DNA Methylation in the Anti-Mullerian Hormone Gene and the Risk of Disease Activity in Multiple Sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: Multiple sclerosis (MS) has a complex pathobiology, with genetic and environmental factors being crucial players. Understanding the mechanisms underlying heterogeneity in disease activity is crucial for tailored treatment. We explored the impact of DNA methylation, a key mechanism in the genetics-environment interplay, on disease activity in MS. METHODS: Peripheral immune methylome profiling using Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChips was conducted on 249 untreated relapsing-remitting MS patients, sampled at the start of disease-modifying treatment (DMT). A differential methylation analysis compared patients with evidence of disease activity (EDA) to those with no evidence of disease activity (NEDA) over 2 years from DMT start. Utilizing causal inference testing (CIT) and Mendelian randomization (MR), we sought to elucidate the relationships between DNA methylation, gene expression, genetic variation, and disease activity. RESULTS: Four differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified between EDA and NEDA. Examining the influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 923 variants were found to account for the observed differences in the 4 DMRs. Importantly, 3 out of the 923 SNPs, affecting DNA methylation in a DMR linked to the anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) gene, were associated with disease activity risk in an independent cohort of 1,408 MS patients. CIT and MR demonstrated that DNA methylation in AMH acts as a mediator for the genetic risk of disease activity. INTERPRETATION: This study uncovered a novel molecular pathway implicating the interaction between DNA methylation and genetic variation in the risk of disease activity in MS, emphasizing the role of sex hormones, particularly the AMH, in MS pathobiology. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:289-301.

Vitamin D affects the risk of disease activity in multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D (VitD) affects the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS), but the impact on disease activity is controversial. We assessed whether VitD is associated with the No-Evidence of Disease Activity-3 (NEDA-3) status at 2 years from disease-modifying treatment (DMT) start, and whether this association is causal or the result of confounding factors. Furthermore, we explored if a genetic predisposition to higher VitD levels affects the risk of disease activity. METHODS: 230 untreated relapsing-remitting MS patients underwent serum 25-OH-vitamin-D measurement, and the association between seasonally adjusted VitD and disease activity was tested. Modelling a Polygenic Risk Score from a Genome-Wide Association Study on ~400 000 individuals, we studied the impact of genetic predisposition to higher VitD on the NEDA-3 status in 1408 independent MS patients. Two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) was used to assess causality. RESULTS: Lower baseline VitD was associated with decreased probability of NEDA-3 at 2 years (p=0.019). Particularly, VitD levels <20 ng/mL conferred an over twofold risk of disease activity (OR 2.36, 95% CI 1.30 to 3.88, p=0.0037). Genetic predisposition to higher VitD levels was associated with delayed age at MS onset (p=0.018) and with a higher probability of NEDA-3 status (p=0.034). MR confirmed causality between VitD and the risk of disease activity (p=0.041). CONCLUSIONS: VitD levels before DMT start affect the risk of disease activity in MS. Genetic predisposition to higher VitD levels confers a lower risk of disease activity and is associated with delayed MS onset. Our work prompts future prospective studies regarding VitD supplementation and lifestyle interventions to hamper disease activity in MS.

Broadening the Genetic Spectrum of Painful Small-Fiber Neuropathy through Whole-Exome Study in Early-Onset Cases.

Small-Fiber Neuropathy (SFN) is a disorder of the peripheral nervous system, characterised by neuropathic pain; approximately 11% of cases are linked to variants in Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels (VGSCs). This study aims to broaden the genetic knowledge on painful SFN by applying Whole-Exome Sequencing (WES) in Early-Onset (EO) cases. A total of 88 patients from Italy (n = 52) and the Netherlands (n = 36), with a disease onset at age ≤ 45 years old and a Pain Numerical Rating Score ≥ 4, were recruited. After variant filtering and classification, WES analysis identified 142 potentially causative variants in 93 genes; 8 are Pathogenic, 15 are Likely Pathogenic, and 119 are Variants of Uncertain Significance. Notably, an enrichment of variants in transient receptor potential genes was observed, suggesting their role in pain modulation alongside VGSCs. A pathway analysis performed by comparing EO cases with 40 Italian healthy controls found enriched mutated genes in the "Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway". Targeting this pathway with non-opioid drugs could offer novel therapeutic avenues for painful SFN. Additionally, with this study we demonstrated that employing a gene panel of reported mutated genes could serve as an initial screening tool for SFN in genetic studies, enhancing clinical diagnostics.

Genetic Contribution to Medium-Term Disease Activity in Multiple Sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disorder characterized by high heterogeneity in terms of phenotypic expression, prognosis and treatment response. In the present study, we aimed to explore the genetic contribution to MS disease activity at different levels: genes, pathways and tissue-specific networks. Two cohorts of relapsing-remitting MS patients who started a first-line treatment (n = 1294) were enrolled to evaluate the genetic association with disease activity after 4 years of follow-up. The analyses were performed at whole-genome SNP and gene level, followed by the construction of gene-gene interaction networks specific for brain and lymphocytes. The resulting gene modules were evaluated to highlight key players from a topological and functional perspective. We identified 23 variants and 223 genes with suggestive association to 4-years disease activity, highlighting genes like PON2 involved in oxidative stress and in mitochondria functions and other genes, like ILRUN, involved in the modulation of the immune system. Network analyses led to the identification of a brain module composed of 228 genes and a lymphocytes module composed of 287 genes. The network analysis allowed us to prioritize genes relevant for their topological properties; among them, there are MPHOSPH9 (connector hub in both brain and lymphocyte module) and OPA1 (in brain module), two genes already implicated in MS. Modules showed the enrichment of both shared and tissue-specific pathways, mainly implicated in inflammation. In conclusion, our results suggest that the processes underlying disease activity act on shared mechanisms across brain and lymphocyte tissues.

Ion Channel Genes in Painful Neuropathies.

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a typical symptom of peripheral nerve disorders, including painful neuropathy. The biological mechanisms that control ion channels are important for many cell activities and are also therapeutic targets. Disruption of the cellular mechanisms that govern ion channel activity can contribute to pain pathophysiology. The voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) is the most researched ion channel in terms of NP; however, VGSC impairment is detected in only <20% of painful neuropathy patients. Here, we discuss the potential role of the other peripheral ion channels involved in sensory signaling (transient receptor potential cation channels), neuronal excitation regulation (potassium channels), involuntary action potential generation (hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels), thermal pain (anoctamins), pH modulation (acid sensing ion channels), and neurotransmitter release (calcium channels) related to pain and their prospective role as therapeutic targets for painful neuropathy.