A matched case-control study of bean intake and breast cancer risk in urbanized Nigerian women.

PURPOSE: Bean intake has been associated with reduced risk of breast cancer, however; only a few studies considered molecular subtypes status and none in African women living in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the associations between dietary intake of beans and breast cancer including its subtypes in Nigerian women. METHODS: Overall, 472 newly diagnosed patients with primary invasive breast cancer were age-matched (± 5 years) with 472 controls from the Nigerian Integrative Epidemiology of Breast Cancer (NIBBLE) Study from 01/2014 to 07/2016. We collected the dietary intake of beans using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Beans_alone intake was categorized into three levels never (never in the past year), low (≤ 1 portion/week), and high intake (> 1 portion/week). We used conditional and unconditional logistic regression models to estimate the Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) of beans_alone intake and the risk of breast cancer and by its molecular subtypes, respectively. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age of cases was 44.4(10.0) and of controls was 43.5(9.5) years. In the case group, more than half (51.1%) have never consumed beans_alone in the past year compared to 39.0% in the control group. The multivariable models showed inverse associations between beans_alone (high vs. none) and breast cancer (OR = 0.55; 95%CI: 0.36-0.86, p-trend = 0.03), triple-negative (OR = 0.51 95%CI: 0.28-0.95, p-trend = 0.02) and marginally associated with hormone receptor-positive (OR = 0.53, 95%CI: 0.29-0.96, p-trend = 0.06). CONCLUSION: Dietary intake of beans_alone may play a significant role in reducing the incidence of breast cancer, particularly of the more aggressive molecular subtype, triple-negative, in African women living in SSA.

Determinants of stage at diagnosis of breast cancer in Nigerian women: sociodemographic, breast cancer awareness, health care access and clinical factors.

PURPOSE: Advanced stage at diagnosis is a common feature of breast cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), contributing to poor survival rates. Understanding its determinants is key to preventing deaths from this cancer in SSA. METHODS: Within the Nigerian Integrative Epidemiology of Breast Cancer Study, a multicentred case-control study on breast cancer, we studied factors affecting stage at diagnosis of cases, i.e. women diagnosed with histologically confirmed invasive breast cancer between January 2014 and July 2016 at six secondary and tertiary hospitals in Nigeria. Stage was assessed using clinical and imaging methods. Ordinal logistic regression was used to examine associations of sociodemographic, breast cancer awareness, health care access and clinical factors with odds of later stage (I, II, III or IV) at diagnosis. RESULTS: A total of 316 women were included, with a mean age (SD) of 45.4 (11.4) years. Of these, 94.9% had stage information: 5 (1.7%), 92 (30.7%), 157 (52.4%) and 46 (15.3%) were diagnosed at stages I, II, III and IV, respectively. In multivariate analyses, lower educational level (odds ratio (OR) 2.35, 95% confidence interval: 1.04, 5.29), not believing in a cure for breast cancer (1.81: 1.09, 3.01), and living in a rural area (2.18: 1.05, 4.51) were strongly associated with later stage, whilst age at diagnosis, tumour grade and oestrogen receptor status were not. Being Muslim (vs. Christian) was associated with lower odds of later stage disease (0.46: 0.22, 0.94). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that factors that are amenable to intervention concerning breast cancer awareness and health care access, rather than intrinsic tumour characteristics, are the strongest determinants of stage at diagnosis in Nigerian women.

Leisure-time physical activity is associated with reduced risks of breast cancer and triple negative breast cancer in Nigerian women.

BACKGROUND: Leisure-time physical activity(LTPA) is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer, but this has less been investigated by cancer subtypes in Africans living in Sub-Saharan Africa(SSA). We examined the associations between LTPA and breast cancer including its subtypes in Nigerian women and explored the effect modification of body size on such associations. METHODS: The sample included 508 newly diagnosed primary invasive breast cancer cases and 892 controls from the Nigerian Integrative Epidemiology of Breast Cancer(NIBBLE) Study. Immunohistochemical(IHC) analysis was available for 294 cases. Total metabolic equivalents(METs) per hour/week of LTPA were calculated and divided by quartiles(Q1 <3.75, Q2:3.75-6.69, Q3:6.70-14.74, Q4:14.75 ≤). We applied logistic regressions to estimate the adjusted Odds Ratios(ORs) between LTPA and breast cancer and by its molecular subtypes and whether age-adjusted associations are modified by BMI. RESULTS: The mean age(Mean±SD) of cases vs. controls(45.5 ± 11.1vs.40.1 ± 9.0) was higher, and the mean total METs hour/week was higher in controls vs. cases(11.9 ± 14.9vs.8.3 ± 11.1,p-value<0.001). Overall, 43.2%(N = 127/294) were classified as HRP, and 41.8%(N = 123/294) as TNBC. Women in the higher LTPA quartiles(Q3-Q4) vs. Q1 had lower odds of having breast cancer(ORQ4vs.Q1=0.51,95%CI:0.35-0.74) and TNBC(ORQ4vs.Q1=0.51, 95%CI:0.27-0.96), but not HRP(ORQ4vs.Q1=0.61,95%CI:0.34-1.09) after adjusting for age, age at first menarche, body size, breastfeeding, menopausal, parity, contraceptives, demographics, alcohol, smoking, and physical activity at home and work. Lastly, LTPA and its age-adjusted association with breast cancer was more pronounced in women with BMI< 30 vs. BMI 30 + . CONCLUSIONS: LTPA may reduce the risk of breast cancer, especially TNBC, which is the more aggressive and prevalent molecular subtype of breast cancer in SSA.

Giant pedunculated incisional hernia.

Ventral hernia is a common complication of abdominal surgeries, with the incidence of up to 20% in some series. Giant ventral hernia is that with a neck more than 10 cm wide. The loss of abdominal domain due to the shift of viscera into the hernia sac could lead to the complication after surgery. A 54-year-old female presented with a giant pedunculated ventral hernia. She had low tension mesh repair through a transverse suprapubic incision. The surgical repair of giant hernia with mesh has led to reduced complications. The sublay mesh repair method has further reduced the rate of underlay mesh recurrence.

Résumé La hernie ventrale est une complication courante des chirurgies abdominales, avec une incidence pouvant atteindre 20% dans certaines séries. Une hernie ventrale géante est que avec un col de plus de 10 cm de large. La perte de domaine abdominal due au déplacement des viscères dans le sac herniaire pourrait conduire à la complication après l'opération. Une femme de 54 ans s'est présentée avec une hernie ventrale pédonculée géante. Elle a eu une réparation de maille à basse tension à travers une transversale incision sus-pubienne. La réparation chirurgicale d'une hernie géante avec maille a permis de réduire les complications. La méthode de réparation des mailles de sous-couche a réduit le taux de récidive de bas niveau.

Kidney Transplant in Third World Countries.

This paper relates to our transplant experiences in Third World countries. Over the years, I have started kidney transplant programs in Aden, Yemen and Abuja, Nigeria and restarted the transplant program in Khartoum, Sudan.