Genetic regulation of liver lipids in a mouse model of insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis.

To elucidate the contributions of specific lipid species to metabolic traits, we integrated global hepatic lipid data with other omics measures and genetic data from a cohort of about 100 diverse inbred strains of mice fed a high-fat/high-sucrose diet for 8 weeks. Association mapping, correlation, structure analyses, and network modeling revealed pathways and genes underlying these interactions. In particular, our studies lead to the identification of Ifi203 and Map2k6 as regulators of hepatic phosphatidylcholine homeostasis and triacylglycerol accumulation, respectively. Our analyses highlight mechanisms for how genetic variation in hepatic lipidome can be linked to physiological and molecular phenotypes, such as microbiota composition.

Genetic Deficiency of Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 3 ( Fmo3) Protects Against Thrombosis but Has Only a Minor Effect on Plasma Lipid Levels-Brief Report.

Objective- FMO (flavin-containing monooxygenase) 3 converts bacterial-derived trimethylamine to trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We generated FMO3 knockout (FMO3KO) mouse to study its effects on plasma TMAO, lipids, glucose/insulin metabolism, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. Approach and Results- Previous studies with an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) knockdown strategy targeting FMO3 in LDLRKO (low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout) mice resulted in major reductions in TMAO levels and atherosclerosis, but also showed effects on plasma lipids, insulin, and glucose. Although FMO3KO mice generated via CRISPR/Cas9 technology bred onto the LDLRKO background did exhibit similar effects on TMAO levels, the effects on lipid metabolism were not as pronounced as with the ASO knockdown model. These differences could result from either off-target effects of the ASO or from a developmental adaptation to the FMO3 deficiency. To distinguish these possibilities, we treated wild-type and FMO3KO mice with control or FMO3 ASOs. FMO3-ASO treatment led to the same extent of lipid-lowering effects in the FMO3KO mice as the wild-type mice, indicating off-target effects. The levels of TMAO in LDLRKO mice fed an atherogenic diet are very low in both wild-type and FMO3KO mice, and no significant effect was observed on atherosclerosis. When FMO3KO and wild-type mice were maintained on a 0.5% choline diet, FMO3KO showed a marked reduction in both TMAO and in vivo thrombosis potential. Conclusions- FMO3KO markedly reduces systemic TMAO levels and thrombosis potential. However, the previously observed large effects of an FMO3 ASO on plasma lipid levels appear to be due partly to off-target effects.

Enhanced stability of red-fleshed apple anthocyanins by copigmentation and encapsulation.

BACKGROUND: Red-fleshed apples are a great source of natural colorants and functional food ingredients because of their high anthocyanin content. Generally, anthocyanins are highly unstable after extraction, which limits their wide applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of combining copigmentation with encapsulation on the stability of anthocyanins from red-fleshed apples. In this study, red-fleshed apple anthocyanins were copigmented with caffeic acid, and then the copigmented complexes were encapsulated using gum arabic and maltodextrin using spray drying and freeze drying. RESULTS: All anthocyanin microcapsules had high encapsulation efficiencies ranging from 93.84 to 96.85% with mean hydrodynamic diameter smaller than 350 nm. After heating at 80 °C for 2 h, the dispersions of microencapsulated anthocyanins with copigments exhibited the highest absorbance values at λmax (515 nm) (P < 0.05). Light stability experiments demonstrated that the half-life of the red-fleshed apple anthocyanins increased from 5 to 12 days after being treated with copigmentation and encapsulation. The drying methods (spray/freeze drying) did not significantly influence the stability of the microencapsulated anthocyanins. CONCLUSIONS: Applying copigmentation and spray-drying encapsulation in tandem has great potential for enhancing the stability of red-fleshed apple anthocyanins. Thus, such anthocyanins with enhanced stability may be increasingly used in the food and pharmaceutical industries as value-added natural food pigments. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Phenolic composition of apple products and by-products based on cold pressing technology.

Cold pressing technology is a new technology using during the apple juice processing, which involved peeling and deseeding of apples at low temperature. The phenolics of apple juice, apple vinegar and apple pomace generated by cold pressing and traditional process were investigated. The results showed that the total phenols and flavanols of cold pressing apple juice were lower than those of traditional process. The total phenols content of peel pomace extract was significantly higher than that of the pulp pomace by almost tenfold, which showed that the peels and seeds were valuable sources of phenolic compounds. The total phenols of apple vinegars were significantly different. The predominant compounds in apple products were phloridzin and chlorogenic acid, while the apple pomaces based on cold pressing technology had significantly high content of phenolic compounds, indicating that the cold pressing technology could facilitated the use of apple pomace for bioactive compounds.

Calcium regulates glutamate dehydrogenase and poly-γ-glutamic acid synthesis in Bacillus natto.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of Ca(2+) on glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and its role in poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) synthesis in Bacillus natto HSF 1410. RESULTS: When the concentration of Ca(2+) varied from 0 to 0.1 g/l in the growth medium of B. natto HSF 1410, γ-PGA production increased from 6.8 to 9.7 g/l, while GDH specific activity and NH4Cl consumption improved from 183 to 295 U/mg and from 0.65 to 0.77 g/l, respectively. GDH with α-ketoglutarate as substrate primarily used NADPH as coenzyme with a K m of 0.08 mM. GDH was responsible for the synthesis of endogenous glutamate. The specific activity of GDH remained essentially unchanged in the presence of CaCl2 (0.05-0.2 g/l) in vitro. However, the specific activity of GDH and its expression was significantly increased by CaCl2 in vivo. Therefore, the regulation of GDH and PGA synthesis by Ca(2+) is an intracellular process. CONCLUSION: Calcium regulation may be an effective approach for producing γ-PGA on an industrial scale.

Evaluation of Total Flavonoids, Myricetin, and Quercetin from Hovenia dulcis Thunb. As Inhibitors of α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase.

This study was designed to investigate the inhibition effect and mechanism of total flavonoids, myricetin and quercetin extracted from Hovenia dulcis Thunb. on α-amylase and α-glucosidase in order to explore the potential use of Hovenia flavonoids in alleviating postprandial hyperglycemia. The results demonstrate that total flavonoids, myricetin, and quercetin were effective inhibitors of α-amylase with IC50 values of 32.8, 662 and 770 µg ml-1, respectively. And all three were effective inhibitors of α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 8, 3 and 32 µg ml-1, respectively. Enzyme kinetics tests and Lineweaver-Burk results showed the inhibition effects of total flavonoids, myricetin and quercrtin on α-amylase were all reversible and competitive, and the effects on α-glucosidase were all reversible but non-competitive. This study revealed that Hovenia flavonoids, especially myricetin, are effective and promising functional foods in alleviating type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Flavin containing monooxygenase 3 exerts broad effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis.

We performed silencing and overexpression studies of flavin containing monooxygenase (FMO) 3 in hyperlipidemic mouse models to examine its effects on trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels and atherosclerosis. Knockdown of hepatic FMO3 in LDL receptor knockout mice using an antisense oligonucleotide resulted in decreased circulating TMAO levels and atherosclerosis. Surprisingly, we also observed significant decreases in hepatic lipids and in levels of plasma lipids, ketone bodies, glucose, and insulin. FMO3 overexpression in transgenic mice, on the other hand, increased hepatic and plasma lipids. Global gene expression analyses suggested that these effects of FMO3 on lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis may be mediated through the PPARα and Kruppel-like factor 15 pathways. In vivo and in vitro results were consistent with the concept that the effects were mediated directly by FMO3 rather than trimethylamine/TMAO; in particular, overexpression of FMO3 in the human hepatoma cell line, Hep3B, resulted in significantly increased glucose secretion and lipogenesis. Our results indicate a major role for FMO3 in modulating glucose and lipid homeostasis in vivo, and they suggest that pharmacologic inhibition of FMO3 to reduce TMAO levels would be confounded by metabolic interactions.

Metabolic and phylogenetic analyses based on nitrogen in a new poly-γ-glutamic acid-producing strain of Bacillus subtilis.

OBJECTIVES: Nitrogen metabolism was investigated during poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) synthesis and phylogenetic analyses was used to explore glutamate dependency in Bacillus subtilis HSF1410. RESULTS: Bacillus subtilis HSF1410 was cultured with (15)NH4+ in the medium, and the γ-PGA synthesized was then analyzed using (15)N-NMR. The γ-PGA framework was partially labeled with (15)N, indicating that γ-PGA was synthesized from inorganic nitrogen and carbohydrate. Assay of glutamate synthetase and glutamine synthetase activities also revealed that ammonium can be used to synthesize γ-PGA in HSF1410. Phylogenetic trees based on γ-PGA synthesis genes (pgsBCA) and 16S rRNA showed that HSF1410 falls within a cluster of glutamate-dependent strains, versus glutamate-independent strains, which is confirmed by HSF1410 being unable to produce γ-PGA without glutamate in its medium CONCLUSION: we classify B. subtilis HSF1410 as a glutamate-dependent strain that can use exogenous inorganic nitrogen sources to synthesize γ-PGA.

Hyodeoxycholic acid improves HDL function and inhibits atherosclerotic lesion formation in LDLR-knockout mice.

We examined the effects of a natural secondary bile acid, hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-null (LDLRKO) mice. Female LDLRKO mice were maintained on a Western diet for 8 wk and then divided into 2 groups that received chow, or chow + 1.25% HDCA, diets for 15 wk. We observed that mice fed the HDCA diet were leaner and exhibited a 37% (P<0.05) decrease in fasting plasma glucose level. HDCA supplementation significantly decreased atherosclerotic lesion size at the aortic root region, the entire aorta, and the innominate artery by 44% (P<0.0001), 48% (P<0.01), and 94% (P<0.01), respectively, as compared with the chow group. Plasma VLDL/IDL/LDL cholesterol levels were significantly decreased, by 61% (P<0.05), in the HDCA group as compared with the chow diet group. HDCA supplementation decreased intestinal cholesterol absorption by 76% (P<0.0001) as compared with the chow group. Furthermore, HDL isolated from the HDCA group exhibited significantly increased ability to mediate cholesterol efflux ex vivo as compared with HDL of the chow diet group. In addition, HDCA significantly increased the expression of genes involved in cholesterol efflux, such as Abca1, Abcg1, and Apoe, in a macrophage cell line. Thus, HDCA is a candidate for antiatherosclerotic drug therapy.

Young apple polyphenols confer excellent physical and oxidative stabilities to soy protein emulsions for effective ß-carotene encapsulation and delivery.

Protein emulsions' poor physical and oxidative stabilities restrict their use in functional foods. Soy protein isolate (SPI) emulsions' physical stability was enhanced by adding young apple polyphenols (YAP) in this study, but decreased when YAP was 0.12 %. YAP binding prefolded SPI's structure, which promotes efficient SPI stacking at the interface. YAP also improved SPI emulsions' oxidation resistance in a dose-dependent manner. SPI-YAP interaction promoted more YAP adsorption (>80 %) at the interface, which increased emulsions' antioxidant capacities twofold. Furthermore, over 90 % of unsaturated fatty acids were preserved, and the oxidation of lipid-SPI-ß-carotene appeared to be reduced as YAP increased. In addition, SPI-YAP emulsions were effective in encapsulating and safeguarding ß-carotene during emulsion storage and in vitro digestion, leading to a delayed and maximum release of ß-carotene. This study improves the understanding of polyphenols inhibition on lipid-protein oxidation through interface strengthening and broadens the potential applications of YAP and SPI in functional foods.

Engineering a Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenase for Coenzyme-Free Synthesis of Vanillin from Ferulic Acid.

One-pot biosynthesis of vanillin from ferulic acid without providing energy and cofactors adds significant value to lignin waste streams. However, naturally evolved carotenoid cleavage oxygenase (CCO) with extreme catalytic conditions greatly limited the above pathway for vanillin bioproduction. Herein, CCO from Thermothelomyces thermophilus (TtCCO) was rationally engineered for achieving high catalytic activity under neutral pH conditions and was further utilized for constructing a one-pot synthesis system of vanillin with Bacillus pumilus ferulic acid decarboxylase. TtCCO with the K192N-V310G-A311T-R404N-D407F-N556A mutation (TtCCOM3) was gradually obtained using substrate access channel engineering, catalytic pocket engineering, and pocket charge engineering. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that reducing the site-blocking effect in the substrate access channel, enhancing affinity for substrates in the catalytic pocket, and eliminating the pocket's alkaline charge contributed to the high catalytic activity of TtCCOM3 under neutral pH conditions. Finally, the one-pot synthesis of vanillin in our study could achieve a maximum rate of up to 6.89 ± 0.3 mM h-1. Therefore, our study paves the way for a one-pot biosynthetic process of transforming renewable lignin-related aromatics into valuable chemicals.

Hydroxytyrosol Alleviates Obesity-Induced Cognitive Decline by Modulating the Expression Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factors and Inflammatory Factors in Mice.

Hydroxytyrosol (HT; 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl ethanol) is an important functional polyphenol in olive oil. Our study sought to evaluate the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of HT on obesity-induced cognitive impairment. A high-fat and high-fructose-diet-induced obese mice model was treated with HT for 14 weeks. The results show that HT improved the learning and memory abilities and enhanced the expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNFs) and postsynaptic density proteins, protecting neuronal and synaptic functions in obese mice. Transcriptomic results further confirmed that HT improved cognitive impairment by regulating gene expression in neural system development and synaptic function-related pathways. Moreover, HT treatment alleviated neuroinflammation in the brain of obese mice. To sum up, our results indicated that HT can alleviate obesity-induced cognitive dysfunction by enhancing BDNF expression and alleviating neuroinflammation in the brain, which also means that HT may become a potentially useful nutritional supplement to alleviate obesity-induced cognitive decline.

Conserved multi-tissue transcriptomic adaptations to exercise training in humans and mice.

Physical activity is associated with beneficial adaptations in human and rodent metabolism. We studied over 50 complex traits before and after exercise intervention in middle-aged men and a panel of 100 diverse strains of female mice. Candidate gene analyses in three brain regions, muscle, liver, heart, and adipose tissue of mice indicate genetic drivers of clinically relevant traits, including volitional exercise volume, muscle metabolism, adiposity, and hepatic lipids. Although ∼33% of genes differentially expressed in skeletal muscle following the exercise intervention are similar in mice and humans independent of BMI, responsiveness of adipose tissue to exercise-stimulated weight loss appears controlled by species and underlying genotype. We leveraged genetic diversity to generate prediction models of metabolic trait responsiveness to volitional activity offering a framework for advancing personalized exercise prescription. The human and mouse data are publicly available via a user-friendly Web-based application to enhance data mining and hypothesis development.

Paraoxonase-2 modulates stress response of endothelial cells to oxidized phospholipids and a bacterial quorum-sensing molecule.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic infection has long been postulated as a stimulus for atherogenesis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection has been associated with increased atherosclerosis in rats, and these bacteria produce a quorum-sensing molecule 3-oxo-dodecynoyl-homoserine lactone (3OC12-HSL) that is critical for colonization and virulence. Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) hydrolyzes 3OC12-HSL and also protects against the effects of oxidized phospholipids thought to contribute to atherosclerosis. We now report the response of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) to 3OC12-HSL and oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Ox-PAPC) in relation to PON2 expression. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using expression profiling and network modeling, we identified the unfolded protein response (UPR), cell cycle genes, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway to be heavily involved in the HAEC response to 3OC12-HSL. The network also showed striking similarities to a network created based on HAEC response to Ox-PAPC, a major component of minimally modified low-density lipoprotein. HAECs in which PON2 was silenced by small interfering RNA showed increased proinflammatory response and UPR when treated with 3OC12-HSL or Ox-PAPC. CONCLUSION: 3OC12-HSL and Ox-PAPC influence similar inflammatory and UPR pathways. Quorum sensing molecules, such as 3OC12-HSL, contribute to the proatherogenic effects of chronic infection. The antiatherogenic effects of PON2 include destruction of quorum sensing molecules.

Engineering a Feruloyl-Coenzyme A Synthase for Bioconversion of Phenylpropanoid Acids into High-Value Aromatic Aldehydes.

Aromatic aldehydes find extensive applications in food, perfume, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. However, a limited natural enzyme selectivity has become the bottleneck of bioconversion of aromatic aldehydes from natural phenylpropanoid acids. Here, based on the original structure of feruloyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase (FCS) from Streptomyces sp. V-1, we engineered five substrate-binding domains to match specific phenylpropanoid acids. FcsCIAE407A/K483L, FcsMAE407R/I481R/K483R, FcsHAE407K/I481K/K483I, FcsCAE407R/I481R/K483T, and FcsFAE407R/I481K/K483R showed 9.96-, 10.58-, 4.25-, 6.49-, and 8.71-fold enhanced catalytic efficiency for degrading CoA thioesters of cinnamic acid, 4-methoxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulation illustrated that novel substrate-binding domains formed strong interaction forces with substrates' methoxy/hydroxyl group and provided hydrophobic/alkaline catalytic surfaces. Five recombinant E. coli with FCS mutants were constructed with the maximum benzaldehyde, p-anisaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, protocatechualdehyde, and vanillin productivity of 6.2 ± 0.3, 5.1 ± 0.23, 4.1 ± 0.25, 7.1 ± 0.3, and 8.7 ± 0.2 mM/h, respectively. Hence, our study provided novel and efficient enzymes for the bioconversion of phenylpropanoid acids into aromatic aldehydes.

Liver-heart cross-talk mediated by coagulation factor XI protects against heart failure.

Tissue-tissue communication by endocrine factors is a vital mechanism for physiologic homeostasis. A systems genetics analysis of transcriptomic and functional data from a cohort of diverse, inbred strains of mice predicted that coagulation factor XI (FXI), a liver-derived protein, protects against diastolic dysfunction, a key trait of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. This was confirmed using gain- and loss-of-function studies, and FXI was found to activate the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-SMAD1/5 pathway in the heart. The proteolytic activity of FXI is required for the cleavage and activation of extracellular matrix-associated BMP7 in the heart, thus inhibiting genes involved in inflammation and fibrosis. Our results reveal a protective role of FXI in heart injury that is distinct from its role in coagulation.

Manipulation of the Regulatory Genes ppsR and prrA in Rhodobacter sphaeroides Enhances Lycopene Production.

Rhodobacter sphaeroides is a non-sulfur purple bacterium with great metabolic versatility, capable of producing a variety of valuable compounds that include carotenoids and CoQ10. In order to enhance lycopene production, we deleted the photosynthetic gene cluster repressor ppsR from a lycopene-producing Rb. sphaeroides strain (RL1) constructed in a previous study to break the control of carotenoid synthesis by the oxygen level. Also, lycopene production was further increased by overexpression of the activator prrA. The superior lycopene producer DppsR/OprrA thus obtained had a high growth rate and a lycopene production of 150.15 mg/L with a yield of 21.45 mg/g dry cell weight (DCW) under high oxygen conditions; these values were ≥6.85-fold higher than those of RL1 (19.13 mg/L; 3.32 mg/g DCW). Our findings indicate that elimination of oxygen repression led to more efficient lycopene production by DppsR/OprrA and that its increased productivity under high oxygen conditions makes it a potentially useful strain for industrial-scale lycopene production.

Survival and self-renewing capacity of breast cancer initiating cells during fractionated radiation treatment.

INTRODUCTION: Recent data indicate a hierarchical organization of many solid cancers, including breast cancer, with a small number of cancer initiating cells (CICs) that have the ability to self-renew and exhibit multi-lineage potency. We, and others, have demonstrated that CICs in breast cancer and glioma are relatively resistant to ionizing radiation if compared to their non-tumorigenic counterparts. However, the extent of the remaining self-renewing capacity of CICs after fractions of radiation is currently unknown. We hypothesized that CICs, in contrast to their non-tumorigenic counterparts, not only survive fractions of ionizing radiation but also retain the CIC phenotype as defined by operational means. METHODS: We used two marker systems to identify breast CICs (CD24-/low/CD44high, or lack of proteasome activity) and performed sphere-forming assays after multiple clinical fractions of radiation. Lineage tracking was performed by membrane staining. Cell cycle distribution and RNA content were assessed by flow cytometry and senescence was assessed via beta-galactosidase staining. RESULTS: We demonstrated that irradiated CICs survived and retained their self-renewal capacity for at least four generations. We show that fractionated radiation not only spared CICs but also mobilized them from a quiescent/G0 phase of the cell cycle into actively cycling cells, while the surviving non-tumorigenic cells were driven into senescence. CONCLUSIONS: The breast CIC population retains increased self-renewal capacity over several generations and therefore, we conclude that increases in the number of CICs after sublethal doses of radiation have potential clinical importance. Prevention of this process may lead to improved clinical outcome.

Phage M13KO7 detection with biosensor based on imaging ellipsometry and AFM microscopic confirmation.

A rapid detection and identification of pathogens is important for minimizing transfer and spread of disease. A label-free and multiplex biosensor based on imaging ellipsometry (BIE) had been developed for the detection of phage M13KO7. The surface of silicon wafer is modified with aldehyde, and proteins can be patterned homogeneously and simultaneously on the surface of silicon wafer in an array format by a microfluidic system. Avidin is immobilized on the surface for biotin-anti-M13 immobilization by means of interaction between avidin and biotin, which will serve as ligand against phage M13KO7. Phages M13KO7 are specifically captured by the ligand when phage M13KO7 solution passes over the surface, resulting in a significant increase of mass surface concentration of the anti-M13 binding phage M13KO7 layer, which could be detected by imaging ellipsometry with a sensitivity of 10(9)pfu/ml. Moreover, atomic force microscopy is also used to confirm the fact that phage M13KO7 has been directly captured by ligands on the surface. It indicates that BIE is competent for direct detection of phage M13KO7 and has potential in the field of virus detection.