Effects of photobiomodulation therapy on the functional performance of healthy individuals: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

The aim of this study is to assess the effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on functional performance concerning strength, fatigue, and functional capacity in healthy individuals. This systematic review with meta-analysis involved searches on data platforms and active searches of randomized clinical trials, focusing on PBMT as the sole intervention. Primary outcomes assessed included strength, fatigue, and functional capacity. Three reviewers screened studies by title and abstract using Rayyan, and data were extracted using a specific form. Bias risk was assessed using RoB2, and confidence in the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). The RevMan was used for meta-analysis. Sixteen studies were included, totaling 340 individuals (183 males and 157 women). Most articles presented a low risk of bias. Variability was observed in device types and application domains, including wavelengths (655-905 nm), power (10-200 nW), energy (0.6-30 J per point), and time (30-100 s per point). PBMT improved fatigue recovery (mean difference: 5.87; 95% CI 3.83, 7.91). There was no enhancement in strength (peak torque: mean difference 12.40; 95% CI -5.55, 30.55; one-repetition maximum test: mean difference 39.97, 95% CI -2.44, 82.38; isometric and isokinetic strength: mean difference 2.77, 95% CI -14.90, 20.44) nor improvement in short-term (mean difference 0.67, 95% CI -0.58, 1.91) and long-term (mean difference 18.44, 95% CI -55.65, 92.54) functional capacity. PBMT may aid in favoring fatigue recovery in healthy individuals; however, there's no evidence to support PBMT enhancing strength or improving functional capacity.

Game therapy a new approach to treat women facing mixed urinary incontinence: A study protocol.

AIMS: To describe a pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) isolated and associated with game therapy (PFMT + GT) for women facing mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) during climacteric period. METHODS: To standardize a randomized controlled clinical trial intervention, a protocol was created, in an attempt to decrease women's symptomatology generated by MUI, through pelvic floor and abdomino-loin-pelvic muscles strength, and endurance. This study protocol will be composed of 32 volunteers, divided into two groups of 16. They will perform PFMT isolated or PFMT + GT, twice a week during 8 weeks. Interventions will last 40 minutes and will be divided into warming (5 minutes), training (30 minutes), and 5 minutes will be composed of resting time between exercises (1 minute each). Isolated PFMT sessions will be performed through four modalities of exercises: diaphragmatic, bridge, abdominal (plank), and pelvic mobility. PFMT + GT training will be carried out by using Wii Fit Plus games, such as Lotus Focus, Penguin Slide, Basic Step, and Hula Hoop from Wii equipment. Assessments will occur before, after, and 1 month after interventions. Vaginal manometry, 1-hour Pad Test, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF), and Patient Global Intervention (PGI) will be used to evaluate the sample. CONCLUSIONS: It is expected greater increase on pelvic floor muscle (PFM) strength, endurance, vaginal pressure for PFMT + GG. Moreover, it is supposed that PFMT + GT volunteers present better treatment adherence due to games motivational inclusion.

Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea: Preliminary Results of a Randomized Sham-Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this trial was to investigate the effects of five consecutive sessions of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the motor cortex (M1) on pain, mood, and physical performance in patients with primary dysmenorrhea (PDM). DESIGN: This is a double-blind randomized controlled trial. SUBJECTS: Twenty-two participants with PDM according to the No. 345-PDM Consensus Guideline were included. METHODS: Eleven active treatment and 11 sham stimulation patients received five applications over a one-week period. The primary outcome measures were pain evaluated by numeric rating scale (NRS) and McGill Questionnaire score. Secondary outcomes measures were responses to the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), grip strength, and six-minute walk test (6MWT). Baseline data were performed during the first menstrual cycle, and during the second menstrual cycle, participants were conducted to tDCS treatment, and postintervention data were collected. RESULTS: The intervention provided significant improvements on NRS in active tDCS, shown as an interaction between group intervention vs pre/postintervention vs days of menstrual cycle (Wald x2 = 10.54, P = 0.005), main effect of days of menstrual cycle (Wald x2 = 25.42, P < 0.001), and pre/postintervention (Wald x2 = 6.97, P = 0.008). McGill showed an interaction effect between pre/postintervention and group of stimulation (Wald x2 = 18.45, P = 0.001), with a large reduction in active tDCS (P < 0.001, d = 0.75). Psychological and functional outcomes did not differ between groups or pre/postintervention. CONCLUSIONS: tDCS could provide pain relief in subjects with PDM. These results provide some preliminary evidence for the potential role of tDCS as a contributor to the management of symptoms of PDM.

Low-level laser therapy improves pain in postcesarean section: a randomized clinical trial.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on immediate postpartum pain relief during cesarean section. A randomized, parallel controlled trial was carried out. In total, 88 women with immediate postpartum were divided into 4 groups: control group (n = 22), placebo group (n = 22), experimental group I (n = 22, dose of 4 J/cm2), and experimental group II (n = 22, dose of 2 J/cm2). The pain measured by Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), algometry, and Global Change Perception Scale (GCPS) was assessed at 12, 20-24, and 44-48 h postpartum. Two LLLT sessions were performed at 12 and 24 h postpartum. A significant interaction was observed between time versus group for NRS F (2.40) = 36.80, p < 0.001 and algometry F (1.70) = 27.18, p < 0.001. GCPS revealed a significant difference between the groups during second (p = 0.04) and third evaluation (p = 0.04). The NRS and algometry presented a large effect size for the experimental groups. LLLT is an efficient method to reduce pain and enhance the GCP in postcesarean section. No significant clinical differences were found between the laser doses.

Assessment of lower urinary tract symptoms in different stages of menopause.

[Purpose] To assess lower urinary tract symptoms in different stages of menopause and the quality of life of females with incontinence. [Subjects and Methods] The sample consisted of 302 females, aged between 40 and 56 years, divided into three groups: PRE (n= 81), PERI (n= 108) and POST (n= 113). This was a cross-sectional, analytical, observational study. Data were collected by assessment chart and conducting the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form. [Results] Most of the women had less than 10 years of schooling and were married. In PERI and POST menopause, the most frequent lower urinary tract symptoms were urinary urgency and stress incontinence. The PRE group did not exhibit nocturia, urge incontinence or urinary urgency, and had the lowest symptoms frequency. In the three stages, stress incontinence was the most prevalent symptom. Of the three menopause stages, PERI had a greater impact on urinary incontinence according to the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire. [Conclusion] The presence of lower urinary tract symptoms can vary across the different stages of menopause and the urinary incontinence was the most frequent complaint. Moreover, it was observed that quality of life was more affected in the perimenopause stage.

A Health App for Evidence-Based Postpartum Information: Development and Validation Study.

BACKGROUND: After childbirth, women undergo substantial physical and emotional changes. Therefore, it is important to provide them with information that helps them identify what is expected during this stage, as well as signs and symptoms that indicate complications after they have been discharged from the hospital. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a health app-Towards Motherhood-that provides evidence-based information about the postpartum period and evaluate the usability of the app with the target population. METHODS: This was a validation study involving 80 participants, including 24 professionals from the obstetric health field, 15 professionals from the technology field, and 41 postpartum women. The app was developed using React Native technology. Health professionals evaluated the app's content using the Content Validity Index, technology professionals completed a validated evaluation to assess the appearance of the app, and postpartum women completed the System Usability Scale (SUS) to measure the usability of the app. RESULTS: The measurement of content validity using a Likert scale obtained an approval score of 99%. Regarding the app's appearance, 92% of responses were positive, reflecting favorable approval. The SUS usability score was 86.2, which represents excellent acceptance. CONCLUSIONS: The Towards Motherhood mobile app is a valid tool for promoting self-care during the postpartum period. The app's evidence-based information, user-friendly design, and high usability make it an essential resource for women during this critical stage of their live.

Evaluation of the female pelvic floor with infrared thermography: a cross sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Infrared thermography (IRT) is an easy-to-use, noninvasive and pain-free tool that can be used to evaluate function of the pelvic floor (PF) muscles. OBJECTIVE: To analyze vaginal manometry, temperature, and percentage of colors achieved through IRT of the PF muscles at rest and during maximum voluntary contraction. The relationship between PF muscles strength and IRT temperature was also assessed. METHODS: Two-hundred and thirty-one women (mean ± SD age: 58.4±5.9 years) participated in this study. IRT recorded the minimum, average, and maximum temperatures, and the colors of the PF area at rest and during maximum voluntary contraction. The pressure applied during the three maximum voluntary PF contractions was evaluated through vaginal manometry. RESULTS: The women had a PF average temperature of 36.4 ± 0.8°C. There were no differences in the IRT temperatures between rest and during PF muscles contraction. The percentages of white, red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, and blue colors were different at rest and during contraction. Warm colors became more visible in the center of the image during the PF muscles maximum voluntary contraction. There was a positive correlation between the PF average temperature and PF manometry (r=0.7; p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The IRT was not able to detect differences in the temperature of the PF area between at rest and during contraction. However, a strong correlation between PF temperature and vaginal manometry was found.

Pelvic floor muscle training program for women in the puerperal period: clinical progress after intervention.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sexual function of women in the puerperal period after a postpartum pelvic floor musculature training program. We also sought to evaluate correlations between sexual dysfunction in the women and their delivery type and compare the frequency of sexual dysfunction and the quality of resumed sexual function following vaginal and cesarean deliveries. METHODS: This clinical study included an intervention, carried out between July and December 2019, in which data were collected about 28 rooming-in women at a Maternity School. Data were divided into vaginal delivery and cesarean delivery. Sexual function was evaluated by the Female Sexual Function Index and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form to assess the Incontinence Urinary and qualifies urinary loss. The intervention consisted of a muscle training exercise program. ANOVA tests were used to establish differences between groups. RESULTS: There was an improvement in all outcomes, but there was no time versus group interaction. Improvement in sexual function was observed (p<0.001), the impact of urinary incontinence on quality of life (p<0.001), and pressure of the muscles of pelvic floor muscles (p<0.001) over time. There was no time versus group interaction for sexual function (p=0.87), the impact of urinary incontinence on quality of life (p=0.88), and pressure of the pelvic floor muscles (p=0.66). CONCLUSIONS: Pelvic floor muscle exercise programs seem to be a very promising strategy concerning improving sexual activity among puerperal patients.

Impact of Pelvic Floor Muscle Training Isolated and Associated with Game Therapy on Mixed Urinary Incontinence: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: To verify whether pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) associated with game therapy (GT) can potentiate improvements in PFM pressure, urinary loss, and perception of improvement in women with mixed urinary incontinence (MUI). Materials and Methods: A randomized and blinded trial was conducted with 32 women aged between 45 to 70 years presenting diagnosis of MUI. They were randomly divided into two groups: PFMT group and PFMT+GT group. Interventions occurred twice a week during 8 weeks. Primary outcome was PFM pressure, assessed by manometry, and secondary outcomes were 1-hour pad-test, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF), and patients global impression of improvement for incontinence (PGI-I). Two-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey analysis were performed. Results: Initially, no significant difference between groups was found in variables of age, body mass index, educational level, marital status, gynecological and obstetric variables, life habits, and sexual activity. Besides, at baseline clinical variables also showed similar results between groups for PFM pressure, 1-hour pad-test, and ICIQ-SF. Time-group interaction did not present statistically significant differences for PFM pressure (P = 0.56), 1-hour pad-test (P = 0.75), and ICIQ-SF (P = 0.30) in intergroup analysis. All women reported being "much better or better," considering the comparison of urinary complaints in the beginning and end of treatment. Conclusion: There were no statistically significant differences between groups for PFM pressure, 1-hour pad-test, and ICIQ-SF. However, both treatments proved to be effective for MUI symptoms. Perception of improvement was highly improved, according to women's report.

Modulating Anxiety and Functional Capacity with Anodal tDCS Over the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Primary Dysmenorrhea.

BACKGROUND: Primary dysmenorrhea is a common and often debilitating condition affecting 40-90% of menstruating women. This condition reduces functionality, quality of life, and social activities. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been used in many chronic pain syndromes, with evidence of improved pain, functionality, and mood in women with primary dysmenorrhea. The objective of this study was to determine whether tDCS could offer clinical benefits on pain, anxiety, affectivity, and functionality in women with primary dysmenorrhea. METHODS: This parallel, sham, randomized, double-blind trial was conducted with 26 women randomized into sham tDCS and active tDCS. Anodal tDCS was applied for 5 consecutive days over F3 corresponding to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the cathode electrode over Fp2 for 20 min with an intensity of 2 mA. A numeric rating scale (NRS) was used to assess pain, anxiety, positive and negative affect, and submaximal aerobic performance during two consecutive menstrual cycles. RESULTS: No significant interaction was found between intervention and time on the NRS [F(2,44) = 1.358, p = 0.26], and a significant main effect of time [F(2,44) = 4.446, p = 0.01] was found. The active group showed a significant reduction in anxiety (p = 0.03) with a mean difference of 5.12 (95% CI 0.79 to 11.05). No significant differences in positive and negative affect were found (p = 0.95 and p = 0.15, respectively). Submaximal aerobic performance was significantly greater in the active group [F(2,21) = 5.591, p = 0.02], with a mean difference of 70.87 (95% CI 8.53 to 133.21). CONCLUSION: Anodal tDCS over the DLPFC seems to be an effective therapeutic approach for improving anxiety and functionality in women with primary dysmenorrhea.

Impacts of social support on symptoms in Brazilian women with fibromyalgia.

We aimed to assess the impact of social support on symptoms in Brazilian women with FM. An observational, descriptive study enrolling 66 women who met the 1990 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria. Social support was measured by the Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS), functionality was evaluated using the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), anxiety was measured using the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS), affectivity was measured by Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and algometry was carried out to record pressure pain threshold (PPth) and tolerance (PPTo) at 18 points recommended by the ACR. Patients were divided into normal (NSS) or poor social support (PSS) groups with PSS defined as having a MOS-SSS score below the 25th percentile of the entire sample. Mann-Whitney or Unpaired t-test were used to compare intergroup variables and Fisher's for categorical variables. Analysis of covariance and Pearson correlation test were used. No differences in sociodemographic variables between PSS and NSS were found. Differences between NSS and PSS groups were observed for all four subcategories of social support and MOS-SSS total score. Significant differences between NSS and PSS on depression (p=0.007), negative affect (p=0.025) and PPTh (p=0.016) were found. Affectionate subcategory showed positive correlation between pain and positive affect in PSS. Positive social interaction subcategory showed a negative correlation between FIQ and depression state. Therefore social support appears to contribute to ameliorate mental and physical health in FM.

The relationship between the presence of lower urinary tract symptoms and waist circumference.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study is to evaluate the pressure of the pelvic floor muscles (PFM) according to waist circumference (WC) and correlate the presence of urinary tract symptoms (UTS) with WC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was observational and cross-sectional. One-hundred and sixty-four females between 45 and 65 years of age were evaluated. The sample was divided into two groups, according to WC: Group ≤80 (G≤80) was composed of females in whom WC was up to 80 cm; and Group >80 (G>80) was composed of females with WC above 80 cm. The subjects were assessed in terms of sociodemographic data, pre-existing conditions, urogynecological and obstetric history, and the presence of lower UTS (LUTS), as well as physical examination, measurement of WC, height, and weight. The PFM assessment was made by perineometry. To compare the mean between groups, the independent samples t-test was applied, and to correlate the WC with perineometry and LUTS, the Pearson's correlation test was used. RESULTS: The final sample was composed of 156 patients. The average age of participants was 55.21 (±24.5) years in G≤80 and 57.23 (±6.12) years in G>80. There were significant differences regarding the presence of LUTS between the groups (P<0.05); as to the perineometry, there was a significant difference (P=0.03) between the groups: 38.68±13.63 cmH2O for G≤80 and 30.11±11.20 cmH2O for G>80. There was a correlation between the presence of urinary urgency (r=0.7; P=0.00), nocturia (r=0.7; P=0.00), and urinary incontinence (r=0.9; P=0.00) with WC. CONCLUSION: Females with larger abdominal diameter have a higher prevalence of LUTS such as urinary incontinence, nocturia, and urinary urgency, as well as a lower PFM pressure. Furthermore, a relationship between LUTS with WC was also observed.

Pelvic floor muscle training program for women in the puerperal period: clinical progress after intervention

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sexual function of women in the puerperal period after a postpartum pelvic floor musculature training program. We also sought to evaluate correlations between sexual dysfunction in the women and their delivery type and compare the frequency of sexual dysfunction and the quality of resumed sexual function following vaginal and cesarean deliveries. METHODS: This clinical study included an intervention, carried out between July and December 2019, in which data were collected about 28 rooming-in women at a Maternity School. Data were divided into vaginal delivery and cesarean delivery. Sexual function was evaluated by the Female Sexual Function Index and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form to assess the Incontinence Urinary and qualifies urinary loss. The intervention consisted of a muscle training exercise program. ANOVA tests were used to establish differences between groups. RESULTS: There was an improvement in all outcomes, but there was no time versus group interaction. Improvement in sexual function was observed (p<0.001), the impact of urinary incontinence on quality of life (p<0.001), and pressure of the muscles of pelvic floor muscles (p<0.001) over time. There was no time versus group interaction for sexual function (p=0.87), the impact of urinary incontinence on quality of life (p=0.88), and pressure of the pelvic floor muscles (p=0.66). CONCLUSIONS: Pelvic floor muscle exercise programs seem to be a very promising strategy concerning improving sexual activity among puerperal patients.

Non-pharmacological therapies for postpartum analgesia: a systematic review / Terapias não farmacológicas para analgesia no pós-parto: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Abdominal and pelvic pain is a prevalent condition among women in the immediate postpartum period. Non-pharmacological therapies are of great importance for the treatment of this condition since they do not cause systemic side effects, such as drowsiness, irritability, and changes in the composition of breast milk. This article aims to identify and evaluate the efficacy of non-pharmacological analgesic therapies used in the immediate puerperium in abdominal-pelvic pain. CONTENTS: Searches were carried out in the main databases from September to October 2017 using the following descriptors "treatment" AND "pain" AND "postpartum"; "Treatment" AND "pain" AND "postpartum" AND "analgesics" AND "non-pharmacological". Controlled and randomized clinical trials published between January 2007 and August 2017, in Portuguese, English, and Spanish were included. Of the 1737 studies found in the databases, 42 were selected by the title. According to the eligibility criteria, 13 studies were included. The total sample size of the studies ranged from 21 to 266. In the intervention groups, the sample ranged from 11 to 126 women who underwent cryotherapy, transcutaneous electrical stimulation, LASER, acupuncture and ear acupressure. CONCLUSION: Interventional practices such as transcutaneous electrical nervous stimulation and cryotherapy presented significant data relevant to the reduction of abdominal and pelvic pain. The techniques of acupuncture and ear acupressure still present inconclusive data. Despite the relief of perineal pain, laser therapy showed no statistically significant effect on pain relief when compared to the placebo group.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Dor abdominal e pélvica são condições prevalentes entre as puérperas no período pós-parto. As terapias não farmacológicas nesses casos são de grande importância, tendo em vista a ausência de efeitos adversos sistêmicos, tais como sonolência, irritabilidade e modificações no leite materno. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e avaliar a eficácia das terapias analgésicas não farmacológicas utilizadas no puerpério imediato na dor abdominal e pélvica. CONTEÚDO: Realizou-se buscas nas principais bases de dados, no período de setembro a outubro de 2017, utilizando-se as combinações: "treatment" AND "pain" AND "postpartum"; "treatment" AND "pain" AND "postpartum" AND "analgesics" AND "non-pharmacological". Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados, publicados no período de janeiro de 2007 a agosto de 2017, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol. Dos 1.737 estudos encontrados nas bases de dados, 42 foram selecionados pelo título. De acordo com os critérios de elegibilidade, incluiu-se 13 estudos. O tamanho total das amostras dos estudos variou entre 21 e 266. Nos grupos com intervenção, a amostra variou entre 11 e 126 mulheres que foram submetidas a crioterapia, estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea, LASER, acupuntura e auriculoterapia. CONCLUSÃO: As práticas intervencionistas como a eletroestimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea e a crioterapia apresentaram dados significativos relevantes na redução da dor abdominal e pélvica. As técnicas de acupuntura e auriculoterapia ainda apresentam dados inconclusivos. Apesar de provocar alívio da dor perineal, a laserterapia não mostrou efeito estatisticamente significativo para alívio da dor quando comparada com o grupo placebo.

Atividade física e função da musculatura do assoalho pélvico em mulheres climatéricas: um estudo transversal / Physical activity and pelvic floor muscles function in climacteric women: a transversal study

Introdução: A mulher climatérica apresenta fraqueza muscular que pode gerar disfunções pélvicas. Aparentemente a prática regular de atividade física nesse período promove uma melhora da função muscular global. Objetivo: avaliar a função da musculatura do assoalho pélvico (MAP) de acordo com nível de atividade física em mulheres climatéricas. Métodos: estudo observacional, analítico e transversal. A amostra foi composta por 457 mulheres divididas de acordo com o nível de atividade física. A coleta de dados ocorreu através da aplicação da ficha de avaliação, aplicação do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ), e avaliação por meio da palpação vaginal e manometria da MAP. Para análise estatística foram usados os testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, ANOVA, qui-quadrado e correlação de Pearson. Resultados: As mulheres classificadas como muito ativas obtiveram uma pressão média de 45,24cmH2O, as ativas apresentaram 29,03cmH2O e as sedentárias 27,20cmH2O, com diferença estatística entre os grupos (p=0,003). Conclusão: Quanto mais ativa for a mulher climatérica, melhor será a função da MAP.

Introduction: climacteric woman has muscle weakness that can lead to pelvic floor dysfunctions. Apparently the regular practice of physical activity in this period promotes an improvement of the global muscular function. Objective: to evaluate the pelvic floor muscles (PFM) function according to the level of physical activity in climacteric women. Methods: observational, analytical and transversal study. The sample consisted of 457 women divided according to the level of physical activity. Data collection was made through the application of evaluation form and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and vaginal palpation and manometry from PFM. For statistical analysis were used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, ANOVA, chi-square and Pearson correlation tests. Results: The very active women obtained an average pressure of 45, 24cmH2O, the actives presented 29, 03cmH2O and the sedentary 27, 20cmH2O, with statistcal difference between the groups (p = 0,003). Conclusion: The more active the climacteric woman is, the better her PFM function will be.

[The importance of oral glucose tolerance test in diagnosis of glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women with polycystic ovary syndrome]. / A importância do teste de tolerância à glicose oral no diagnóstico da intolerância à glicose e diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the importance of the oral glucose tolerance test for the diagnosis of glucose intolerance (GI) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2) in women with PCOS. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 247 patients with PCOS selected at random. The diagnosis of GI was obtained from the two-hour oral glucose tolerance test with 75 g of glucose according to the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO) (GI: 120 minutes for plasma glucose >140 mg/dL and <200 mg/dL), and the diagnosis of DM-2 was obtained by both the oral glucose tolerance test (DM: 120 minutes for plasma glucose >200 mg/dL) and fasting glucose using the criteria of the American Diabetes Association (impaired fasting glucose: fasting plasma glucose >100 and <126 mg/dL; DM: fasting glucose >126 mg/dL). A logistic regression model for repeated measures was applied to compare the oral glucose tolerance test with fasting plasma glucose. ANOVA followed by the Tukey test was used for the analysis of the clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with and without GI and/or DM-2. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: PCOS patients had a mean age of 24.8±6.3, and body mass index (BMI) of 18.3 to 54.9 kg/m² (32.5±7.6). The percentage of obese patients was 64%, the percentage of overweight patients was 18.6% and 17.4% had healthy weight. The oral glucose tolerance test identified 14 cases of DM-2 (5.7%), while fasting glucose detected only three cases (1.2%), and the frequency of these disorders was higher with increasing age and BMI. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate the superiority of the oral glucose tolerance test in relation to fasting glucose in diagnosing DM-2 in young women with PCOS and should be performed in these patients.

Impacts of social support on symptoms in Brazilian women with fibromyalgia / Impacto do apoio social sobre os sintomas de mulheres brasileiras com fibromialgia

ABSTRACT We aimed to assess the impact of social support on symptoms in Brazilian women with FM. An observational, descriptive study enrolling 66 women who met the 1990 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria. Social support was measured by the Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS), functionality was evaluated using the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), anxiety was measured using the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS), affectivity was measured by Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and algometry was carried out to record pressure pain threshold (PPth) and tolerance (PPTo) at 18 points recommended by the ACR. Patients were divided into normal (NSS) or poor social support (PSS) groups with PSS defined as having a MOS-SSS score below the 25th percentile of the entire sample. Mann-Whitney or Unpaired t-test were used to compare intergroup variables and Fisher's for categorical variables. Analysis of covariance and Pearson correlation test were used. No differences in sociodemographic variables between PSS and NSS were found. Differences between NSS and PSS groups were observed for all four subcategories of social support and MOS-SSS total score. Significant differences between NSS and PSS on depression (p = 0.007), negative affect (p = 0.025) and PPTh (p = 0.016) were found. Affectionate subcategory showed positive correlation between pain and positive affect in PSS. Positive social interaction subcategory showed a negative correlation between FIQ and depression state. Therefore social support appears to contribute to ameliorate mental and physical health in FM.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o impacto do apoio social sobre os sintomas de mulheres brasileiras com fibromialgia (FM). Trata-se de um estudo observacional descritivo que selecionou 66 mulheres que atendiam aos critérios do Colégio Americano de Reumatologia (ACR) de 1990. O apoio social foi medido com o Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS), a funcionalidade com o Questionário do Impacto da Fibromialgia (FIQ), a depressão com o Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI), a ansiedade com a Escala de Ansiedade de Hamilton (HAS), a afetividade com o Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Panas) e foi feita algometria para registrar o limiar da dor à pressão (LDP) e a tolerância álgica à pressão (TAP) nos 18 pontos recomendados pelo ACR. Os pacientes foram divididos nos grupos apoio social normal (ASN) ou ruim (ASR); o ASR foi definido como uma pontuação nos MOS-SSS abaixo do percentil 25 da amostra total. Usou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney ou o teste t não pareado para comparar variáveis intergrupos e o de Fisher para as variáveis categóricas. Usaram-se a análise de covariância e o teste de correlação de Pearson. Não houve diferença nas variáveis sociodemográficas entre os grupos ASN e ASR. Observaram-se diferenças entre os grupos ASN e ASR para todas as quatro subcategorias de apoio social e pontuação total do MOS-SSS. Encontraram-se diferenças significativas entre o ASN e o ASR na depressão (p = 0,007), afeto negativo (p = 0,025) e LDP (p = 0,016). A subcategoria apoio afetivo mostrou correlação positiva entre a dor e o afeto positivo no grupo ASR. A subcategoria interação social positiva mostrou uma correlação negativa entre o FIQ e o estado de depressão. Portanto, o apoio social parece contribuir para a melhoria na saúde mental e física na FM.