Age-related Differences in Recall of Information and Handling of Chemotherapy-related Side Effects in Cancer Patients: The ReCap Study.

BACKGROUND: To prevent severe toxicity and hospital admissions, adequate management and recall of information about side effects are crucial and health literacy plays an important role. If age-related factors impact recall of given information and handling of side effects, revised ways to give information are required. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We undertook a questionnaire-based survey among 188 newly diagnosed patients with pancreatic cancer or colorectal cancer and chemo-naive patients with prostate cancer treated with adjuvant or first-line palliative chemotherapy comprising satisfaction with given information, recall of potential side effects, and handling of hypothetical side effect scenarios. We evaluated the association between baseline characteristics, ie, age, frailty (G8 score), comorbidity (Charlson Comorbidity Index), cognitive function (Mini-Cog), satisfaction, recall of information, and handling of side effects. RESULTS: Reduced ability to recall information about several side effects (eg, chest pain) was associated with older age (odds ratio adjusted for cancer [aOR] 0.94 [95% CI, 0.88-0.98]) and poor cognitive screening (aOR 0.56 [95% CI, 0.33-0.91]). Insufficient or dangerous handling of side effects was associated with older age (aOR 0.96 (95% CI, 0.92-0.99)) and cognitive impairment (aOR 0.70 [95% CI, 0.50-0.95]). CONCLUSION: Older age and poor cognitive screening may impact patients' ability to understand and adequately handle chemotherapy-related side effects. Cognitive screening and focus on individual ways to give information including assessment of recall and handling are needed.

Non-intercepted dose errors in prescribing anti-neoplastic treatment: a prospective, comparative cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of non-intercepted prescription errors and the risk factors involved, including the impact of computerised order entry (CPOE) systems on such errors, are unknown. Our objective was to determine the incidence, type, severity, and related risk factors of non-intercepted prescription dose errors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective, comparative cohort study in two clinical oncology units. One institution used a CPOE system with no connection to the electronic patient record system, while the other used paper-based prescription forms. All standard prescriptions were included and reviewed. Doses were recalculated according to the guidelines of each institution, using the patient data as documented in the patient record, the paper-based prescription form, or the CPOE system. A non-intercepted prescription dose error was defined as ≥10% difference between the administered and the recalculated dose. RESULTS: Data were collected from 1 November 2012 to 15 January 2013. A total of 5767 prescriptions were evaluated, 2677 from the institution using CPOE and 3090 from the institution with paper-based prescription. Crude analysis showed an overall risk of a prescription dose error of 1.73 per 100 prescriptions. CPOE resulted in 1.60 and paper-based prescription forms in 1.84 errors per 100 prescriptions, i.e. odds ratio (OR) = 0.87 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59-1.29, P = 0.49]. Fifteen different types of errors and four potential risk factors were identified. None of the dose errors resulted in the death of the patient. CONCLUSIONS: Non-intercepted prescribing dose errors occurred in <2% of the prescriptions. The parallel CPOE system did not significantly reduce the overall risk of dose errors, and although it reduced the risk of calculation errors, it introduced other errors. Strategies to prevent future prescription errors could usefully focus on integrated computerised systems that can aid dose calculations and reduce transcription errors between databases.

Poor outcome of sphincter repair: an evacuation problem?

INTRODUCTION: Colorectal transport in idiopathic fecal incontinence has scarcely been studied, and it remains to be investigated in patients with fecal incontinence and anal sphincter lesion. The aim of the present study was to compare colorectal transport during defecation in patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence and patients with fecal incontinence due to anal sphincter lesions with transport in healthy volunteers. METHOD: Five women with idiopathic fecal incontinence (median age 72 years, range: 58-78 years) and five women with an obstetric sphincter lesion (median age 42 years, range: 28-63 years), four of whom had had previous anal sphincter repair, were compared with nine healthy female volunteers (median age 53 years, range 32-57 years). Colorectal scintigraphy was performed to assess colorectal emptying at defecation as well as segmental antegrade and retrograde transport during defecation. Segmental colorectal transit times were determined using radio-opaque markers. RESULTS: Median colorectal emptying time at defecation was significantly lower in the sphincter lesion group compared with the healthy volunteers (P = 0.009). At defecation, median antegrade transport time from the ascending colon was significantly lower in the sphincter lesion group than in the healthy group (P = 0.02). The median segmental transit time from the rectosigmoid colon was higher in the group with a sphincter lesion than in the healthy group (P = 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the group with idiopathic fecal incontinence and the healthy volunteers. CONCLUSION: Patients with fecal incontinence due to sphincter lesions, but not those with idiopathic fecal incontinence, have reduced transport from the cecum/ascending colon and from the rectosigmoid colon at defecation.

Rectal motility in patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence: a study with impedance planimetry.

INTRODUCTION: Most patients with fecal incontinence have poor anal sphincter function. In patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence no structural abnormality can be identified. The aim of the present study was to compare rectal motility patterns in patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence and in healthy controls. METHODS: Rectal impedance planimetry provides simultaneous measurement of rectal pressure, anal pressure, and rectal cross-sectional area at 5 levels. This allows highly detailed description of rectoanal motility. In 12 female patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence (mean age, 64.5) and 12 healthy controls (mean age, 47; 12 females) rectal phasic activity and tone were studied at a distension pressure 10 cm H2O above basic rectal pressure for one hour during fast and one hour after the meal. RESULTS: The median rectal cross-sectional area during fast was 3178 mm2 (range, 1905-4095) in patients with fecal incontinence and 2907 mm2 (range, 1832-4195) in the control group (P = .42). The postprandial decrease in rectal cross-sectional area was significantly more pronounced in patients (median postprandial reduction 462 mm2 (range, 3124 reduction to 7 increase)) than in the control group (median postprandial change 33 mm2 (range, 844 reduction to 974 increase)) (P = .007). The number of anal sampling reflexes during fast was reduced in patients (P = .03) and rectal wall tension during anal sampling reflexes also tended to be lower (P = .07). No differences in other phasic rectal motility patterns were found. CONCLUSION: Idiopathic fecal incontinence is associated with enhanced postprandial increase in rectal tone and a reduced frequency of anal sampling reflexes.

Hepatic arterial therapy with oxaliplatin and systemic capecitabine for patients with liver metastases from breast cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Hepatic arterial treatment (HAT) for liver metastases in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) has only been investigated in few studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two phase II trials were initiated simultaneously to evaluate capecitabine in combination with oxaliplatin in patients with MBC and liver metastases. These two trials are reported together. Continuous capecitabine (1300 mg/m2) was combined with oxaliplatin (85 mg/m2) alternating between systemic treatment and HAT followed by degradable starch microspheres with EmboCept® S every second week. Four patients participated in a pharmacokinetic analysis of oxaliplatin. Each patient had samples taken when receiving oxaliplatin systemically and as HAT with and without EmboCept® S. RESULTS: Totally, 52 patients received HAT: 14 with liver metastases only and 38 patients with additional limited metastatic disease. The patients had previously received a median of 2 (range 0-6) chemotherapeutic regimens for MBC. The response rate was 42.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 28.7-56.8%) with 7.7% complete and 34.6% partial responses. Median progression free survival was 10.8 months (95% CI 6.9-14.7 months) and median overall survival 27.6 months (95% CI 20.4-34.8 months). The toxicity was moderate with hand-foot syndrome (15.4%), neuropathy (9.6%), fatigue (9.6%), and abdominal pain (9.6%) being the most common grade 3 adverse events. There was no clear difference between systemic blood concentrations of oxaliplatin when given systemic or as HAT. CONCLUSION: HAT oxaliplatin in combination with capecitabine is safe and efficient in patients with MBC. The results are promising with high response rates and a long median progression free and overall survival.

Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence alters colorectal transport.

BACKGROUND: Sacral nerve stimulation reduces the frequency of defaecation in patients with faecal incontinence. The aim of this study was to examine the mechanism behind the reduced number of bowel movements in incontinent patients treated with sacral nerve stimulation. METHODS: The study included 20 patients with faecal incontinence and a positive percutaneous nerve evaluation test: 19 women and one man, with a median age of 63 (range 28-78) years. Colorectal scintigraphy was performed to assess colorectal emptying at defaecation before and after implantation. Segmental colorectal transit times were determined using radio-opaque markers. RESULTS: The median frequency of defaecation per 3 weeks decreased from 56 (range 19-136) to 26 (range 12-78) (P < 0.002). At defaecation, antegrade transport from the ascending colon decreased from a median score of 8 (range 0-23) to 0 (range 0-11) per cent (P = 0.001), while retrograde transport from the descending colon increased from a median score of 0 (range 0-14) to 2 (range 0-30) per cent (P = 0.039). The median defaecation score was unchanged. There was a non-significant increase in median total gastrointestinal transit time from 2.5 (range 0.9-6.2) to 3.3 (range 0.8-6.2) days (P = 0.079). CONCLUSION: Sacral nerve stimulation reduces antegrade transport from the ascending colon and increases retrograde transport from the descending colon at defaecation. This may prolong colonic transit time and increase the storage capacity of the colon.

Psychometric Testing of an Instrument About Intimate Partner Violence.

This study used step-by-step exploratory factor analysis in the framework of confirmatory factor analysis (EFA/CFA) to evaluate the psychometric properties of the translated and culturally adapted Swedish version of "The Violence Against Women Health Care Provider Survey." The Swedish version of the instrument was needed to measure district nurses' preparedness to encounter women exposed to intimate partner violence. In the first step of EFA/CFA, the eight-factor model was confirmed. The item-total correlations ranged from .22 to 1.01, and Cronbach's alphas from .68 to .71. After removing four items, the corrected item-total correlations ranged from .40 to .97. On the basis of the analysis, we concluded that the Swedish version of the instrument is valid and reliable for evaluating the preparedness of district nurses in Sweden to encounter women exposed to intimate partner violence.

Resonance-stabilized hydrocarbon-radical chain reactions may explain soot inception and growth.

Mystery surrounds the transition from gas-phase hydrocarbon precursors to terrestrial soot and interstellar dust, which are carbonaceous particles formed under similar conditions. Although polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known precursors to high-temperature carbonaceous-particle formation, the molecular pathways that initiate particle formation are unknown. We present experimental and theoretical evidence for rapid molecular clustering-reaction pathways involving radicals with extended conjugation. These radicals react with other hydrocarbon species to form covalently bound complexes that promote further growth and clustering by regenerating resonance-stabilized radicals through low-barrier hydrogen-abstraction and hydrogen-ejection reactions. Such radical-chain reaction pathways may lead to covalently bound clusters of PAHs and other hydrocarbons that would otherwise be too small to condense at high temperatures, thus providing the key mechanistic steps for rapid particle formation and surface growth by hydrocarbon chemisorption.

A small porous-plug burner for studies of combustion chemistry and soot formation.

We have developed and built a small porous-plug burner based on the original McKenna burner design. The new burner generates a laminar premixed flat flame for use in studies of combustion chemistry and soot formation. The size is particularly relevant for space-constrained, synchrotron-based X-ray diagnostics. In this paper, we present details of the design, construction, operation, and supporting infrastructure for this burner, including engineering attributes that enable its small size. We also present data for charactering the flames produced by this burner. These data include temperature profiles for three premixed sooting ethylene/air flames (equivalence ratios of 1.5, 1.8, and 2.1); temperatures were recorded using direct one-dimensional coherent Raman imaging. We include calculated temperature profiles, and, for one of these ethylene/air flames, we show the carbon and hydrogen content of heavy hydrocarbon species measured using an aerosol mass spectrometer coupled with vacuum ultraviolet photoionization (VUV-AMS) and soot-volume-fraction measurements obtained using laser-induced incandescence. In addition, we provide calculated mole-fraction profiles of selected gas-phase species and characteristic profiles for seven mass peaks from AMS measurements. Using these experimental and calculated results, we discuss the differences between standard McKenna burners and the new miniature porous-plug burner introduced here.

Design and characterization of a linear Hencken-type burner.

We have designed and constructed a Hencken-type burner that produces a 38-mm-long linear laminar partially premixed co-flow diffusion flame. This burner was designed to produce a linear flame for studies of soot chemistry, combining the benefit of the conventional Hencken burner's laminar flames with the advantage of the slot burner's geometry for optical measurements requiring a long interaction distance. It is suitable for measurements using optical imaging diagnostics, line-of-sight optical techniques, or off-axis optical-scattering methods requiring either a long or short path length through the flame. This paper presents details of the design and operation of this new burner. We also provide characterization information for flames produced by this burner, including relative flow-field velocities obtained using hot-wire anemometry, temperatures along the centerline extracted using direct one-dimensional coherent Raman imaging, soot volume fractions along the centerline obtained using laser-induced incandescence and laser extinction, and transmission electron microscopy images of soot thermophoretically sampled from the flame.

Hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea: spontaneous versus iatrogenic hypothyroidism.

Although hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea occur in primary hypothyroidism, factors influencing their presence are not well established. To further define these factors, the duration of illness and serum levels of PRL and TSH were investigated in a group of 50 patients with spontaneous (27 females and 7 males) and iatrogenic (16 females) primary hypothyroidism. To test the hypothesis of reduced hypothalamic dopamine content in over long-standing primary hypothyroidism, the percent increase in serum PRL after the administration of metoclopramide, a dopamine blocker (2.5 mg, iv bolus), was studied in 13 women with spontaneous primary hypothyroidism and compared with that in 10 euthyroid women. While 88.2% of the patients with spontaneous primary hypothyroidism were hyperprolactinemia, only 31% of those with iatrogenic disease had elevated PRL levels. Women with spontaneous primary hypothyroidism had a longer duration of illness (72 +/- 12 vs. 6.7 +/- 1.8 months; P less than 0.001) and higher serum TSH (189 +/- 32 vs. 68 +/- 14 microunits/ml; P less than 0.01) and PRL levels (49.8 +/- 5.6 vs. 20.9 +/- 0.8 ng/ml; P less than 0.001) than women with iatrogenic hypothyroidism. A linear correlation existed between PRL and duration of illness (r = 0.53; P less than 0.001), while a logarithmic correlation was found between PRL and TSH levels (r = 0.44; P less than 0.01). Even though the duration of illness and TSH levels were similar in women with spontaneous disease with (n = 7) or without (n = 20) galactorrhea, the former were significantly younger (39.3 +/- 1.8 vs. 56.6 +/- 3 yr; P less than 0.001), and their PRL levels were significantly higher (69.3 +2- 8.9 vs. 42.9 +/- 2.2 ng/ml; P less than 0.001). The PRL response to metoclopramide in women with spontaneous disease was significantly smaller than that in controls (194 +/- 39% vs. 446 +/- 40%; P less than 0.001) and inversely correlated with basal PRL levels (r = -0.55; P less than 0.05). These data indicate that in primary hypothyroidism 1) the duration of illness is important in the development of hyperprolactinemia, 2) galactorrhea is more common in young women with spontaneous disease and high PRL levels, and 3) hypothalamic dopamine appears reduced in spontaneous disease.

Certain large forms of circulating immunoreactive human growth hormone are in fact immunoglobulins.

To explain frequent discordances between serum GH levels and clinical manifestation of acromegaly, we investigated the possibility that certain immunoglobulins G (IgGs) might be responsible for the displacement of [125I]human (h) GH in the hGH RIA. We incubated dilute sera from seven active acromegalics (basal immunoreactive hGH, 22-313 micrograms/L) with rat adipocyte plasma membranes adsorbed on polystyrene plates. IgGs that bound to GH receptor sites in the absence and presence of 250 nM hGH (for nonspecific binding) were detected using anti-hIgG (Fc-specific) antibody conjugated with alkaline phosphatase. In this system two of the seven sera studied tested positive for IgGs against GH-binding sites (serum 4 in 1:400 dilution, and serum 7 in 1:10 dilution). We studied further the serum with the highest titer. On Sephadex G-100, most of the GH-like immunoreactivity (assayed by RIA) present in serum 4 coeluted with IgGs (assayed by immunodiffusion) as a high mol wt (greater than or equal to 150 kDa) component. To confirm its IgG nature, this material was then adsorbed on protein-A-Sepharose and eluted with 0.1 M sodium citrate, pH 3.0. The protein-A-purified IgGs from serum 4 bound specifically to GH receptor sites in adipocyte membranes and displaced [125I]hGH in the hGH RIA. In contrast, IgGs purified from another acromegalic patient (313 micrograms/L hGH) repeatedly tested negative in the membrane binding assay and hGH RIA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Pain thresholds during standardized psychological stress in relation to perceived psychosocial work situation. Stockholm Music I Study Group.

The hypothesis that perceived psychosocial work situation is associated with pain threshold was tested on a sample of 103 men and women aged 19-65 yr in Stockholm. Half of the studied sample was a random sample of men (N = 26) and women (N = 31), while the remaining subjects were medical secretaries (women, N = 28) and furniture movers (N = 31). Pain thresholds were measured by means of an algometer before, during and after a standardized colour word test. The measurements were made on six different points in the neck and shoulder region. Before psychological stress in the laboratory, perceived psychological demands were significantly associated with pain threshold--the higher the demands the higher the pain threshold. During stress those who reported low decision latitude and high degree of sleep disturbance were shown to have a low pain threshold. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that subjects with high demand levels have an elevated pain threshold when they are not under excessive psychological stress. During psychological stress, on the other hand, those with low decision latitude are more pain sensitive than others, and this is aggravated in those who also report a high degree of sleep disturbance.

Physical and psychosocial factors related to low back pain during a 24-year period. A nested case-control analysis.

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective nested case-control study. OBJECTIVES: To identify occupational factors related to low back pain, and to study how interactions between psychosocial and physical factors, and between work-related and leisure-related factors affect low back pain in women and men. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: A cohort of 484 subjects drawn from the general population was examined in 1969 and 1993, with a focus on occupational working conditions and musculoskeletal disorders. METHODS: Information about the physical and psychosocial working conditions and low back pain during the period 1970 to 1993 was collected retrospectively. Odds ratios and confidence intervals were calculated for different potential risk factors. RESULTS: During the 24-year period, 46% of the subjects became patients with low back pain. Among women, heavy physical workload, sedentary work, smoking, and the combination of whole-body vibrations and low influence over work conditions were associated with an excess risk of low back pain. Among men, excess risk for low back pain was seen in heavy physical workload, sedentary work, high perceived load outside work, and the combination of poor social relations and overtime. CONCLUSIONS: Factors at work were seen to be risk indicators for low back pain among both genders. Low influence over work conditions among women and poor social relations at work among men, in combination with other factors, seem to be of high relevance for the occurrence of low back pain.

Associations between self-rated psychosocial work conditions and musculoskeletal symptoms and signs. Stockholm MUSIC I Study Group.

OBJECTIVES: The aim was to study the associations between self-rated psychosocial work conditions and the characteristics and location of musculoskeletal symptoms, signs, and syndromes. METHODS: Perceived psychosocial work conditions were recorded in a cross-sectional study with 358 men and women in various occupations. Symptoms were recorded from the musculoskeletal system with a questionnaire, and signs were detected in a medical examination of all body regions. The analyses of statistical associations between the psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal disorders were performed with control for age, gender, and physical load. RESULTS: The most consistent and pronounced associations were mainly seen between poor psychosocial work conditions and coexisting symptoms and signs of the neck and back regions. Poor psychosocial work conditions were more consistently and strongly associated with signs of muscular (soft tissue) tenderness than with signs of tenderness in the joints, tendons, or muscular insertions or signs in nerve compression tests. Mainly low social support at work, but also high psychological demands and high job strain, were associated with such symptoms and signs, whereas decision latitude at work showed few associations with musculoskeletal disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived poor psychosocial work conditions are statistically associated mainly with symptoms and signs of muscular tenderness in the central body regions. Studies on associations between psychosocial work conditions and musculoskeletal disorders should separate effect measures of different clinical signs and different body regions in order to avoid attenuation of the risk estimates.

Retrospective versus original information on physical and psychosocial exposure at work.

OBJECTIVES: Retrospective exposure assessments are often performed in epidemiologic studies. The presence of an eventual misclassification, both nondifferential and differential, is debated but can rarely be investigated. The aim of this study was to compare self-reported information on the same physical and psychosocial work exposures with 25 years' difference. METHODS: In 1969-1970 a survey of randomly chosen men and women in Stockholm county, concerning, among other things, work exposures, was undertaken. During 1993-1994, 280 subjects participated in a reexamination, regarding psychosocial and physical factors at work and musculoskeletal disorders. The questions were all formulated in the same way as in 1969-1970. RESULTS: When self-reported information on work exposures, collected with a 25-year interval, was compared, acceptable, although not high, agreement was found for 3 out of 4 physical factors and for 4 out of 10 physical environmental factors. Questions measuring psychosocial load had somewhat lower agreement. Current exposure status influenced the memory of past exposures. Study subjects who reported low-back disorders at the reexamination tended to show a better agreement in their assessments of retrospective exposures than those without current symptoms. When relative risks from original and retrospective data were calculated, hardly any influence on the estimates due to that differential misclassification could be found. For persons with and without neck or shoulder symptoms no apparent differences in assessments were found. CONCLUSIONS: Retrospective assessments of exposures at the workplace showed misclassifications to a certain degree. However, the influence of the misclassifications on the risk estimates was limited.

Neuropsychiatric function of housepainters with previous long-term heavy exposure to organic solvents.

Neuropsychiatric effects were examined among 206 men, of whom 135 had been house painters and 71 had been house carpenters, affiliated with their respective trade unions for at least 10 years before 1970. Their lifetime organic solvent exposure was evaluated through the aid of an interview. Relevant potential confounding factors were accounted for in the statistical analysis. Neuropsychiatric symptoms compatible with chronic toxic encephalopathy were more common among the painters than among the carpenters, and these symptoms became increasingly prevalent with increasing cumulative solvent exposure. On only one of 12 psychometric tests, block design, did the painters perform worse than the carpenters, and in this test the painters' performance deteriorated with increasing cumulative exposure. For the majority of the psychometric tests, and for the coordination tests, there were no differences between the painters and carpenters, but the painters with "low" exposure tended to show better, and "heavily" exposed painters worse, results than the carpenters. The 52 painters with the heaviest cumulative exposures and 45 carpenters were examined for psychiatric diagnosis according to DSM-III, with electroencephalography and auditory evoked potential, P-300. Three painters and two carpenters had diagnoses compatible with an organic mental disorder. There were no overall differences between the painters and carpenters, either for the visually examined electroencephalograms or the P-300 latencies. The excess of neuropsychiatric symptoms among the painters was probably causally linked to solvent exposure. However, these symptoms seemed only rarely, if ever, serious enough to entail a psychiatric diagnosis. Concerning other outcomes, the investigation may not lead to a determination of whether the exposure-response relationship among the painters, with no difference between the entire group of painters and carpenters, is caused by solvent exposure or by selection factors within the group of painters.

Method for retrospective collection of work-related psychosocial risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders: reliability and aggregation.

Information on psychosocial work conditions during a 24-year period for 484 participants was collected retrospectively. Analyses were made of the interrater reliability, stability, specificity, and aggregation of data. The main finding was that it is possible to collect reliable information about psychosocial work conditions retrospectively for a long period of years when using a time ruler in a structured interview when earlier conditions are compared with the present. Interrater agreement was satisfactory for the larger part of the studied retrospective psychosocial risk factors and excellent for some of them. For most of the studied risk factors, the risk of overreporting exposure was low. The aggregation of data resulted in 2 indexes: poor social relations at work and low influence over work conditions. In conclusion, an individual time ruler works satisfactorily as a method of collecting retrospective information about psychosocial risk factors.

Rectal motility after sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence.

Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) is effective against faecal incontinence, but the mode of action is obscure. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of SNS on fasting and postprandial rectal motility. Sixteen patients, 14 women age 33-73 (mean 58), with faecal incontinence of various aetiologies were examined. Before and during SNS, rectal cross-sectional area (CSA) and ano-rectal pressures were determined with impedance planimetry and manometry for 1 h during fast and 1 h postprandially. Neither in the fasting state nor postprandially did SNS affect the number of single rectal contractions, total time with cyclic rectal contractions, the number of aborally and orally propagating contractions, the number of anal sampling reflexes or rectal wall tension during contractions. Postprandial changes in rectal tone were significantly reduced during SNS (P < 0.02). Before SNS, median rectal CSA was 2999 mm(2) (range: 1481-3822) during fast and 2697 mm(2) (range: 1227-3310) postprandially (P < 0.01). During SNS, median rectal CSA was 2990 mm(2) (1823-3678) during fast and 2547 mm(2) (1831-3468) postprandially (P = 0.22). SNS for faecal incontinence does not affect phasic rectal motility but it impairs postprandial changes in rectal tone.

The reaction of Cl with CH(4): a connection between kinetics and dynamics.

This paper presents an analysis of the reaction of Cl with CH(4) by combining measurements of thermal rate constants and state-dependent reaction cross sections. State-dependent measurements have shown that the reaction probability is enhanced by vibrational excitation of CH(4). Measured thermal rate constants were fit with a model incorporating this information. The results provide estimates of rate constants at extreme temperatures and information about the temperature and collision energy dependence of the vibrational enhancement.