) versus below the knee amputation were patient related (advanced disease, patient frailty, and poor compliance), systemic (lack of vascular equipment and knee immobilizer), and surgeon related. CONCLUSIONS: This cohort of patients presented with an average of 15 years with diabetes mellitus and poor adherence to diabetic treatment (40%). Many of these diabetic patients developed a DFI requiring mLEAs (21%), most of which were AKAs (91%). Efforts to minimize the number of AKA versus below the knee amputation require immediate attention. Programs to adhere to DM control and foot care in patients with DM are urgently needed.

Examining the Longitudinal Effects of Insomnia on Depression and Medication Adherence in People Living with HIV.

OBJECTIVE: The management of HIV has shifted from a focus solely on the disease to a broader perspective encompassing co-occurring medical conditions and quality of life. Mental health concerns such as depression and sleep disturbances, particularly insomnia, are often overlooked in HIV care. The aim of the study was to investigate the longitudinal impact of insomnia on depression and medication adherence among (PLWH). METHODS: This study, conducted in an urban HIV clinic, involved active patients and assessed depression, insomnia, and medication adherence at baseline, 3-month, and 6-month intervals. Hierarchical linear models were employed to analyze the fixed and random effects of time, within-person and between-person insomnia on depression, as well as the effects of time, within-person and between-person depression on ART adherence. RESULTS: Within-person effects revealed that each one unit increase in the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was associated with a b = 0.267-point rise in Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores (p < .001). Between-person effects revealed that each one-point increase in an individual's average ISI score was associated with a 0.476-point elevation in their PHQ-9 scores (p < .001). The between-person effects of depression on medication adherence indicated significance, with each point increase in an individual's average PHQ-9 score being linked to a 0.36% decrease in adherence (p = .012). CONCLUSION: The study underscores the potential impact of insomnia on mental health and treatment adherence in people living with HIV (PLWH). This study emphasizes the necessity of comprehensive care models considering the interplay between sleep quality, mental health, and medication adherence for PLWH.

Sleep actigraphy results and HIV health outcomes in an urban HIV clinic sample.

Sleep disorders are prevalent and interfering conditions that affect people living with HIV (PLWH) at higher rates than the general population. Lower quality sleep has been associated with poorer health-related quality of life and immune function in PWH, though sleep is typically assessed subjectively. The current study aimed to examine the association between objective sleep/wake patterns measured via actigraphy with HIV outcomes. Participants (N = 87) were recruited from a public, urban HIV clinic located in the Southeastern United States. Participants were instructed to wear actigraphy monitors for one week (Range: 5-8 days). Log viral load and absolute CD4 were obtained via medical chart review. Linear regression analyses predicting HIV RNA Viral Load (log transformed) and CD4 Count were employed with three actigraphy sleep variables: sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset (WASO), and sleep quantity. Backward entry regression with both significant actigraphy predictors, sleep efficiency and WASO, included as predictors resulted in sleep efficiency remaining in the model and WASO being removed. Separate models revealed that each one-unit increase in sleep efficiency was associated with a b = 0.032-point decrease in the log-transformed HIV RNA viral load (p = 0.03) and for each one-unit increase in wake after sleep onset (WASO) was associated with a b = 0.35-point increase in the log-transformed HIV RNA viral load (p = 0.04). Sleep quantity, however, was not, and none were associated with absolute CD4 count. The findings add to the evidence for an association of objectively measured poorer sleep efficiency being associated with higher HIV RNA viral load. Implications for clinical practice include assessing and addressing sleep efficiency as part of comprehensive clinical HIV care.