Cartilage thickness at the posterior medial femoral condyle is increased in femorotibial knee osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional CT arthrography study (Part 2).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the thickness of cartilage at the posterior aspect of the medial and lateral condyle in Osteoarthritis (OA) knees compared to non-OA knees using computed tomography arthrography (CTA). DESIGN: 535 consecutive knee CTAs (mean patient age = 48.7 ± 16.0; 286 males), were retrospectively analyzed. Knees were radiographically classified into OA or non-OA knees according to a modified Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) grading scheme. Cartilage thickness at the posterior aspect of the medial and lateral femoral condyles was measured on sagittal reformations, and compared between matched OA and non-OA knees in the whole sample population and in subgroups defined by gender and age. RESULTS: The cartilage of the posterior aspect of medial condyle was statistically significantly thicker in OA knees (2.43 mm (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.36, 2.51)) compared to non-OA knees (2.13 mm (95%CI = 2.02, 2.17)) in the entire sample population (P < 0.001), as well as for all subgroups of patients over 40 years old (all P ≤ 0.01), except for females above 60 years old (P = 0.07). Increase in cartilage thickness at the posterior aspect of the medial condyle was associated with increasing K/L grade in the entire sample population, as well as for males and females separately (regression coefficient = 0.10-0.12, all P < 0.001). For the lateral condyle, there was no statistically significant association between cartilage thickness and OA (either presence of OA or K/L grade). CONCLUSIONS: Cartilage thickness at the non-weight-bearing posterior aspect of the medial condyle, but not of the lateral condyle, was increased in OA knees compared to non-OA knees. Furthermore, cartilage thickness at the posterior aspect of the medial condyle increased with increasing K/L grade.

Anatomical distribution of areas of preserved cartilage in advanced femorotibial osteoarthritis using CT arthrography (Part 1).

OBJECTIVE: To determine subregions of normal and abnormal cartilage in advanced stages of femorotibial osteoarthritis (OA) by mapping the entire femorotibial joint in a cohort of pre-total knee replacement (TKR) OA knees. DESIGN: We defined an areal subdivision of the femorotibial articular cartilage surface on CT arthrography (CTA), allowing the division of the femorotibial articular surface into multiple (up to n = 204 per knee) subregions and the comparison of the same areas between different knees. Two readers independently classified each cartilage area as normal, abnormal or non-assessable in 41 consecutive pre-TKR OA knees. RESULTS: A total of 6447 cartilage areas (from 41 knees) were considered assessable by both readers. The average proportion of preserved cartilage was lower in the medial femorotibial joint than in the lateral femorotibial joint for both readers (32.0/69.8% and 33.9/68.5% (medial/lateral) for reader 1 and 2 respectively, all P < 0.001). High frequencies of normal cartilage were observed at the posterior aspect of the medial condyle (up to 89%), and the anterior aspect of the lateral femorotibial compartment (up to 100%). The posterior aspect of the medial condyle was the area that most frequently exhibited preserved cartilage in the medial femorotibial joint, contrasting with the high frequency of cartilage lesions in the rest of that compartment. CONCLUSIONS: Cartilage at the posterior aspect of the medial condyle, and at the anterior aspect of the lateral femorotibial compartment, may be frequently preserved in advanced grades of OA.

Texture analysis on MR images helps predicting non-response to NAC in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: To assess the performance of a predictive model of non-response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in patients with breast cancer based on texture, kinetic, and BI-RADS parameters measured from dynamic MRI. METHODS: Sixty-nine patients with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast who underwent pre-treatment MRI were studied. Morphological parameters and biological markers were measured. Pathological complete response was defined as the absence of invasive and in situ cancer in breast and nodes. Pathological non-responders, partial and complete responders were identified. Dynamic imaging was performed at 1.5 T with a 3D axial T1W GRE fat-suppressed sequence. Visual texture, kinetic and BI-RADS parameters were measured in each lesion. ROC analysis and leave-one-out cross-validation were used to assess the performance of individual parameters, then the performance of multi-parametric models in predicting non-response to NAC. RESULTS: A model based on four pre-NAC parameters (inverse difference moment, GLN, LRHGE, wash-in) and k-means clustering as statistical classifier identified non-responders with 84 % sensitivity. BI-RADS mass/non-mass enhancement, biological markers and histological grade did not contribute significantly to the prediction. CONCLUSION: Pre-NAC texture and kinetic parameters help predicting non-benefit to NAC. Further testing including larger groups of patients with different tumor subtypes is needed to improve the generalization properties and validate the performance of the predictive model.

Tumour response and safety of cetuximab in a window pre-operative study in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the safety and activity of cetuximab in the pre-operative treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cetuximab was administered for 2 weeks before surgery to 33 treatment-naïve patients selected for primary surgical treatment. Tumour biopsies, 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography ((18)FDG-PET) and imaging were carried out at baseline and before surgery. The primary aim of the study was safety and the secondary aims included metabolical, radiological and pathological tumour response. Five untreated patients were included as controls. RESULTS: Cetuximab given 24 h before surgery was safe. Ninety percent of patients had (18)FDG-PET partial response (EORTC guideline) in the cetuximab group versus 0% in the control group. Delta maximal standardized uptake values (ΔSUVmax) were correlated with tumour cellularity on the surgical specimens (P < 0.0001). For patients with ΔSUVmax less than -25% or less than -50%, Ki67 was significantly decreased by cetuximab (P = 0.01 and 0.003). Cetuximab induced down-regulation of pEGFR (P = 0.0004) and pERK (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Short-course pre-operative administration of cetuximab is safe and shows a high rate of (18)FDG-PET response. (18)FDG-PET response was correlated with residual tumour cellularity suggesting that (18)FDG-PET deserves further investigation as a potential early marker of cetuximab activity in SCCHN.

MRI for response assessment in metastatic bone disease.

BACKGROUND: Beyond lesion detection and characterisation, and disease staging, the quantification of the tumour load and assessment of response to treatment are daily expectations in oncology. METHODS: Bone lesions have been considered "non-measurable" for years as opposed to lesions involving soft tissues and "solid" organs like the lungs or liver, for which response evaluation criteria are used in every day practice. This is due to the lack of sensitivity, specificity and measurement capabilities of imaging techniques available for bone assessment, i.e. skeletal scintigraphy (SS), radiographs and computed tomography (CT). RESULTS: This paper reviews the possibilities and limitations of these techniques and highlights the possibilities of positron emission tomography (PET), but mainly concentrates on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CONCLUSION: Practical morphological and quantitative approaches are proposed to evaluate the treatment response of bone marrow lesions using "anatomical" MRI. Recent developments of MRI, i.e. dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), are also covered. KEY POINTS: • MRI offers improved evaluation of skeletal metastases and their response to treatment. • This new indication for MRI has wide potential impact on radiological practice. • MRI helps meet the expectations of the oncological community. • We emphasise the practical aspects, with didactic cases and illustrations.

Diagnostic performance of sacroiliac joint MRI and added value of spine MRI to detect active spondyloarthritis.

PURPOSE: To investigate the diagnostic performance of sacroiliac joint (SIJ) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the incremental value of spine MRI to "predict" clinical disease activity in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included adult patients with known axSpA according to the SpondyloArthritis International Society (ASAS) classification criteria, radiological arm. MRI disease activity was scored semi-quantitatively for SIJ and total spine MRI in each patient. Two cut-off levels (≥ 1.3 and ≥ 2.1) for ankylosing spondylitis disease activity score with C-reactive protein (ASDAS-CRP) were considered for clinical disease activity categorization. MRI scores were first evaluated individually. Then, SIJ score was combined with the score from a spine segment (lumbar, cervical, thoracic or total spine) to build a bi-parametric model using a classification tree. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to evaluate the classification performance according to disease activity category of these models. RESULTS: Forty-four patients (30 men, 14 women; mean age, 37 years±10 [SD] [range: 17-64 years]) with a mean disease duration of 5 years±8 (SD) (range: 0-35 years) were included. Thirty-six patients (36/44; 82%) had ASDAS-CRP≥1.3 and 27 patients (27/44; 61%) had ASDAS-CRP≥2.1. The most frequently involved spinal segment was mid-thoracic (T7-T8). The SIJ MRI score was an informative model to identify active axSpA (AUC≥0.7, regardless of the cut-off level on ASDAS-CRP). Performance of bi-parametric models based on "SIJ+thoracic spine" (for detecting patients with ASDAS-CRP≥1.3) or "SIJ+total spine" (for detecting patients with ASDAS-CRP≥2.1) outperformed that of the individual SIJ score (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The combination of MRI of the SIJ and spine allows to accurately discriminate between active and inactive axSpA, outperforming SIJ MRI alone.

Virtual unenhanced phase with spectral dual-energy CT: Is it an alternative to conventional true unenhanced phase for abdominal tissues?

PURPOSE: To compare attenuation measurements and image quality of virtual unenhanced phase (VUP) images with those of conventional true unenhanced phase (TUP) images on spectral dual energy computed tomography (DECT) with dual layer detector on abdominal tissues and to assess potential reduction in radiation dose. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A total of 295 patients (185 men, 110 women; mean age 61±17.6 [SD] years [range: 17-95 years]) who had undergone abdominal or thoraco-abdominal CT with pre- and post-contrast imaging (portal phase) with spectral DECT with dual layer detector were retrospectively analyzed. VUP images based on portal-venous phase DECT acquisition were generated. Regions of interest were defined in abdominal tissues (liver, spleen, kidney, muscle and fat) by two independent readers. Inter-technique agreement (VUP images vs. TUP images) on attenuation measurements was assessed. Signal-to noise ratio (SNR) and image quality of TUP and VUP images were compared. The radiation dose delivered to patients was compared with the radiation dose of protocols without TUP images. RESULTS: A total of 9880 ROIs were drawn in the abdominal tissues. The difference in mean attenuation values between TUP and VUP images was less than 15 HU in 98.3% and less than 10 HU in 92.3% of all measurements. VUP images overestimated attenuation in fat comparatively to TUP images. Image quality was evaluated as good or excellent in 77% (37/48) of TUP images and 54% (26/48) of VUP images. Using VUP images instead of TUP images could decrease the radiation dose by 32%. CONCLUSION: VUP images demonstrate good agreement with TUP images in different abdominals tissues and can be obtained with similar image quality as TUP. VUP images appear as an alternative to TUP images, resulting in reduction of radiation dose delivered to the patient.

Comparison of bone lesion distribution between prostate cancer and multiple myeloma with whole-body MRI.

PURPOSE: To assess the distribution of bone lesions in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) and those with multiple myeloma (MM) using whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); and to assess the added value of four anatomical regions located outside the thoraco-lumbo-pelvic area to detect the presence of bone lesions in a patient-based perspective. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients (50 men; mean age, 67±10 [SD] years; range, 59-87 years) with PCa and forty-seven patients (27 women, 20 men; mean age, 62.5±9 [SD] years; range, 47-90 years) with MM were included. Three radiologists assessed bone involvement in seven anatomical areas reading all MRI sequences. RESULTS: In patients with PCa, there was a cranio-caudal increasing prevalence of metastases (22% [11/50] in the humeri and cervical spine to 60% [30/50] in the pelvis). When the thoraco-lumbo-pelvic region was not involved, the prevalence of involvement of the cervical spine, proximal humeri, ribs, or proximal femurs was 0% in patients with PCa and≥4% (except for the cervical spine, 0%) in those with MM. CONCLUSION: In patients with PCa, there is a cranio-caudal positive increment in the prevalences of metastases and covering the thoraco-lumbo-pelvic area is sufficient to determine the metastatic status of a patient with PCa. In patients with MM, there is added value of screening all regions, except the cervical spine, to detect additional lesions.

Fat suppression at three-dimensional T1-weighted MR imaging of the hands: Dixon method versus CHESS technique.

PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness of fat suppression and the image quality of the Dixon method with those of the chemical shift-selective (CHESS) technique in hands of normal subjects at non-enhanced three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Both hands of 14 healthy volunteers were imaged with 3D fast spoiled gradient echo (FSPGR) T1-weighted Dixon, 3D FSPGR T1-weighted CHESS and 3D T1-weighted fast spin echo (FSE) CHESS sequences in a 1.5T MR scanner. Three radiologists scored the effectiveness of fat suppression in bone marrow (EFSBM) and soft tissues (EFSST) in 20 joints per subject. One radiologist measured the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in 10 bones per subject. Statistical analysis used two-way ANOVA with random effects (P<0.0083), paired t-test (P<0.05) and observed agreement to assess differences in effectiveness of fat suppression, differences in SNR and interobserver agreement. RESULTS: EFSBM was statistically significantly higher for the 3D FSPGR T1-weighted Dixon than for the 3D FSPGR T1-weighted CHESS sequence and the 3D FSE T1-weighted CHESS sequence (P<0.0001). EFSST was statistically significantly higher for the 3D FSPGR T1-weighted Dixon than for the 3D FSPGR T1-weighted CHESS sequence (P<0.0011) and for the 3D FSE T1-weighted CHESS sequence in the axial plane (P=0.0028). Mean SNR was statistically significantly higher for 3D FSPGR T1-weighted Dixon sequence than for 3D FSPGR T1-weighted CHESS and 3D FSE T1-weighted CHESS sequences (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: The Dixon method yields more effective fat suppression and higher SNR than the CHESS technique at 3D T1-weighted MR imaging of the hands.

[Magnetic resonance imaging of angiogenesis in tumors]. / Imagerie par résonance magnétique de l'angiogenèse tumorale.

Tumor angiogenesis induces the proliferation of immature blood vessels that are both heterogeneous and leaky. These characteristics can be demonstrated by measuring the perfusion parameters with MRI. Perfusion MRI is usually performed with in T1-weighted dynamic imaging after bolus injection of an exogenous contrast agent such as gadolinium chelate. The perfusion parameters are obtained by semi-quantitative or quantitative analysis of the enhancement curves in the tumor and the arterial input. Perfusion can also be assessed without injecting a contrast agent using arterial spin labeling techniques, diffusion MRI, or BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) MRI. However, these latter methods are limited by a low signal-to-noise ratio and problems with quantification. The main indication for perfusion MRI is the assessment of antiangiogenic and antivascular treatments. New possibilities for demonstrating angiogenic blood vessels are being opened by molecular imaging.

Parametric and quantitative analysis of MR renographic curves for assessing the functional behaviour of the kidney.

The aim of this study was to refine the description of the renal function based on MR images and through transit-time curve analysis on a normal population and on a population with renal failure, using the quantitative model of the up-slope. Thirty patients referred for a kidney MR exam were divided in a first population with well-functioning kidneys and in a second population with renal failure from ischaemic kidney disease. The perfusion sequence consisted of an intravenous injection of Gd-DTPA and of a fast GRE sequence T1-TFE with 90 degrees magnetisation preparation (Intera 1.5 T MR System, Philips Medical System). To convert the signal intensity into 1/T1, which is proportional to the contrast media concentration, a flow-corrected calibration procedure was used. Following segmentation of regions of interest in the cortex and medulla of the kidney and in the abdominal aorta, outflow curves were obtained and filtered to remove the high frequency fluctuations. The model of the up-slope method was then applied. Significant reduction of the cortical perfusion (Qc = 0.057+/-0.030 ml/(s 100 g) to Qc = 0.030 +/- 0.017 ml/(s 100 g), P < 0.013) of the medullary perfusion (Qm = 0.023 +/- 0.018 ml/(s 100 g) to Qm = 0.011 +/- 0.006 ml/(s 100 g), P < 0.046) and of the accumulation of contrast media in the medulla (Qa = 0.005 +/- 0.003 ml/(s 100 g) to Qa = 0.0009 +/- 0.0008 ml/(s 100 g), P < 0.001) were found in presence of renal failure. High correlations were found between the creatinine level and the accumulation Qa in the medulla (r2 = 0.72, P < 0.05), and between the perfusion ratio Qc/Qm and the accumulation Qa in the medulla (r2 = 0.81, P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in times to peak between both populations despite a trend showing Ta the time to the end of the increasing contrast accumulation period in the medulla, arriving later for renal failure. Advances in MR signal calibration with the building of quantitative model such as the up-slope allow to assess kinetic and haemodynamic and functional parameters of the diseased kidney.

Postprandial duodenojejunal motility in health and idiopathic severe gastroparesis: from conventional analysis to nonlinear dynamics analysis.

Our aim was to compare the results of the analysis of postprandial duodenojejunal motor patterns provided by a conventional computer-aided analysis with those provided by the new nonlinear mathematical method borrowed from 'chaos theory for determining how nonlinear analysis can improve fed motor pattern analysis and detect organization of postprandial contractions. Ten patients who had been explored for an idiopathic gastroparesis, and 20 healthy volunteers underwent duodenojejunal manometric recording for 3 h after a 750 kcal meal. Computer-aided analysis on each half-hour of the postprandial recording period calculated the number of waves (NW) and the area under the curve (AUC). Pressure signals were concurrently described by phase portraits obtained by plotting each pressure value at time t with the pressure value at time t + 1 s. The shape and amplitude of phase portraits were visually analysed and the relative area covered (RAC) by the phase portraits was calculated. With conventional analysis, NW and AUC were maximal during the first post-meal hour then decreased with time both in healthy volunteers and gastroparetic patients. With this analysis, the only difference between patients and controls was a lower NW (P < 0.02) in patients, observed only in the duodenum. Phase portraits analysis demonstrated lower RAC, a different distribution of RAC and more regular phase portraits in patients than in controls. Phase portraits outlined the heterogeneity of the patient group contrasting with the homogeneity of the control group when no subgroup was demonstrated by conventional analysis. We therefore conclude that the study of post prandial duodenojejunal motor behaviour could be improved by nonlinear dynamic analysis.

Analysis of contrast-enhanced MR images to assess renal function.

The image analysis and kinetic modeling methods used in dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the kidney are reviewed. Image analysis includes various techniques of coregistration and segmentation. Few methods have been completely implemented. Nevertheless, the use of coregistration may become a standard to decrease the effect of motion on abdominal images and improve the quality of the renal signals. Kinetic models are classified into three categories: enhancement-based, external and internal representations. Enhancement-based representations are limited to a basic analysis of the tracer concentration curves in the kidneys. Their relationship to the underlying physiology is complex and undefined. However, they can be used to evaluate the split renal function. External representations assess the kidney input and output. An external representation based on the up-slope of the renal enhancement to calculate the renal perfusion is commonly used because of its simplicity. In contrast, external representation based on deconvolution or identification methods remain underexploited. For glomerular filtration, an internal representation based on a two-compartmental model is mostly used. Internal representations based on multi-compartmental models describe the renal function in a more realistic way. Because of their numerical complexity, these models remain rarely used.