RESUMO
It has been shown that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) of rats contains nitrergic neurons, which are activated during animal exposure to aversive stimuli. The BNST is also populated by glutamatergic and corticotrophin releasing factor (CRFergic) neurons, which in turn are activated under stressful situations. Here we investigated the anxiogenic-like effects of intra-BNST injections of a nitric oxide (NO) donor, NOC-9 in mice. The role of CRFergic and glutamatergic systems on defensive behavior induced by NOC-9 was investigated with previous intra-BNST infusion of different doses of CP376395, a CRF type 1 receptor antagonist (CRF1), or AP-7, an NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor antagonist. Anxiety-like behavior was assessed immediately and 5 min after intra-BNST drug injection, exposing mice to a novel arena and to the elevated plus-maze (EPM; an anxiogenic situation). Results showed that NOC-9 provoked a short period (≈ 150 s) of freezing behavior in the novel arena and increased anxiety in the EPM. Both CP and AP-7 attenuated the anxiogenic-like effects of NOC-9 in the EPM without changing freezing behavior in the novel arena. When given alone (i.e. without prior intra-BNST injection of NOC-9), AP-7 (0.20 nmol), but not CP (0.75, 1.50, or 3.00 nmol), attenuated anxiety in mice exposed to the EPM. These results suggest that CRF1 and NMDA receptors located within the BNST differentially modulate aversive effects induced by NO production in this limbic forebrain structure.
Assuntos
Ansiedade/induzido quimicamente , Óxido Nítrico/farmacologia , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/fisiologia , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/fisiologia , Núcleos Septais/efeitos dos fármacos , Aminopiridinas/farmacologia , Animais , Ansiedade/metabolismo , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/metabolismo , Reação de Congelamento Cataléptica/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/metabolismo , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Estresse Psicológico/induzido quimicamente , Estresse Psicológico/metabolismo , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Triazenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Irradiation of tumor cell lines is a useful way to investigate the effects of ionizing radiation on biological molecules. We designed an easy and reproducible approach for in vitro experimental high dose rate brachytherapy, which was simulated by a Monte Carlo code and dosimetrically characterized by experimental methods to evaluate the correspondence between planned doses and doses absorbed by the cells. This approach is an acrylic platform containing T25 tissue culture flasks and multiwell tissue culture plates. It allows nine parallel needles carrying an 192Ir source to irradiate the adherent cells. The whole system composed of the acrylic platform, tissue culture flasks and 192Ir source tracking was simulated by the Monte Carlo N-Particle transport code (MCNPX). Dosimetric measurements were taken by well ionization chamber and radiochromic films. There was a slight difference, averaging from 2% to 7%, between the MCNPX results and film dosimetry results regarding uniform radiation created by the source arrangement. The results showed different values for planned and measured doses in each cell culture plate, which was attributed to the non-equivalent water material used and to the lack of full scattering coming from the top of the platform. This last contribution was different for each tissue culture plate and an individual dose correction factor was calculated. The dose correction factor must be applied to match the planned dose and the actual doses absorbed by the cells. The designed approach is an efficient tool for in vitro brachytherapy experiments for most commercial cell culture plates.
Assuntos
Braquiterapia/métodos , Dosagem Radioterapêutica , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Método de Monte CarloRESUMO
It has been suggested that the left medial prefrontal cortex (LmPFC) has an inhibitory role in controlling the right mPFC (RmPFC), thereby reducing the deleterious effects of stressors on emotional states. Here, we investigated the effects on anxiety of bilateral or unilateral injections of NOC-9 [a nitric oxide (NO) donor] and cobalt chloride (CoCl2; a synaptic inhibitor) into the mPFC of mice exposed to the elevated plus-maze (Experiments 1 and 2). The effects of restraint or social defeat on anxiety in undrugged mice were recorded at 5 min or 24 h after exposure to the stress (Experiment 3). Experiment 4 investigated the effects of LmPFC injection of CoCl2 combined with restraint or social defeat on anxiety, which was recorded 24 h later. Although intra-RmPFC NOC-9 produced anxiogenesis, its injection into the LmPFC, or bilaterally, did not change anxiety. Intra-RmPFC or -LmPFC injection of CoCl2 produced anxiolytic- and anxiogenic-like effects, respectively. Both restraint and social defeat produced anxiogenesis at 5 min, but defeated mice did not display anxiety 24 h after the stress. Although intra-LmPFC CoCl2 did not change anxiety, which was recorded 24 h later in non-stressed mice, this synaptic inhibitor produced a clear, anxiogenic-like effect in defeated (but not restrained) mice. These results suggest that (i) nitrergic activation of the RmPFC increases anxiety, which in turn is inhibited by NO production within the LmPFC; (ii) neuronal inhibition of the RmPFC or LmPFC elicits anxiolysis and anxiogenesis, respectively; and (iii) inactivation of the LmPFC results in recrudescence of anxiety induced by social defeat stress.
Assuntos
Ansiedade/metabolismo , Lateralidade Funcional/fisiologia , Óxido Nítrico/fisiologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiologia , Animais , Ansiolíticos/administração & dosagem , Ansiedade/induzido quimicamente , Ansiedade/tratamento farmacológico , Cobalto/administração & dosagem , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Lateralidade Funcional/efeitos dos fármacos , Injeções Intraventriculares , Masculino , Camundongos , Córtex Pré-Frontal/efeitos dos fármacos , Triazenos/administração & dosagemRESUMO
The effect of noradrenaline, and mixed ligands to alpha 2-adrenoceptors (alpha 2-AR) and imidazoline receptors (IR), injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.), on sodium intake of sodium depleted rats, was tested against idazoxan, a mixed antagonist ligand to alpha 2-AR and IR. The inhibition of sodium intake induced by noradrenaline (80 nmol) was completely reversed by idazoxan (160 and 320 nmol) injected i.c.v. The inhibition of sodium intake induced by mixed ligands to alpha 2-AR and IR, UK14,304, guanabenz and moxonidine, was antagonized from 50 to 60% by idazoxan i.c.v. The results demonstrate that noradrenaline, a non-ligand for IR, acts on alpha 2-AR inhibiting sodium intake. The possibility that either alpha 2-AR or IR mediate the effect of mixed agonists on sodium intake remains an open question.
Assuntos
Agonistas alfa-Adrenérgicos/farmacologia , Norepinefrina/farmacologia , Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 2/fisiologia , Receptores de Droga/fisiologia , Sódio na Dieta/farmacologia , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos alfa/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacologia , Apetite/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Tartarato de Brimonidina , Desidratação/fisiopatologia , Ingestão de Líquidos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Privação de Alimentos , Guanabenzo/farmacologia , Idazoxano/farmacologia , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Receptores de Imidazolinas , Injeções Intraventriculares , Ligantes , Masculino , Quinoxalinas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Saciação/efeitos dos fármacos , Sódio na Dieta/metabolismoRESUMO
Non-adrenergic ligands that bind to imidazoline receptors (I-R), a selective ligand that binds to alpha2-adrenoceptors (alpha2-AR) and mixed ligands that bind to both receptors were tested for their action on water intake behavior of 24-h water-deprived rats. All drugs were injected into the third cerebral ventricle. Except for agmatine (80 nmol), mixed ligands binding to I-R/alpha2-AR such as guanabenz (40 nmol) and UK 14304 (20 nmol) inhibited water intake by 65% and up to 95%, respectively. The selective non-imidazoline alpha2-AR agonist, alpha-methylnoradrenaline, produced inhibition of water intake similar to that obtained with guanabenz, but at higher doses (80 nmol). The non-adrenergic I-R ligands histamine (160 nmol, mixed histaminergic and imidazoline ligand) and imidazole-4-acetic acid (80 nmol, imidazoline ligand) did not alter water intake. The results show that selective, non-imidazoline alpha2-AR activation suppresses water intake, and suggest that the action on imidazoline sites by non-adrenergic ligands is not sufficient to inhibit water intake.
Assuntos
Ingestão de Líquidos/efeitos dos fármacos , Guanidinas/farmacologia , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Nordefrin/farmacologia , Quinoxalinas/farmacologia , Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 2/fisiologia , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 2 , Animais , Tartarato de Brimonidina , Imidazóis/agonistas , Injeções Intraventriculares , Ligantes , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Vasoconstritores/farmacologia , Privação de ÁguaRESUMO
The anxiogenic and antinociceptive effects produced by glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation within the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) matter have been related to nitric oxide (NO) production, since injection of NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors reverses these effects. dPAG corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRFr) activation also induces anxiety-like behavior and antinociception, which, in turn, are selectively blocked by local infusion of the CRF type 1 receptor (CRFr1) antagonist, NBI 27914 [5-chloro-4-(N-(cyclopropyl)methyl-N-propylamino)-2-methyl-6-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)aminopyridine]. Here, we determined whether i) the blockade of the dPAG by CRFr1 attenuates the anxiogenic/antinociceptive effects induced by local infusion of the NO donor, NOC-9 [6-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-nitrosohydrazino)-N-methyl-1-hexanamine], and ii) the anxiogenic/antinociceptive effects induced by intra-dPAG CRF are prevented by local infusion of N(ω)-propyl-L-arginine (NPLA), a neuronal NOS inhibitor, in mice. Male Swiss mice (12 weeks old, 25-35 g, N = 8-14/group) were stereotaxically implanted with a 7-mm cannula aimed at the dPAG. Intra-dPAG NOC-9 (75 nmol) produced defensive-like behavior (jumping and running) and antinociception (assessed by the formalin test). Both effects were reversed by prior local infusion of NBI 27914 (2 nmol). Conversely, intra-dPAG NPLA (0.4 nmol) did not modify the anxiogenic/antinociceptive effects of CRF (150 pmol). These results suggest that CRFr1 plays an important role in the defensive behavior and antinociception produced by NO within the dPAG. In contrast, the anxiogenic and antinociceptive effects produced by intra-dPAG CRF are not related to NO synthesis in this limbic midbrain structure.
Assuntos
Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Nociceptividade/efeitos dos fármacos , Substância Cinzenta Periaquedutal/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/antagonistas & inibidores , Triazenos/farmacologia , Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Óxido Nítrico/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/farmacologia , Substância Cinzenta Periaquedutal/fisiologia , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/fisiologiaRESUMO
The anxiogenic and antinociceptive effects produced by glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation within the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) matter have been related to nitric oxide (NO) production, since injection of NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors reverses these effects. dPAG corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRFr) activation also induces anxiety-like behavior and antinociception, which, in turn, are selectively blocked by local infusion of the CRF type 1 receptor (CRFr1) antagonist, NBI 27914 [5-chloro-4-(N-(cyclopropyl)methyl-N-propylamino)-2-methyl-6-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)aminopyridine]. Here, we determined whether i) the blockade of the dPAG by CRFr1 attenuates the anxiogenic/antinociceptive effects induced by local infusion of the NO donor, NOC-9 [6-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-nitrosohydrazino)-N-methyl-1-hexanamine], and ii) the anxiogenic/antinociceptive effects induced by intra-dPAG CRF are prevented by local infusion of Nω-propyl-L-arginine (NPLA), a neuronal NOS inhibitor, in mice. Male Swiss mice (12 weeks old, 25-35 g, N = 8-14/group) were stereotaxically implanted with a 7-mm cannula aimed at the dPAG. Intra-dPAG NOC-9 (75 nmol) produced defensive-like behavior (jumping and running) and antinociception (assessed by the formalin test). Both effects were reversed by prior local infusion of NBI 27914 (2 nmol). Conversely, intra-dPAG NPLA (0.4 nmol) did not modify the anxiogenic/antinociceptive effects of CRF (150 pmol). These results suggest that CRFr1 plays an important role in the defensive behavior and antinociception produced by NO within the dPAG. In contrast, the anxiogenic and antinociceptive effects produced by intra-dPAG CRF are not related to NO synthesis in this limbic midbrain structure.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Nociceptividade/efeitos dos fármacos , Substância Cinzenta Periaquedutal/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/antagonistas & inibidores , Triazenos/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico/farmacologia , Substância Cinzenta Periaquedutal/fisiologia , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/fisiologiaRESUMO
Non-adrenergic ligands that bind to imidazoline receptors (I-R), a selective ligand that binds to alpha2-adrenoceptors (alpha2-AR) and mixed ligands that bind to both receptors were tested for their action on water intake behavior of 24-h water-deprived rats. All drugs were injected into the third cerebral ventricle. Except for agmatine (80 nmol), mixed ligands binding to I-R/alpha2-AR such as guanabenz (40 nmol) and UK 14304 (20 nmol) inhibited water intake by 65 percent and up to 95 percent, respectively. The selective non-imidazoline alpha2-AR agonist, alpha-methylnoradrenaline, produced inhibition of water intake similar to that obtained with guanabenz, but at higher doses (80 nmol). The non-adrenergic I-R ligands histamine (160 nmol, mixed histaminergic and imidazoline ligand) and imidazole-4-acetic acid (80 nmol, imidazoline ligand) did not alter water intake. The results show that selective, non-imidazoline alpha2-AR activation suppresses water intake, and suggest that the action on imidazoline sites by non-adrenergic ligands is not sufficient to inhibit water intake