RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hypertension is an emerging public health problem in South Africa. Recent evidence from longitudinal studies has shown that hypertension in adulthood can be traced back to childhood. There is scarcity of longitudinal data on paediatric blood pressure (BP) particularly in African populations. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of hypertension and evaluate BP tracking between childhood and late adolescence among South African black Children. METHODS: This study utilized data from the Birth to Twenty cohort, which is comprised of children born in Soweto, Johannesburg in 1990 (N = 3273, 78.5% black). Data on BP and anthropometry were collected at six follow-up periods between ages 5 and 18 years. Blood pressure status was classified using the Fourth report on National High Blood pressure program in children and adolescents. Pearson correlation coefficients and relative risk ratios (RR) were used to describe tracking of BP between childhood and late adolescence. RESULTS: The overall point prevalence ranged from 9.2 to 16.4% for prehypertension and 8.4 to 24.4% for hypertension. Tracking coefficients ranged from 0.20 to 0.57 for SBP and 0.17- 0.51 for DBP in both sexes over the 14 years of measurement. The proportion of children who maintained an elevated BP status between childhood, adolescence and age 18 years ranged from 36.1% at age 5 years to 56.3% at age 13 years. Risk of having elevated BP at 18 years ranged from; RR: 1.60 (95 % CI: 1.29-2.00) at 5 years to RR: 2.71 (95 % CI: 2.32-3.17) at 14 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports high prevalence of elevated BP which tracks from early childhood into late adolescence. These findings emphasize the importance of early identification of children at risk of developing elevated BP and related risk factors plus timely intervention to prevent hypertension in adulthood.
Assuntos
População Negra/estatística & dados numéricos , Pressão Sanguínea , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Antropometria , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pré-Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , África do Sul , População Urbana , Adulto JovemRESUMO
As both OME and allergic rhinitis are common among young children, these disorders are occasionally seen in the same patients. Many clinical and experimental studies have denied the allergic etiology of OME, although type I allergic reactions in the nose cause tubal obstruction without inducing MEE because the induced obstruction remains for a short duration. An animal model study demonstrated that allergy-induced tubal obstruction disturbs the clearance of MEE significantly. Since a clinical and an experimental study showed the efficacy of allergic treatment in patients or animals having both diseases, allergy and OME should be treated simultaneously in patients with both diseases. Viral infections of the upper respiratory tract induce viral-specific IgE antibodies, which may cause mucosal inflammatory reactions similar to those seen in type I allergy. Viral infection also triggers bacterial infection. Consequently, viral infection is a critical factor in the etiopathogenesis of OME.
Assuntos
Imunoglobulina E/imunologia , Otite Média/imunologia , Animais , Tuba Auditiva/fisiologia , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade/imunologia , Mucosa Nasal/imunologiaRESUMO
Cochleas from C57BL/6 mice were investigated electrophysiologically and histochemically to evaluate the pathology of presbycusis. The average auditory brainstem response thresholds from 6-week-old mice were significantly lower than those of 6-month-old mice and those of 1-year-old mice. Histologic observation revealed changes in the cochlea after age 6 months. Conventional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showed disorganization of the organ of Corti, a decrease in the number of spiral ganglion cells, and atrophy of the stria vascularis. Although H&E staining and type II collagen immunolabeling did not show obvious changes in the spiral ligament (SL), the density of connexin 26 staining was reduced in this region. Sodium-potassium-adenosinetriphosphatase immunolabeling was increased in the SL, whereas its average density was not significantly altered in the stria vascularis. These results suggest that the SL could be among the regions responsible for cochlear malfunction with aging.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/patologia , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Cóclea/patologia , Cóclea/fisiopatologia , Presbiacusia/patologia , Presbiacusia/fisiopatologia , Animais , Colágeno/metabolismo , Conexina 26 , Conexinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Potenciais Evocados Auditivos do Tronco Encefálico , Imuno-Histoquímica , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Presbiacusia/etiologia , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/metabolismoRESUMO
The cochlear influence of otitis media was investigated in order to identify damaged regions causing cochlear malfunction. BALB/c mice were challenged with viable Streptococcus pneumoniae into the middle ear cavity and were killed 1 day to 1 month later for immunohistochemical analysis. Otitis media was induced in all of the animals, and some showed inflammatory cells in the cochlea. Although other changes were not obvious by hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry showed the presence of fibrinogen in the cochlea, mainly in the lower portion of the spiral ligament and in the spiral limbus. Immunostaining for connexin 26 was decreased in the spiral ligament, accompanied by marked fibrinogen staining. Immunostaining for sodium-potassium-adenosine triphosphatase in the stria vascularis and in the type II fibrocytes of the spiral ligament was not affected obviously. The presence of fibrinogen in the cochlea suggests disruption of the blood-labyrinth barrier caused by the middle ear inflammation. Changes in connexin 26 staining suggest the possibility that the spiral ligament could be among the regions responsible for the cochlear malfunction.
Assuntos
Cóclea/microbiologia , Cóclea/patologia , Otite Média/microbiologia , Otite Média/patologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas , Animais , Cóclea/metabolismo , Conexina 26 , Conexinas/metabolismo , Fibrinogênio/metabolismo , Imuno-Histoquímica/métodos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Otite Média/metabolismo , Infecções Pneumocócicas/metabolismo , Infecções Pneumocócicas/patologia , Coloração e RotulagemRESUMO
To clarify the effect of proinflammatory cytokines on spiral ligament (SL) fibrocytes, in vitro studies were performed using secondary cell cultures. Cultures from murine SL fibrocytes were stimulated by interleukin (IL)-1beta or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and secretion of various mediators was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. After stimulation with the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6, TNF-alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, KC, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor levels were elevated. Secretion of these chemokines and other mediators could induce inflammatory cell movement, which would prolong the inflammatory response, leading to fibrocyte damage. Given that SL fibrocytes may play a role in cochlear fluid and ion homeostasis, such fibrocyte disruption could cause cochlear malfunction.
Assuntos
Cóclea/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/farmacologia , Mediadores da Inflamação/farmacologia , Ligamentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Quimiocina CCL2/metabolismo , Quimiocina CXCL1 , Quimiocina CXCL2 , Quimiocinas , Quimiocinas CXC , Cóclea/citologia , Cóclea/fisiologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/patologia , Inflamação/fisiopatologia , Interleucina-1/farmacologia , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Ligamentos/citologia , Ligamentos/fisiologia , Camundongos , Monocinas/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/farmacologiaRESUMO
In this study, we established an immunocytochemical strategy to classify the fibrocytes of the murine spiral ligament (SL), and SL cultures were characterized. Similar to those in other mammals, three different types of fibrocytes were identified. Type I fibrocytes, which are found lateral to the stria vascularis, showed positive immunoreactivity for caldesmon and S-100 protein and were not stained for sodium-potassium-adenosinetriphosphatase (Na-K-ATPase). Type II fibrocytes are located lateral to the spiral prominence epithelium and suprastrial region, and they were distinguishable by their positive staining for Na-K-ATPase. Type III fibrocytes, which are found adjacent to bone in the inferior region of the SL, contained caldesmon but not S-100 or Na-K-ATPase. Secondary cultures from the SL were positive for caldesmon and S-100 and negative for Na-K-ATPase, suggesting that these cells were type I fibrocytes. The present immunocytochemical approach was useful for the classification of murine fibrocyte cultures, and these cultures may benefit future immunological studies of the inner ear because mice have been well characterized immunologically.
Assuntos
Gânglio Espiral da Cóclea/citologia , Animais , Proteínas de Ligação a Calmodulina/análise , Células Cultivadas , Orelha Interna/química , Orelha Interna/citologia , Orelha Interna/ultraestrutura , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos CBA , Proteínas S100/análise , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/análise , Gânglio Espiral da Cóclea/química , Gânglio Espiral da Cóclea/ultraestruturaRESUMO
A case of histiocytic medullary reticulosis in which nasal involvement was predominant is reported. The patient was a 33-year-old woman with a 14-month history of unilateral nasal stuffiness. The diagnosis was established by antemortem examination of films of bone marrow aspirates and by clinical features including fever, wasting, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, and leukopenia. The histologic examination of autopsy specimens disclosed proliferation of histiocytes, which ingested nuclear debris and closed proliferation of histiocytes, which ingested nuclear debris and erythrocytes, in the necrotic lesion of the nose, sternal bone marrow, liver, spleen, thymus, uterus, ovali, and ileum. On reviewing literature on this subject, such a case of histiocytic medullary reticulosis which predominantly involves the nose is very rare.
Assuntos
Doenças Linfáticas , Neoplasias Nasais , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Doenças Linfáticas/diagnóstico , Doenças Linfáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Nasais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Nasais/patologiaRESUMO
We investigated cellular immunity against Streptococcus pyogenes in human tonsils by measuring antigen-specific immunoglobulin-secreting cells and the production of cytokines from CD4+ T cells in response to M proteins. The incidence of S pyogenes in tonsils was significantly higher in patients with recurrent tonsillitis (RT) than in patients with tonsillar hypertrophy (TH). M protein-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G spot-forming cells were increased in patients with RT compared with patients with TH. In RT the number of M protein-specific IgA spot-forming cells was significantly greater in the S pyogenes-negative subjects than in the S pyogenes-positive subjects. Proliferation of CD4+ T cells and production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukins -2, -4, -5, and -6 (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6) from those T cells were observed in response to M protein. The concentrations of IFN-gamma and IL-4 were higher in RT than in TH. These findings suggest that S pyogenes is associated with the pathogenesis of RT and that immune responses against M protein may play an important role in preventing the colonization of this bacteria in tonsils.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Bactérias , Proteínas Musculares , Proteínas do Mieloma , Tonsila Palatina/imunologia , Streptococcus pyogenes/imunologia , Tonsilite/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Proteínas de Transporte , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Conectina , Citocinas/biossíntese , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertrofia/imunologia , Hipertrofia/microbiologia , Imunidade Celular , Imunoglobulina A/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tonsila Palatina/microbiologia , Tonsila Palatina/patologia , Recidiva , Tonsilite/microbiologiaRESUMO
Experimental otitis media with effusion was induced in chinchillas by middle ear effusion, which was induced by an injection of immune complex into the tympanic cavity. To elucidate the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion, cytologic and biochemical findings of the effusion and histopathology of the middle ear mucosa of effusion-induced chinchillas were compared with those of experimental otitis media with effusion induced by different procedures; eustachian tube obstruction, intratympanic inoculation of endotoxin, and immune reaction. No significant differences were seen in cytology, biochemistry, and histopathology among OMEs induced by these procedures. However, middle ear effusions, when compared with the corresponding sera, were proven to contain higher amounts of histamine and prostaglandin E2. These findings seem to demonstrate that middle ear effusion containing a large number of inflammatory mediators is essential for induction and prolongation of inflammatory reaction in the middle ear.
Assuntos
Orelha Média/fisiopatologia , Otite Média com Derrame/etiologia , Animais , Complexo Antígeno-Anticorpo/administração & dosagem , Capilares/patologia , Chinchila , Tecido Conjuntivo/patologia , Dinoprostona/análise , Otopatias/complicações , Orelha Média/imunologia , Orelha Média/metabolismo , Orelha Média/patologia , Edema/patologia , Endotoxinas/efeitos adversos , Epitélio/patologia , Tuba Auditiva/patologia , Exsudatos e Transudatos/química , Exsudatos e Transudatos/citologia , Exsudatos e Transudatos/fisiologia , Histamina/análise , Incidência , Linfócitos/patologia , Neutrófilos/patologia , Otite Média com Derrame/imunologia , Otite Média com Derrame/metabolismo , Otite Média com Derrame/patologiaRESUMO
Findings of recent immunologic studies on otitis media with effusion indicate that antibodies in middle ear effusions can either originate from serum and/or from local production in the middle ear cavity and Eustachian tube. Determination of specific antibody activity of different immunoglobulin classes in effusions and sera against certain bacterial antigens may aid in a better understanding of the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion. A radioimmunosorbent assay was employed in the present study to determine specific antibody activity against streptolysin or staphylolysin. Although these antibody activities were mainly limited to IgG and IgA class antibodies in effusion as well as in serum, it was also found that SIgA of various types of the effusion possesses the antibody activity against these exotoxins. Findings of this study suggest that a local immunity functions in the middle ear cavity of patients with otitis media with effusions and that bacterial infection may contribute to the development of middle ear effusion in certain cases.
Assuntos
Anticorpos/análise , Orelha Média/imunologia , Otite Média/imunologia , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/análise , Formação de Anticorpos , Humanos , Imunoglobulina A/análise , Imunoglobulina G/análise , Radioisótopos do Iodo , Radioimunoensaio , EstreptolisinasRESUMO
To study the mechanisms of immune responses and immune injuries in inner ears, labyrinthitis was induced by inoculation of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) into the scala tympani of systemically sensitized guinea pigs. Inner ears were then immunostained for KLH, immunoglobulin G (IgG), albumin, connexin26 (Cx26), and sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphate (Na,K-ATPase). Inflammatory cells containing KLH were observed in the scala tympani and in the collecting venule of the spiral modiolar vein (SMV). Spiral ligament, spiral limbus, and blood vessels including the SMV were diffusely positive for IgG and albumin. Immunoreactivity for Cx26 and Na,K-ATPase was decreased compared with the normal ears in the fibrocytes of the spiral ligament. These results suggest that inflammatory cells and blood constituents could extravasate into the cochlea from blood vessels and that fibrocyte damage in the spiral ligament could cause cochlear dysfunction.
Assuntos
Antígenos/imunologia , Orelha Interna/imunologia , Labirintite/imunologia , Rampa do Tímpano/imunologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/análise , Albuminas/análise , Animais , Antígenos/análise , Sangue , Cóclea/imunologia , Cóclea/patologia , Doenças Cocleares/imunologia , Doenças Cocleares/patologia , Ducto Coclear/irrigação sanguínea , Ducto Coclear/imunologia , Ducto Coclear/patologia , Corantes , Conexina 26 , Conexinas/análise , Orelha Interna/irrigação sanguínea , Orelha Interna/patologia , Fibroblastos/imunologia , Fibroblastos/patologia , Tecido de Granulação/imunologia , Tecido de Granulação/patologia , Cobaias , Hemocianinas/análise , Hemocianinas/imunologia , Imunização , Imunoglobulina G/análise , Imuno-Histoquímica , Inflamação , Labirintite/patologia , Moluscos , Fagócitos/imunologia , Fagócitos/patologia , Rampa do Tímpano/irrigação sanguínea , Rampa do Tímpano/patologia , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/análise , Vênulas/imunologia , Vênulas/patologiaRESUMO
BALB/c mice were immunized orally or subcutaneously with formalin-killed nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). Salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody titers against NTHi were significantly increased by oral immunization, but not by subcutaneous immunization. Both immunization procedures remarkably increased the levels of serum antibody activities of both IgA and immunoglobulin G. Live NTHi were then inoculated into the naso-pharynx, and the clearance of the pathogen from the nasopharynx was observed. Significantly fewer bacteria were present in the nasopharynx of the orally immunized mice than in the control mice. However, there was no significant difference between the subcutaneously immunized mice and the control mice. The results indicate that oral immunization can enhance the ability of mice to clear NTHi from the nasopharynx.
Assuntos
Haemophilus influenzae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Imunização/métodos , Imunoglobulina A/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Nasofaringe/microbiologia , Administração Oral , Aglutinação , Animais , Anticorpos Anti-Idiotípicos/análise , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Injeções Subcutâneas , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Saliva/imunologiaRESUMO
Recent advances in reconstructive surgery for head and neck cancer have improved the cure rate of advanced carcinoma, and the function of the organ. However, it still remains difficult to repair the mandible and oral floor. We devised a combined flap of myocutaneous latissimus dorsi and iliac bone, and applied it to two patients with advanced carcinoma of the oral cavity that invaded to the mandible (T4N3M0). Each patient received preoperative irradiation, totalling 30 Gy and 40 Gy. Two weeks before the extensive resection, a sufficient bony mass for the presumed mandibular defect was taken from the iliac crest and transplanted beneath the latissimus dorsi muscle. Defects of the mandible and oral floor were reconstructed using this combined flap immediately after the resection. The patients began to eat 2 weeks after surgery.
Assuntos
Ílio/transplante , Mandíbula/cirurgia , Soalho Bucal/cirurgia , Retalhos Cirúrgicos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirurgia , Terapia Combinada , Feminino , Neoplasias Gengivais/patologia , Neoplasias Gengivais/cirurgia , Humanos , Masculino , Mandíbula/patologia , Neoplasias Mandibulares/patologia , Neoplasias Mandibulares/cirurgia , Métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Soalho Bucal/patologia , Neoplasias Bucais/patologia , Neoplasias Bucais/cirurgia , Esvaziamento Cervical , Invasividade Neoplásica , Cuidados Pós-Operatórios , Dosagem RadioterapêuticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Studies have suggested that the middle ear is a potential site of immunological regulation and that the middle ear mucosa constitutes a part of the mucosal immune system. We clarify the characteristics of the middle ear mucosa with respect to immune potential. STUDY DESIGN: We investigated lymphocyte subsets, mRNA of cytokines, and induction of antigen-specific IgA-producing cells in the middle ear mucosa in specific pathogen-free C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS: Flow cytometric analysis showed a certain amount (10%-15%) of gammadelta T cells among CD3+ T cells. P6-specific IgA-producing cells were induced by intranasal immunization with P6 together with cholera toxin. RT-PCR assay of mucosal T cells detected mRNA of Th2 type cytokines such as IL-5 and IL-10. CONCLUSION: These findings support the fact that the middle ear is potentially an effector site of the mucosal immunity.
Assuntos
Orelha Média/imunologia , Imunidade nas Mucosas/imunologia , Animais , Citocinas/metabolismo , Epitopos/imunologia , Citometria de Fluxo , Imunoglobulina A Secretora/metabolismo , Subpopulações de Linfócitos/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Investigate immune responses of adenoidal lymphocytes against outer-membrane protein P6 purified from nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (HI). Clarify the role of adenoids in regulating the colonization of HI in the nasopharynx. STUDY DESIGN: Microbiological and immunological examinations of adenoids obtained from 21 children, 15 boys and five girls, from 1 to 13 years of age (median, 5 y), suffering from adenoidal hypertrophy complicated by otitis media with effusion (OME). METHODS: The incidence of HI in adenoids was compared with the number of P6-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) A-secreting cells in adenoids, determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay. RESULTS: Quantitative culture assay showed significant correlation between the numbers of HI in adenoids and those in nasopharyngeal secretions (NS). In children aged 5 years and younger, the numbers of P6-specific IgA-secreting cells in adenoids were significantly correlated with IgA antibody titers in NS (r = 0.68, P < .05). The numbers of P6-specific IgG- and IgA-secreting cells were lower in children aged 6 years and older than in children aged 5 years and younger. Furthermore, the number of P6-specific IgA-secreting cells was significantly increased in HI-negative subjects when compared with HI-positive subjects (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Adenoids play an important role as an effector site of the mucosal immune system in the upper respiratory tract. IgA immune responses in adenoids are responsible for the clearance of HI from the nasopharynx.
Assuntos
Tonsila Faríngea/imunologia , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/análise , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/imunologia , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus/imunologia , Haemophilus influenzae/imunologia , Linfócitos/imunologia , Otite Média com Derrame/imunologia , Tonsila Faríngea/microbiologia , Adolescente , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/isolamento & purificação , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Hipertrofia , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Imunoglobulina A/análise , Imunoglobulina G/análise , Lactente , Linfócitos/microbiologia , Masculino , Líquido da Lavagem Nasal/microbiologia , Otite Média com Derrame/microbiologiaRESUMO
A case of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) arthropathy of the temporomandibular joint, seen in a 54-year-old woman, is reported. The patient presented an eight-year history of diffuse swelling with tenderness over the right preauricular region. Surgical exploration of the right temporomandibular joint disclosed calcified masses that were identified as CPPD crystalline materials by histologic and infrared spectrophotometric studies. The occurrence of CPPD arthropathy of the temporomandibular joint is very rare, and this is only the fourth report of such a case, to our knowledge.
Assuntos
Condrocalcinose/patologia , Articulação Temporomandibular/patologia , Pirofosfato de Cálcio , Condrocalcinose/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Articulação Temporomandibular/cirurgiaRESUMO
Antigen-specific IgA-forming cells were induced in the middle ear mucosa by the use of soluble and particulate forms of dinitrophenylated ovalbumin. Hartley guinea pigs were locally immunized in the duodenum (group A) and trachea (group B) with the particulate form of dinitrophenylated ovalbumin one week after systemic priming with the soluble form. Otitis media was then induced with the intratympanic inoculation of the antigen. The control animals (group C) received only intratympanic inoculation after systemic priming. The mean titers of salivary IgA antibody of groups A and B were significantly greater than that of group C, and the mean value of serum IgG antibody titers of group C was significantly greater than those of groups A and B. The occurrences of otitis media in groups A and B were significantly suppressed, and histologic changes of the middle ear mucosa of groups A and B were slighter than those of group C. Antigen-specific IgA-forming cells were detected in the inflamed middle ear mucosa from group A and B animals, while these cells could not be found in group C animals. These results demonstrate the immunization strategy whereby the mucosal IgA immunity of the middle ear cavity can be effectively induced and enhanced to prevent otitis media.
Assuntos
Especificidade de Anticorpos/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Apresentadoras de Antígenos/metabolismo , Imunoglobulina A Secretora/análise , Otite Média com Derrame/prevenção & controle , Animais , Anticorpos/análise , Células Apresentadoras de Antígenos/análise , Dinitrofenóis/farmacocinética , Cobaias , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Masculino , Otite Média com Derrame/imunologia , Ovalbumina/farmacocinética , Saliva/análiseRESUMO
A quantitative analysis of immunocompetent cells in the middle ear mucosa of mice was carried out by an indirect immunostaining method using various monoclonal antibodies. Mice bred in germ-free, specific pathogen-free, and conventional conditions were used to examine nonimmunized middle ear mucosa. Middle ear mucosae of otitis media-induced mice were also examined. In normal middle ear mucosa, mast cells were substantial, followed by Mac-1-positive cells and lymphocytes. Even though IgA-, IgM-, and Lyt-1-positive cells were seen in the mucosa of conventional mice, IgM-positive cells were seen only in mucosae of specific pathogen-free and germ-free mice. In otitis media-induced mice by inoculation with nontypable Haemophilus influenzae or lipopolysaccharide, Mac-1-positive cells were dominant. Although the numbers of IgM- and Lyt-1-positive cells increased markedly, the numbers of other lymphocyte subsets did not increase until 14 days after inoculation. These findings suggest that the middle ear is immunologically a potential organ as long as it is not exposed to antigenic stimulation. It is considered to be an immunoreactive site only after it has been activated with pathogens.
Assuntos
Orelha Média/citologia , Linfócitos/imunologia , Mastócitos/imunologia , Otite Média/patologia , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Vida Livre de Germes , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos , Mucosa/citologia , Otite Média/imunologiaRESUMO
Since the middle ear structure of animals commonly used for experimental study is different from that of humans, we used the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscatus) as an animal model for otitis media with effusion (OME). The exact similarities and differences of the ear structure between humans and Japanese monkeys were studied by the use of computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction, in addition to light and electron microscopy. Otitis media with effusion was repeatedly induced by direct intratympanic inoculation of one of the following: keyhole limpet hemocyanin; following systemic immunization with keyhole limpet hemocyanin, Streptococcus pneumoniae; or endotoxin. The temporal bones were serially sliced with a diamond band saw, after which the histologic findings were examined by light and electron microscopy on the basis of macroscopic observations. Each substance induced OME equally, 2 to 3 days after inoculation. Inflammatory reaction of the middle ear mucosa extended to all of the air cells; subsequently, the inflamed mucosa returned to normal in each case along with normalization of both the tympanometric and otoscopic findings. No remarkable architectural change remained, even after OME was induced repeatedly. These findings are applicable to acute otitis media and acute mastoiditis. The development of chronic middle ear effusion was not observed in this study. The usefulness of the diamond band saw and computer-aided analysis for temporal bone histologic evaluations is emphasized.
Assuntos
Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Otite Média com Derrame/patologia , Osso Temporal/patologia , Doença Aguda , Anatomia Comparada , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Epitélio/ultraestrutura , Humanos , Macaca , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Anatômicos , Valores de Referência , Especificidade da Espécie , Osso Temporal/ultraestruturaRESUMO
In order to investigate the influence of nasal allergic reactions on the clearance of middle ear effusion, an animal model of nasal allergy and otitis media with effusion was produced in the same guinea pigs simultaneously by passive sensitization with serum of homologous animals containing IgE antibodies (for nasal allergy) and by inoculation of immunocomplex into the tympanic cavity (for otitis media with effusion). Usually, middle ear effusion appeared within 2 to 3 days and disappeared within 7 to 9 days after the inoculation of immunocomplex. Three days after the inoculation of immunocomplex, intranasal antigen challenge was performed three times daily and continued until the animals were killed. Disappearance of middle ear effusion appeared to be delayed in animals in which nasal allergic reactions were induced. Middle ear effusion was not found in those ears that were not inoculated with immunocomplex. Findings of the present study indicate that IgE-mediated allergic reactions of the mucous membrane lining the nose, nasopharynx, and eustachian tube constitute a factor indicative of a chronic state of disease, rather than a cause of otitis media with effusion.