Interpregnancy interval and perinatal outcomes across Latin America from 1990 to 2009: a large multi-country study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship of interpregnancy interval with maternal and offspring outcomes. DESIGN: Retrospective study with data from the Perinatal Information System database of the Latin American Centre for Perinatology and Human Development, Uruguay. SETTING: Latin America, 1990-2009. POPULATION: A cohort of 894 476 women delivering singleton infants. METHODS: During 1990-2009 the Perinatal Information System database of the Latin American Centre for Perinatology identified 894 476 women with defined interpregnancy intervals: i.e. the time elapsed between the date of the previous delivery and the first day of the last normal menstrual period for the index pregnancy. Using the interval 12-23 months as the reference category, multiple logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of the association between various interval lengths and maternal and offspring outcomes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Maternal death, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, puerperal infection, fetal death, neonatal death, preterm birth, and low birthweight. RESULTS: In the reference interval there was 0.05% maternal death, 1.00% postpartum haemorrhage, 2.80% pre-eclampsia, 0.15% eclampsia, 0.28% puerperal infection, 3.45% fetal death, 0.68% neonatal death, 12.33% preterm birth, and 9.73% low birthweight. Longer intervals had increased odds of pre-eclampsia (>72 months), fetal death (>108-119 months), and low birthweight (96-107 months). Short intervals of <12 months had increased odds of pre-eclampsia (aOR 0.80; 95% CI 0.76-0.85), neonatal death (aOR 1.18; 95% CI 1.08-1.28), and preterm birth (aOR 1.16; 95% CI 1.11-1.21). Statistically, the interval had no relationship with maternal death, eclampsia, and puerperal infection. CONCLUSIONS: A short interpregnancy interval of <12 months is associated with pre-eclampsia, neonatal mortality, and preterm birth, but not with other maternal or offspring outcomes. Longer intervals of >72 months are associated with pre-eclampsia, fetal death, and low birthweight, but not with other maternal or offspring outcomes. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: A short interpregnancy interval of <12 months is associated with neonatal mortality and preterm birth.

Prediction of escape red blood cell transfusion in expectantly managed women with acute anaemia after postpartum haemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical predictors of escape red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in postpartum anaemic women, initially managed expectantly, and the additional predictive value of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measures. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of women after postpartum haemorrhage, either randomly allocated to, or opting for expectant management. SETTING: Thirty-seven hospitals in the Netherlands. POPULATION: A total of 261 randomised and 362 nonrandomised women. METHODS: We developed prediction models to assess the need for RBC transfusion: one using clinical variables (model 1), and one extended with scores on the HRQoL-measures Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) and EuroQol-5D (model 2). Model performance was assessed by discrimination and calibration. Models were internally validated with bootstrapping techniques to correct for overfitting. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Escape RBC transfusion. RESULTS: Seventy-five women (12%) received escape RBC transfusion. Independent predictors of escape RBC transfusion (model 1) were primiparity, multiple pregnancy, total blood loss during delivery and haemoglobin concentration postpartum. Maternal age, body mass index, ethnicity, education, medical indication of pregnancy, mode of delivery, preterm delivery, placental removal, perineal laceration, Apgar score and breastfeeding intention had no predictive value. Addition of HRQoL-scores (model 2), significantly improved the model's discriminative ability: c-statistics of model 1 and 2 were 0.65 (95% CI 0.58-0.72) and 0.72 (95% CI 0.65-0.79), respectively. The calibration of both models was good. CONCLUSIONS: In postpartum anaemic women, several clinical variables predict the need for escape RBC transfusion. Adding HRQoL-scores improves model performance. After external validation, the extended model may be an important tool for counselling and decision making in clinical practice.

Impact of obstetric history on the risk of spontaneous preterm birth in singleton and multiple pregnancies: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Information about the recurrence of spontaneous preterm birth in subsequent twin/singleton pregnancies is scattered. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the risk of recurrence of spontaneous preterm birth in different subtypes of subsequent pregnancies. SEARCH STRATEGY: An electronic literature search in OVID MEDLINE and EMBASE, complemented by PubMed, to find recent studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies comparing the risk of spontaneous preterm birth after a previous preterm and previous term pregnancy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The absolute risk of recurrence with a 95% confidence interval and the absolute risk of preterm birth after a term delivery were calculated. Data from studies were pooled using the Mantel-Haenszel method. MAIN RESULTS: We detected 13 relevant studies. The risk of recurrence of preterm birth was significantly increased in all preterm pregnancy subtypes, compared with their term counterparts. Women pregnant with twins after a previous preterm singleton had the highest absolute risk of recurrence (57.0%, 95% CI 51.9-61.9%), and after a previous term singleton their absolute risk was 25% (95% CI 24.3-26.5%). Women pregnant with a singleton after a previous preterm twin pregnancy have an absolute recurrence risk of 10% (95% CI 8.2-12.3%), whereas a singleton pregnancy after delivering a previous twin up to term yields a low absolute risk of only 1.3% (95% CI 0.8-2.2). Women pregnant with a singleton after a previous preterm singleton have an absolute recurrence risk of 20% (95% CI 19.9-20.6). AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS: The risk of recurrence of preterm birth is influenced by the singleton/twin order in both pregnancies, and varies between 10% for a singleton after previous preterm twins to 57% for twins after a previous preterm singleton.

Quality indicators for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer integrated assistance: A critical appraisal.

INTRODUCTION: Quality indicators (QIs) are essential for adequate control of the health care management process, recognizing areas of improvement and providing solutions. We aimed to evaluate the Integrated Breast Cancer (BC) Care Process QIs. METHODS: We studied 487 consecutive BC cases diagnosed from November 1st, 2013, to November 30th, 2019, in a Spanish healthcare area, and we estimated the associated QIs. RESULTS: Four indicators did not meet the standards and were analysed based on related sociodemographic and clinical variables. The surgical delay after a multidisciplinary team discussion (mean 64%, IQR 59.6-68.5) was lower in elder people (p=0.027), and early histological grades (p=0.019) and stages (p=0.008). The adjuvant treatment delay (mean 55.7%, IQR 51.1-60.3) was lower in advance stages (p=0.002) and when there was no reoperation (p=0.001). The surgical delay after inclusion (mean 83.2%, IQR 79.3-87.2) was lower in early histological grades (p=0.048). The immediate reconstruction (mean 42.3%, IQR 34.0-50.5) reached 72.3% in young women compared to 11.8% in older than 70 years (p=0.001) and it was higher in early stages (45.3% vs 36.2%; p=0.049). CONCLUSION: The study of QIs evaluated their compliance and analysed the variables influencing them to propose improvement measures. Not all the indicators were equally valuable. Some depended on the available resources, and others on the mix of patients or complementary treatments. It would be essential to identify the specific target populations to estimate the indicators or provide standards stratified by the related variables.

What do we know about tocolytic effectiveness and how do we use this information in guidelines? A comparison of evidence grading.

BACKGROUND: Evidence summaries of tocolytic effectiveness assign quality levels based on a single dimension: the study design. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system takes into account several domains, including limitations of the study design and ranking the importance of outcomes. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to compare the quality of evidence according to GRADE with the quality as described by existing guidelines. SEARCH STRATEGY: A practitioner survey to rank the importance of outcomes and a systematic review were conducted. For the systematic review, we searched Medline, Embase, and DARE databases from inception to December 2010 using the terms 'tocolytics' and 'threatened preterm labour', without any language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA: Inclusion criteria for the review were randomised controlled trials comparing tocolytics with either placebo or betamimetics. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The review and survey teams worked independently. Evidence ratings according to GRADE were performed. MAIN RESULTS: The majority of the survey respondents thought that it was important to use tocolytics to buy the time needed for steroids to promote fetal lung maturation and to allow in utero transfer. Nearly 80% of 'high' ratings in guidelines were downgraded as a result of deficiencies identified by GRADE. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We propose a move away from the use of evidence rating systems reliant solely on study design, as they have a propensity towards strong recommendations when the underlying evidence is weak.

A case-control study of the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes due to tuberculosis during pregnancy.

We conducted a case-control study at three main inner-city hospitals in Birmingham, UK between 2004 and 2006, to determine the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with tuberculosis (TB) (n = 24), compared with healthy pregnant controls (n = 72). The incidence of TB was 62/100,000 pregnancies, with 54.2% cases having pulmonary TB (41.7% extra-pulmonary; 4.2% both). Infants of mothers with TB had a significantly lower mean birth weight compared with controls (2,735 g vs 3,135 g; p = 0.03). Mean birth weight was lower in pulmonary TB than in the extra-pulmonary TB. Multivariate analysis showed that low birth weight was associated with pre-term delivery (p < 0.001). We conclude that pregnant women with TB are at higher risk of low birth weight due to higher odds of pre-term delivery.