RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Beliefs about voices and reactions to voices have been proposed as important variables influencing the course of depression in schizophrenia. Consequences of auditory hallucinations are different according to identity, goals, omnipotence, omniscience, and meanings attributed to voices by the client. Ten to 15 % of the general population experience auditory hallucinations during lifetime without any distress or need for medical care. In addition, neither frequency of voices, nor their topography, influence the emotional consequences of auditory hallucinations experiences, but the relationships to voices. The Revised Belief about Voices Questionnaire analyzes voices along 5 dimensions: malevolence, benevolence, omnipotence, resistance, and engagement. Malevolent voices are related to depression, whereas benevolent voices engender more positive emotions. Subjects usually engage with benevolent voices, and resist to malevolent voices. But resistance strategies are barely efficient and often backfire. Patients resisting to their voices consider them more malevolent and present with more depressive symptoms. This research aims at studying the influence of resistance to auditory hallucinations on depression in a group of patients suffering from schizophrenia and experiencing auditory hallucinations, using the Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R). It also provides a study of the psychometrics properties of the French language version of the BAVQ-R. METHOD: Thirty-eight patients suffering from paranoid schizophrenia, undifferentiated schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, have been tested with the French versions of the Revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS). Each patient presented with auditory hallucinations during the week before evaluation, with a minimum score of 3 on P3 item of PANSS. Mean age was 39.39 years (SD 11.33); mean duration of symptoms was 13.92 years (SD 10.81), and patients' mean history of hospitalizations was 7.66 (SD 9.24). Each patient was receiving an antipsychotic medication at the time of evaluation, with a mean chlorpromazine equivalent dose of 806.69 mg/d (ET 539.51); 18.5 % of patients were receiving serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and 31.57 % once committed a suicide attempt. RESULTS: The French version of the BAVQ-R presents with a satisfying internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.74). Similar to the original version, Malevolence and Resistance, and Benevolence and Engagement dimensions are strongly correlated (r=0.73, and r=0.90, P<0.05, respectively). The BAVQ-R scores correlate with the CDSS (r=0.40, P<0.05) and the PANSS General Psychopathology subscale scores (r=0.44, P<0.05), but not with the Positive and Negative subscales. (r=0.17, and r=0.13, P>0.05, respectively). Correlations and forced entry multiple regressions analyses show that Resistance and Malevolence are both strongly correlated to depression, but Resistance is the only dimension that influences depression. Moreover, clients presenting with depressive symptoms resist more to their auditory hallucinations. Finally, emotional resistance, in comparison to behavioral resistance, is responsible for depression in people suffering from auditory hallucinations. CONCLUSION: Emotional resistance to auditory hallucinations constitutes the most important variable influencing depression in schizophrenia comparing to what the voices say or are supposed to know, their malevolence or benevolence. Demonstration of the influence of resistance to voices on depression would help the development of new therapeutic practices.
Assuntos
Cultura , Mecanismos de Defesa , Transtorno Depressivo/diagnóstico , Transtorno Depressivo/psicologia , Alucinações/diagnóstico , Alucinações/psicologia , Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Psicóticos/psicologia , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Transtorno Depressivo/epidemiologia , Feminino , Alucinações/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica/estatística & dados numéricos , Psicometria/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Psicóticos/epidemiologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Reunião , Esquizofrenia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Dependent personality disorder is a new diagnosis introduced in the third version of the DSM (DSM-III). Contrary to other disorders of personality, as the borderline or the schizotypal personalities, there are no specific interviews or questionnaires focusing on dependent personality. Thus the study of dependent personality disorder requires the use of global interviews or questionnaire as the SCID -II or SIDP-IV. Recently, Tyrer and colleagues (2004) have proposed an 8-item questionnaire, the DPQ (Dependent Personality Questionnaire). Each item of the DPQ is rated from 0 to 3 with a total score ranging from 0 to 24. Using a sample of 30 psychiatric patients presenting various diagnoses and a dependent personality disorder for the half of the sample, the authors have determined the cutoff score allowing the diagnosis of DSM-IV Dependent Personality Disorder. A cutoff of 10 was associated with the best sensitivity (87.5%), specificity (87.5%) and positive predictive value (87.5%). Moreover, the value of the Youden coefficient (Sensitivity+Specificity - 100) was 75. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to present the French version of the DPQ and to determine its psychometric properties as well as the cutoff score. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-eight psychiatric inpatients (97 females, 41 males) with a mean age of 42.26 years were included in the study. The patients were hospitalized in an inpatients unit receiving mood disorders, neurotic disorders or suicide attempters. The subjects filled out the French versions of the DPQ and the Personality Disorders Questionnaire of Hyler, PDQ-4+. Using the PDQ-4+ two groups were built: 25 subjects filled out the diagnoses of dependent personality disorder and 20 subjects did not meet any criteria of dependent personality disorder. Then, for different values of the DPQ, sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value and Youden indicia (Sensitivity+Specificity - 100) were calculated. RESULTS: The best values of Youden indicia (74) were obtained for the cutoff of 13 on the DPQ. The corresponding sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value were respectively 84, 90 and 91.3%. CONCLUSION: The French version of the DPQ is now available and permits detection of dependent personality in French populations. LIMITATIONS: Our results must be replicated using structured interviews of personality disorder instead of questionnaires (PDQ-4+) and other samples with different prevalence of dependent personality disorders must be used to test the potential cutoff scores of the DPQ.
Assuntos
Comparação Transcultural , Transtorno da Personalidade Dependente/diagnóstico , Hospitalização , Idioma , Inventário de Personalidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Transtorno da Personalidade Dependente/psicologia , Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais , Feminino , França , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Psicometria/estatística & dados numéricos , Valores de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , TraduçãoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Patients with schizophrenia show high susceptibility to distraction but the neural mechanisms underlying sensitivity to distraction are not clearly established. We designed a paradigm to assess whether sensitivity to distraction and dorsal stream dysfunction are related in schizophrenia. METHOD: 60 patients, 37 schizotypals, and 58 healthy controls were asked to locate a target square appearing above or below fixation and to ignore a distractor that either moved abruptly (in Experiments 1 and 3) or changed in colour (in Experiment 2). The distractor condition was compared to a baseline condition with no distractor. Resistance to interference was assessed by manipulating the probability of the distractor changing more frequently (50%, 75%, 100%) on one side of fixation. RESULTS: Patients, schizotypals, and controls showed attentional capture with longer response times when the distractor changed as compared to the baseline condition. In contrast to controls, the magnitude of interference from distractors remained stable for patients and schizotypals across all probability conditions and this was confined to attentional capture by motion, not by colour. CONCLUSION: We found a similar pattern of results in patients and in schizotypals. Our attentional capture paradigm could help to identify early cognitive impairments in populations at risk to develop schizophrenia. The data are interpreted in terms of dysfunction of frontal control on dorsal stream functions in schizophrenia.
Assuntos
Atenção , Percepção de Movimento , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tempo de ReaçãoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Theory of mind (ToM) is defined as a capacity to infer mental states, intentions, and emotions in others. Two principal theories in the field of cognitive psychology have tried to explain mechanisms underlying this capacity. Theory-theory hypothesizes that people interpret cues from others in social interactions with a folk psychology composed of data about social human behavior. In contrast, Simulation-Theory proposes a capacity to take different perspectives and mentally simulate others' behavior. As a result, one could guess a person's intention or emotion by comparison with his state of mind when he/she behaves in the same way. BACKGROUND: Difficulties in ToM have been frequently observed in schizotypal subjects and subjects with schizophrenia. Some authors have proposed that this impairment could lead to persecution delusions or be linked with disorganized thought. A tendency to make choices with few cues in conditional situation has also been observed in both populations. When they are asked to make a decision about cues they can choose to see or not, schizotypal subjects and patients with schizophrenia tend to make up their mind after significantly less cues than control subjects. This tendency has been called "jump to conclusion". OBJECTIVE: Our study tests the correlation between low performances at a ToM task and a tendency to jump to conclusion in conditional situation. PARTICIPANTS: We tested this hypothesis with 25 participants scoring high on a social anhedonia scale (J Abnorm Psychol 85 (1976) 374-382), one of the main characteristics of schizotypy, and with 20 control participants. Participants were students with a mean age of 20. We included in the experimental group, subjects with a score on social anhedonia scale superior to 17 for females and 19 for males, and seven for control participants (modal score). METHODS: We used "jar and beads", a conditional reasoning task. Two jars are presented to a participant: a white one containing 85% of white beads and 15% of black beads, and a black one filled with the opposite ratio. The participant has to decide from which jar comes successive beads shown to him. Dependent measure is the number of beads seen before decision. ToM task is an adaptation from (Schizophr Res 17 (1995) 5-13). Twenty short interactions between two characters are read to a participant. For example: John has a phone call with a friend for one hour. He says: "My mother ought to call me in a few minutes". QUESTION: What does John really mean? Cue: John adds: "I could call you tomorrow morning". QUESTION: What does John want to do? RESULTS: Results show significantly lower performances at the ToM task in experimental than in control participants (52.36 (S.D., 6.73) vs. 59.05 (S.D., 1.60); t, 4.33; p<0.001; maximum possible, 60). The experimental group asked for significantly less cues to conclude in the conditional situation (2.22-S.D., 1.29). Mean number of beads asked for in the control group was 3.05 (S.D., 1.30) and t, 2.13; p<0.05. There was no correlation between performances at conditional reasoning task and ToM task. We observed this absence of correlation in all of the participants and in the experimental and control groups separately. DISCUSSION: Absence of relationship between performances in both tasks may be attributed to a discrepancy between experimental and ecological contexts for conditional reasoning task. During interpersonal relationships, search for cues in order to make a decision about others' intentions and mental states represents a real cost in terms of energy and time. These costs are absent in the "jar and beads situation". Moreover, people with social anhedonia may attribute a special value of quickly understanding personal interactions. This conditional reasoning task does not imply this parameter. CONCLUSION: Ecological decision in conditional reasoning tasks could be approached by adding a system of points to spend, asking for more cues, or to earn, finally finding the correct answer. Decision would then depend on the ratio between possible gains, by guessing or not the correct answer, and the cost of searching for more cues before making a decision.
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Transtornos Cognitivos/epidemiologia , Tomada de Decisões , Teoria Psicológica , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica , Percepção Social , Adulto , Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/diagnóstico , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/epidemiologia , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/terapiaRESUMO
AIMS: The aim of this article is firstly to present the French translations of the Cognitive Slippage (Miers and Raulin, 1987) and the Schizotypal Ambivalence Scales (Raulin, 1986), and secondly to determine their psychometric properties in different samples of non-clinical and clinical subjects. BACKGROUND: Chapman et al. have developed trait-oriented scales based on Meehl's manual of schizotypy, such as the Physical and Social Anhedonia Scales, the Perceptual Aberration Scale, the Magical Ideation Scale, the Impulsive Nonconformity Scale, the Cognitive Slippage Scale (CSS), and the Schizotypal Ambivalence Scale (SAS). The Chapman scales of psychosis proneness are the most internationally used instruments for the assessment of schizotypy and some of them such as the Cognitive Slippage and Schizotypal Ambivalence Scales were still not available in French. METHOD: The study was conducted in three different samples: the non-clinical sample (n=158) comprised firstly 128 university students (113 females, 15 males) with a mean age of 24.67 years (sd=5.18) and secondly 30 healthy subjects (12 males, 18 females) with a mean age of 33.26 years (sd=7.35); the clinical sample (n=167) comprised firstly 106 psychiatric patients hospitalized in a general hospital (73 males, 33 females) with a mean age of 38.35 years (sd=11.60) and 61 (35 males, 26 females) in or outpatients of a psychiatric department with a mean age of 37.75 years (sd=10.72); 15 schizotypal university students presenting high score of the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale (1 male, 14 females) with a mean age of 21.26 years (sd=1.1). Using the ICD-10, the diagnoses for the general hospital sample were neurotic or anxious disorders (47%) and depressive disorders (24%). For the psychiatric department sample, the diagnoses were schizophrenic disorders (29%), mood disorders (16%), neurotic disorders (18%) and personality disorders (15%). The internal consistency was determined by the Kuder-Richardson coefficient (KR 20) (CSS: KR 20=0.85 in the university sample; 0.89 in the general hospital sample; 0.87 in the psychiatric department sample; SAS: KR 20=0.79 in the university sample; 0.82 in the general hospital sample; 0.85 in the psychiatric department sample). RESULTS: The mean of the correlations between each item and the total score was calculated (CSS: 0.41 in the university sample; 0.44 in the general hospital sample; SAS: 0.46 in the university sample; 0.49 in the general hospital sample). The discriminant validity was studied by a Student's t test showing that the schizotypal university students had significant higher scores on the CSS and SAS than the healthy university students. The reliability was explored using a test-retest in the 30 healthy subjects. The subjects filled out the scales three months after the first testing. The intraclass coefficients were 0.81. Finally, the cutoff scores were calculated following the procedure described by Chapman et al. (score higher than two standard deviations above the mean of the university sample). The values for the CSS and SAS were respectively 15 and 12 for males and females.
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Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Idioma , Psicometria/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/complicações , Inquéritos e Questionários , Traduções , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/diagnóstico , Transtorno da Personalidade Esquizotípica/psicologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Comportamento SocialAssuntos
Sintomas Afetivos/psicologia , Intenção , Prazer , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Adolescente , Adulto , Sintomas Afetivos/diagnóstico , Comorbidade , Transtorno Depressivo/diagnóstico , Transtorno Depressivo/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Motivação , Inventário de Personalidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Psicometria/estatística & dados numéricos , Valores de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Changes in the normal anatomy of the biliary tract cause intra-operative injuries of the bile duct. Cholecystectomy, in those cases, must be done by an experienced group. In situs inversus Abdominalis we must consider this pathology as an abnormal presentation of the biliary tract.
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Colelitíase/etiologia , Situs Inversus/complicações , Adulto , Colelitíase/diagnóstico , Colelitíase/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Situs Inversus/diagnóstico , Situs Inversus/cirurgia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
In the past 28 years 298 pancreatic tumors have been observed, out of which 2% (6 cases) were cystadenomas and 1.3% (4 cases) were cystadenocarcinomas. Cystadenomas appear around the 6th decade of life, what constitutes an argument against its congenital origin. They are more frequent in woman (2 to 1). The histopathologic differentiation of the mucinous cystic neoplasma often forming papillae of the serous cystadenoma is useful because those are likely to become malignant. Association of pancreatic cystadenomas with different pathologies (biliary lithiasis, cancer of a different location, cysts in other organs, diabetes) has been observed, but these would be mere coincidences. Cystadenomas are frequently operative findings (3 cases) in patients who had been operated on for different reasons, but they may have different symptoms, mainly pain and a abdominal mass. Visual method of diagnosis are useful in preoperative diagnosis. In cystic formations of the pancreas with surgical possibilities, operative biopsy a must be preferred to that one obtained by means of pre-operating needle puncture. Surgical resection is the method to be chosen, either enucleation (1 case) or pancreatectomy (3 cases), being more important in mucinous cystadenoma because they may become malignant. Cystadenocarcinomas are not so frequent and seem to originate in benign cystadenomas. Palpable tumors, compression signs and pain are the late clinical manifestations. The resection is the treatment to be chosen although the most cases are unresectable. An external drainage is not a satisfactory operation but it sometimes helps to lessen the symptoms, and sometimes its posterior resection was possible.
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Cistadenocarcinoma/patologia , Cistadenoma/patologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Cistadenocarcinoma/cirurgia , Cistadenoma/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/cirurgia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Changes in the normal anatomy of the biliary tract cause intra-operative injuries of the bile duct. Cholecystectomy, in those cases, must be done by an experienced group. In situs inversus Abdominalis we must consider this pathology as an abnormal presentation of the biliary tract
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Colelitíase , Situs Inversus , Colelitíase , Situs Inversus , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
En los últimos 28 años se observaron 298 tumores del páncreas, de los cuales el 2% (6 casos) fueron cistoadenomas y el 1,3% (4 casos) cistoadenocarcinomas. Los cistoadenomas se presentan alrededor de la quinta década de la vida, lo que constituye un argumento en contra del origen congénito. Son más frecuentes en el sexo femenino. La diferenciación histopatológica de las formas mucinosas y sobre todo papilares, de las serosas, es útil por la posibilidad de malignización. Se ha observado asociación de cistoadenomas del páncreas con distintas patologías (litiasis biliar, cánceres de otra localización, quistes en otros órganos, diabetes, etc.), pero se trataría de simples coincidencias. Frecuentemente los cistoadenomas son hallazgos introperatorios (3 casosz0 en pacientes operados por otra causa, pero pueden dar diversos síntomas, siendo los principales dolor y masa palpable. Los métodos de diagnóstico por imágenes son útiles en el diagnóstico preoperatorio. En formaciones quísicas del páncreas con posibilidad quirúrgica, la biopsia operatoria debe preferirse a la obtenida por punción preoperatória. La resección es el método de elección, ya sea por enucleación (1 caso) o pancreatectomía (3 casos), siendo en las formas mucinosas más importantes por la posibilidad de malignización. Los cistoadenocarcinomas son menos frecuentes y parecen originarse en cistoadenomas benignos. Se manifiestan clínicamente en forma tardía, con una masa tumoral palpable, signos de compresión y dolor. La resección es el tratamiento de elección, pero la mayor parte de los casos son irresecables. El drenaje externo es una operación satisfactoria pero contribuye a veces a aminorar los síntomas y no rara vez fue posible su resección posterior