RESUMO
Transgene-based genetic sexing methods are being developed for insects of agricultural and public health importance. Male-only rearing has long been sought in sericulture because males show superior economic characteristics, such as better fitness, lower food consumption, and higher silk yield. Here we report the establishment of a transgene-based genetic sexing system for the silkworm, Bombyx mori. We developed a construct in which a positive feedback loop regulated by sex-specific alternative splicing leads to high-level expression of the tetracycline-repressible transactivator in females only. Transgenic animals show female-specific lethality during embryonic and early larval stages, leading to male-only cocoons. This transgene-based female-specific lethal system not only has wide application in sericulture, but also has great potential in lepidopteran pest control.
Assuntos
Processamento Alternativo/genética , Bombyx/genética , Cruzamento/métodos , Genes Letais/genética , Caracteres Sexuais , Animais , Bombyx/fisiologia , Clonagem Molecular , Primers do DNA/genética , Feminino , Immunoblotting , Masculino , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Seda/biossíntese , Tetraciclina/farmacologia , Transativadores/metabolismoRESUMO
The PAR-domain protein 1 (PDP1) is essential for locomotor activity of insects. However, its functions in insect growth and development have not been studied extensively, which prompted our hypothesis that PDP1 acts in energy metabolism. Here we report identification of TcPDP1 in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, and its functional analysis by RNAi. Treating larvae with dsTcPDP1 induced pupae developmental arrestment, accompanied by accelerated fat body degradation. dsTcPDP1 treatments in adults resulted in reduced female fecundity. Disruption of TcPDP1 expression affected the transcription of genes involved in insulin signaling transduction and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. These results support our hypothesis that TcPDP1 acts in energy metabolism in T. castaneum.
Assuntos
Fatores de Transcrição de Zíper de Leucina Básica/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Proteínas de Insetos/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismo , Tribolium/metabolismo , Animais , Fatores de Transcrição de Zíper de Leucina Básica/genética , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Insulina/genética , Larva/genética , Larva/metabolismo , Masculino , Pupa/genética , Pupa/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/genética , Tribolium/genética , Tribolium/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
The ecdysone receptor (EcR) is the hormonal receptor of ecdysteroids, which regulates insect growth and development. In this study, we cloned and characterized two isoforms of EcR in Monochamus alternates named MaEcR A and MaEcR B. The cDNAs of MaEcR A and MaEcR B have open repeating frames of 1,695 and 1,392 bp, respectively. The deduced proteins have the same C-terminal sequence and varied in N-terminal, and are consistent with reports on other insect species, particularly with the receptor of another coleopteran, Tribolium castaneum. The isoform-specific developmental expression profile of EcR in the epidermis and the midgut were analyzed with quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in the pupal stage. RNA interference (RNAi) with common or isoform-specific regions induced developmental stagnation. When treated in the later larval stage, RNAi with either the common sequence or an EcR A specific sequence caused more severe effects and most larvae died prior to adulthood. The EcR B specific sequence caused less severe effects and about half of the treated larvae became adults, but some showed developmental defects. RNAi with both isoforms at early pupal stage attenuated the expression of 20E-regulated genes E74, E75, and HR3. The study demonstrates the role of EcR in the transduction of ecdysteroid response in Monochamus alternatus.
Assuntos
Besouros/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Receptores de Esteroides/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Clonagem Molecular , Besouros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Besouros/metabolismo , DNA Complementar/genética , DNA Complementar/metabolismo , Proteínas de Insetos/metabolismo , Larva/genética , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Larva/metabolismo , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Isoformas de Proteínas/química , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Pupa/genética , Pupa/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pupa/metabolismo , RNA/genética , RNA/metabolismo , Receptores de Esteroides/metabolismo , Alinhamento de SequênciaRESUMO
Histone is one of critical components of chromatin, which amino acid residues at the N-terminus can be covalently modified. Histone modification (HM) can change the chromatin conformation and induce transcription or gene silencing. Not only can HM control gene expression, but also participate in cell division, cell apoptosis and memory formation by recruiting protein complex and affecting downstream proteins. HM can also have the impact on immune system and inflammatory reaction. In addition, lots of recent studies have indicated that histone code (or HM) is related to the CTD code, circadian clock and DNA repair, implying the significance of HM. The domains of protein complex can never be replaced, because they play a mediating role during the formation and deciphering of histone code, as well as the modification cascade and the recruitment of protein complex. Therefore, these domains are very important to comprehend the histone code. Because of the widespread use of analytical techniques, such as mass-spectrometry, new domains will be discovered. Herein, our review focuses on the basic concept, recent progress and hot points of the histone code study.
Assuntos
Histonas/metabolismo , Acetilação , Animais , Expressão Gênica , Código das Histonas , Histonas/genética , Humanos , Metilação , Complexos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , FosforilaçãoRESUMO
The males of sex-linkaged balanced lethal silkworm strain (S-14) has two non-allelic recessive genes (lethal gene 1, l1 and lethal gene 2, l2). The two genes are located on two different Z chromosomes and cause death of embryos at body pigmentation stage and end reversal embryo stage, respectively. We firstly hybridized the males of S-14 strain with the females having wild-type genes of P50 strain and then backcrossed the males of F1 with females of P50 strain. A total of 1660 female moths of BC1 generation were divided into two groups, 1100 in BC1-l1 and 560 in BC1-l2 according to the lethal gene carried by these female moths' fathers-fame moths of F1, respectively. Based on the nucleotide sequence information from the published physical map of Bombyx mori, we developed 16 polymorphic SSR markers in l1 gene region and 18 polymorphic SSR makers in l2 gene region compared to the allelic region of P50 strain and used these SSR markers and groups of BC1-l1 and BC1-12 to map the two lethal genes, respectively. Gene l1 was mapped on the region of Z chromosome, covering a physical distance of 2.60 Mb. Gene l2 was fine mapped on the region of Z chromosome, covering a physical distance of 0.69 Mb.
Assuntos
Bombyx/genética , Mapeamento Cromossômico/métodos , Genes Letais/genética , Ligação Genética/genética , Repetições de Microssatélites/genética , Caracteres Sexuais , Animais , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
A cDNA clone encoding the ADP/ATP translocase in Helicoverpa armigera has been identified by RT-PCR, 5'and 3'RACE methods. Sequence analysis shows that it is 1,190 bp long and contains a single open reading frame (ORF, 133-1,033 bp) encoding a protein of 300 amino acids (GenBank submission number, AY253868). The protein has a 22 aa signal peptide on its N-terminal, which leads the protein locating onto the inner membrane of the mitochondria. It also has three conserved domains of the mitochondrial carrier protein forming a channel to exchange ATP and ADP energy molecule through the inner membrane of the mitochondria. It shows extensive similarities to the known ADP/ATP translocase poly-peptides. The ADP/ATP translocase similarity was up to 90% in the Lepidoptera.
Assuntos
Lepidópteros/enzimologia , Lepidópteros/genética , Translocases Mitocondriais de ADP e ATP/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Clonagem Molecular , Sequência Conservada , DNA Complementar/genética , Lepidópteros/classificação , Translocases Mitocondriais de ADP e ATP/química , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Alinhamento de Sequência , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Employing gfp as a reporter gene and hygromycin gene (hph) as a selection marker, the recombinant vector pKPG was constructed and transformed into fresh conidia of Botrytis cinerea via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Transformants were identified by PCR analysis of gfp and hph cassette, green fluorescence observation with microscope and Southern hybridization. Results confirmed that target genes were successfully integrated into the genome of Botrytis cinerea.
Assuntos
Agrobacterium tumefaciens/genética , Transformação Genética/genética , Southern Blotting , Botrytis/genética , Cinamatos/metabolismo , Vetores Genéticos/genética , Higromicina B/análogos & derivados , Higromicina B/metabolismo , Plasmídeos/genética , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
Lysine succinylation is a newly identified protein post-translational modification (PTM) of lysine residues. Increasing evidences demonstrate that this modification is prevalent in mitochondria and regulates many vital cellular processes, especially metabolism. Here, we determined the succinylome of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) midgut mitochondria during the larval gluttonous stage (the fifth instar) using succinylated peptides enrichment coupled with nano HPLC/MS/MS. A total of 1884 lysine succinylation sites on 373 mitochondrial proteins were identified. The bioinformatic analysis reveal that succinylated proteins are significantly enriched in central metabolic processes and mitochondrial protein synthesis. Several apoptosis and detoxification related enzymes or proteins are succinylated. The findings suggest the crucial role of lysine succinylation in silkworm midgut metabolism and resistance. Our data provide a rich resource for further analysis of lysine succinylation in silkworm. SIGNIFICANCE: Insect midgut is the vital tissue for nutrient metabolism and also for xenobiotic metabolism. There is a growing body of knowledge on regulation of midgut function at the gene or protein levels in silkworm, however, the regulation at post-translation modification level remains largely unknown. We provide a first global analysis of the mitochondrial lysine succinylome in silkworm midgut. A total of 1884 lysine succinylation sites on 373 mitochondrial proteins were identified. Bioinformatics results suggest an important role of this modification in regulating metabolism and mitochondrial protein synthesis. Our data greatly expand the catalog of lysine succinylation substrates and sites in insects, and represents an important resource for understanding the physiological function of lysine succinylation in insect midgut.
Assuntos
Bombyx/metabolismo , Larva/metabolismo , Proteínas Mitocondriais/análise , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Proteômica , Animais , Sistema Digestório/metabolismo , Lisina/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/química , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Proteínas Mitocondriais/biossíntese , Proteínas Mitocondriais/metabolismo , Proteômica/métodos , Ácido Succínico/metabolismoRESUMO
The ratio of Z chromosome number to autosomal chromosome (A) is different between male and female lepidoptera insects. In males: 2Z : 2A=1, and in females: Z : 2A=0.5. The ratio of the copies of gene (such as K) on Z chromosome number to the copies of gene (such as N) on autosomal chromosome (K/N) is also different between male and female. In males: 2K : 2N =1, and in females: K : 2N=0.5. The DpKettin gene of the pine caterpillar Dendrolimus punctatus was cloned with the primers designed according to the sequences of the BmKettin of the silkworm and the HaKettin of the cotton bollworm. The ratio of copies between DpKettin and ANT (adenine nucleotide translocator) in male and female was determined by the real-time quantitative PCR technique. They were 1.0 in males and 0.5 in females. These ratios were equal to the ratios of the copies of gene on Z chromosome number to the copies of gene on autosomal chromosome. It indicates that DpKettin is located on Z chromosome in the genome of the pine caterpillar.
Assuntos
Mapeamento Cromossômico/métodos , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Mariposas/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Clonagem Molecular , Feminino , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Proteínas Musculares/genética , Pinus/parasitologia , Alinhamento de Sequência , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
The LIM domain is found in a wide variety of eukaryotic proteins that regulate gene expression and cell differentiation during development. Muscle LIM protein (MLP) gene in Bombyx mori has been cloned by blasting its EST database and PCR test in present report. The resulting sequence covers 2 327 bp of cDNA (GenBank accession No. DQ311195). It has a complete open reading fragment and encodes a 494 amino acid protein. Genomic DNA sequence contains 11 exons and 10 introns, with intron splicing following the GT-AG rule. M.W. and PI of the predicted MLP in Bombyx mori are 53.03 kDa and 8.29 respectively. A single LIM domain linked to a glyscine-rich region is found in a previously deposited LIM protein (AAR23823) in Bombyx mori. MLP identified in this report encodes a protein with five tandem LIM-glycine modules. The two LIM proteins could be produced by alternative splicing and both are probably involved in muscle cell differentiation. This work provides foundation for further research on the in vivo function of MLP.
Assuntos
Bombyx/genética , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Proteínas Musculares/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Clonagem Molecular , DNA Complementar/química , DNA Complementar/genética , Etiquetas de Sequências Expressas , Proteínas com Domínio LIM , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
The complete mitochondrial genome of Bombyx mori strain Baiyun (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) was determined in this study. The genome was 15,629 bp long with 37 typical animal mitochondrial genes and 1 non-coding A + T-rich region. Its gene content and order were identical to those of other lepidopteran mitochondrial genomes. All protein-coding genes (PCGs) were initiated by ATN codons except for the COI gene, which began with CGA codon. Eleven PCGs stopped with termination codon TAA, whereas the COI and COII genes ended with single T. All the tRNA genes showed typical secondary cloverleaf structures. The 496 bp AT-rich region contains several features common to other lepidopterans, such as the motif ATAGA followed by an 18-bp poly-T stretch and two microsatellite-like (TA)8 and (AT)9 elements preceded by the ATTTA motif.
Assuntos
Genoma Mitocondrial/genética , Lepidópteros/genética , Sequência Rica em At/genética , Animais , Bombyx/classificação , Bombyx/genética , Códon de Iniciação/genética , Códon de Terminação/genética , Genes Mitocondriais/genética , Lepidópteros/classificação , Fases de Leitura Aberta/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is a very useful target insect for evaluation of endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs) due to mature breeding techniques, complete endocrine system and broad basic knowledge on developmental biology. Comparative metabolomics of silkworms with and without EDC exposure offers another dimension of studying EDCs. In this work, we report a workflow on metabolomic profiling of silkworm hemolymph based on high-performance chemical isotope labeling (CIL) liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and demonstrate its application in studying the metabolic changes associated with the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) exposure in silkworm. Hemolymph samples were taken from mature silkworms after growing on diet that contained DDT at four different concentrations (1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 ppm) as well as on diet without DDT as controls. They were subjected to differential 12C-/13C-dansyl labeling of the amine/phenol submetabolome, LC-UV quantification of the total amount of labeled metabolites for sample normalization, and LC-MS detection and relative quantification of individual metabolites in comparative samples. The total concentration of labeled metabolites did not show any significant change between four DDT-treatment groups and one control group. Multivariate statistical analysis of the metabolome data set showed that there was a distinct metabolomic separation between the five groups. Out of the 2044 detected peak pairs, 338 and 1471 metabolites have been putatively identified against the HMDB database and the EML library, respectively. 65 metabolites were identified by the dansyl library searching based on the accurate mass and retention time. Among the 65 identified metabolites, 33 positive metabolites had changes of greater than 1.20-fold or less than 0.83-fold in one or more groups with p-value of smaller than 0.05. Several useful biomarkers including serine, methionine, tryptophan, asymmetric dimethylarginine, N-Methyl-D-aspartic and tyrosine were identified. The changes of these biomarkers were likely due to the disruption of the endocrine system of silkworm by DDT. This work illustrates that the method of CIL LC-MS is useful to generate quantitative submetabolome profiles from a small volume of silkworm hemolymph with much higher coverage than conventional LC-MS methods, thereby facilitating the discovery of potential metabolite biomarkers related to EDC or other chemical exposure.
Assuntos
Bombyx/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Hemolinfa/metabolismo , Marcação por Isótopo/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Metabolômica/métodos , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Bombyx/efeitos dos fármacos , Diclorodifenildicloroetano/toxicidade , Hemolinfa/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The hybrid strain of the domesticated silkworm (Qiufeng × Baiyu) is one of the most popular commercial silkworm varieties in China. In this study, we reported its complete mitochondrial genome sequence for the first time. The 15,680 bp long genome contains 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes [PCGs], 2 rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes) and 1 major non-coding A + T-rich region, with the typical arrangement found in Lepidoptera. All PCGs started with typical ATN codons except for COI, which began with CGA. Eleven PCGs have complete stop codons, whereas COI and COII end with a single T. The 495 bp long A + T-rich region harbors the conserved sequence features typically found in lepidopteran insects. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Qiufeng × Baiyu provides an important data source for further study on the mechanism of silkworm domestication.
Assuntos
Bombyx/genética , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Genoma Mitocondrial , Hibridização Genética , Animais , Composição de Bases/genética , Pareamento de Bases/genética , Feminino , Masculino , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , RNA de Transferência/genéticaRESUMO
We determined the complete mitochondrial genome of the Japanese pine sawyer Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), which is a major forest pest in Asia. The genome is 15,874 bp in length containing 37 typical animal mitochondrial genes and one non-coding A+T-rich region. Its gene content and order are typical of other coleopteran mitochondrial genomes described to date. All protein-coding genes (PCGs) are initiated by ATN codons. Eight PCGs use complete stop codons TAG or TAA, whereas other PCGs end with a single T. All tRNA genes show typical secondary cloverleaf structures except for tRNA(Ser(AGN)), which lacks the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm. The large non-coding A+T-rich region of 1249 bp contains a 14 bp-long poly-T stretch and two microsatellite-like (AT)(TA)7 and (TA)8 elements.
Assuntos
Genes Mitocondriais/fisiologia , Genoma Mitocondrial/fisiologia , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Besouros , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Proteínas Mitocondriais/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , RNA/genética , RNA Mitocondrial , RNA Ribossômico/genética , RNA de Transferência/genéticaRESUMO
Thermal induction of parthenogenesis (also known as thermal parthenogenesis) in silkworms is an important technique that has been used in artificial insemination, expansion of hybridization, transgenesis and sericultural production; however, the exact mechanisms of this induction remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the gene expression profile in silkworms undergoing thermal parthenogenesis using RNA-seq analysis. The transcriptome profiles indicated that in non-induced and induced eggs, the numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for the parthenogenetic line (PL) and amphigenetic line (AL) were 538 and 545, respectively, as determined by fold-change ≥ 2. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that DEGs between two lines were mainly involved in reproduction, formation of chorion, female gamete generation and cell development pathways. Upregulation of many chorion genes in AL suggests that the maturation rate of AL eggs was slower than PL eggs. Some DEGs related to reactive oxygen species removal, DNA repair and heat shock response were differentially expressed between the two lines, such as MPV-17, REV1 and HSP68. These results supported the view that a large fraction of genes are differentially expressed between PL and AL, which offers a new approach to identifying the molecular mechanism of silkworm thermal parthenogenesis.
Assuntos
Bombyx/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Temperatura Alta , Proteínas de Insetos/biossíntese , Partenogênese , Transcriptoma , Animais , FemininoRESUMO
We determined the complete mitochondrial genome of the common cutworm Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is one of the most destructive polyphagous insect pests worldwide. The genome is 15,383 bp in length (GenBank accession number: KF701043) with an A+T content of 81.08%, and contains 37 typical animal mitochondrial genes (13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes and 22 tRNA genes) with the typical arrangement found in Lepidoptera. All the protein-coding genes (PCGs) start with ATN start codon except for cox1, which begins with CGA. Eight PCGs stop with complete termination codons (TAA or TAG), whereas five PCGs use incomplete stop codon T. The A+T-rich region is located between rrnS and trnM with a length of 326 bp and an A+T content of 93.87%, and harbors three tandem repeat elements.
Assuntos
Genoma Mitocondrial , Spodoptera/genética , Animais , Sequência de Bases , DNA Mitocondrial/análise , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Genoma de Inseto , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fases de Leitura Aberta/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Spodoptera/classificaçãoRESUMO
We determined the complete mitochondrial genome of the oriental armyworm Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is one of the serious cereal pests in Asia and Australia. The circular genome of 15,332 bp in length contains 37 typical animal mitochondrial genes and a non-coding A+T-rich region. Its gene content and order are typical of lepidopteran mitochondrial genomes described to date. All protein-coding genes (PCGs) start with an ATN codon except for cox1 and nad1, which use CGA and TTG as their start codon, respectively. Ten PCGs use complete stop codon TAA, whereas three PCGs end with single T. The A+T-region is located between rrnS and trnM with a length of 374 bp. The mitochondrial genome sequence benefits future studies of molecular phylogenetics and pest control.
Assuntos
Genoma Mitocondrial , Lepidópteros/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodos , Animais , Composição de Bases , Ordem dos Genes , Tamanho do GenomaRESUMO
To evaluate the immunities of biodegradable microsphere as a release delivery system for DNA vaccine against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus, in our study, silk fibroin/chitosan microsphere adjuvant was prepared with a precipitation/coacervation method. Both glutaraldehyde and Na2SO4 solution were used in cross-linking. No immune chicken were intramuscularly inoculated at 14 day-old and boosted 2 weeks later. The results show that glutaraldehyde destroyed the DNA activity of the vaccine whereas Na2SO4 solution did not. Factors of the chitosan concentration 0.5% (pH 5.0), silk fibroin concentration 0.6%, plasmid DNA (500 microg/mL) dissolved in 2% Na2SO4 solution were optimized to produce microsphere, with a loading capacity of 89.14%. The average particle size of SF-CS/pCI-VP2/4/3 microsphere is 1.98 microm, and it can protect the loading DNA vaccine from DNase I digestion. Data from anti IBDV ELISA antibodies in the serum show that immunization activity of the microsphere groups were generally higher than plasmid vaccine group (P < 0.05), and the SF/CS compound microspheres group was better than that of sole CS microsphere group. The developed SF/CS microspheres are a very promising vaccine delivery system.
Assuntos
Infecções por Birnaviridae/veterinária , Quitosana/química , Fibroínas/química , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Vacinas de DNA/química , Vacinas Virais/química , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/química , Animais , Infecções por Birnaviridae/prevenção & controle , Galinhas , Vírus da Doença Infecciosa da Bursa , Microesferas , PlasmídeosRESUMO
The human gut is a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes. In this report, we used a DNA microarray chip covering 369 resistance types to investigate the relationship between antibiotic resistance-gene diversity and human age. Metagenomic DNA from fecal samples from 124 healthy volunteers of four different age groups (pre-school-aged children (CH), school-aged children (SC), high school students (HSS) and adults (AD)) were hybridized to the microarray chip. The results showed that 80 different gene types were recovered from the gut microbiota of the 124 individuals: 25 from CH, 37 from SC, 58 from HSS and 72 from AD. Further analysis indicated that the antibiotic resistance genes in the CH, SC and AD groups clustered independently, whereas the gene types in the HSS group were more divergent. Our results indicated that antibiotic resistance genes in the human gut microbiota accumulate from childhood to adulthood and become more complex with age.
Assuntos
DNA Bacteriano/genética , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos/genética , Trato Gastrointestinal/microbiologia , Metagenoma , Microbiota/genética , Filogenia , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Criança , Pré-Escolar , DNA Bacteriano/classificação , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Variação Genética , Humanos , Masculino , Análise em Microsséries , Microbiota/efeitos dos fármacos , Família Multigênica , Análise de Sequência com Séries de OligonucleotídeosRESUMO
The human gut microbiota is a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes, but little is known about their diversity and richness within the gut. Here we analyse the antibiotic resistance genes of gut microbiota from 162 individuals. We identify a total of 1,093 antibiotic resistance genes and find that Chinese individuals harbour the highest number and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes, followed by Danish and Spanish individuals. Single-nucleotide polymorphism-based analysis indicates that antibiotic resistance genes from the two European populations are more closely related while the Chinese ones are clustered separately. We also confirm high abundance of tetracycline resistance genes with this large cohort study. Our study provides a broad view of antibiotic resistance genes in the human gut microbiota.