Interactions among calcium, sodium, and alcohol intake as determinants of blood pressure.

It has been reported that calcium intake may effectively modulate the expression of hypertension affected by sodium. The present study extends our previous analysis of this calcium-sodium interaction, additionally demonstrating that calcium, sodium, and alcohol intake further contribute to both systolic and diastolic blood pressures in normotensive subjects. Calcium intake was related to lower blood pressure over all ranges of sodium and alcohol intake, and alcohol intake contributed positively and significantly to both systolic and diastolic blood pressures. However, sodium was associated with increased blood pressure only at low calcium intake, particularly in subjects who consumed large amounts of alcohol. This study points to a significant interaction among sodium, calcium, and alcohol intake as determinants of blood pressure, which, together with gender and weight, contribute to 31% of systolic blood pressure and with the addition of age to 36% of the variance in diastolic blood pressure.

Epidemiological evidence of an interaction between calcium and sodium intake impacting on blood pressure. A Montréal study.

Nutritional calcium and sodium are considered to be important regulators of blood pressure. This study was performed on 182 randomly selected Canadians from Montréal to test the relative contribution of these ions to systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as their interaction with other demographic indices. Multiple analysis of the total study population revealed that 28% (P less than .001) of systolic blood pressure was predicted by gender sodium, and calcium interaction (P = .003), weight, and the additive effect of age and weight. The same characteristics contributed to 37% (P less than .001) of diastolic blood pressure with an additional contribution of alcohol intake. Analysis by terciles of sodium and calcium intake indicated that the positive effect of sodium on blood pressure occurred only in subjects given a low calcium diet, whereas blood pressure was lowest in the tercile of both high calcium and sodium intake. The impact of the sodium and calcium interaction on blood pressure represented as much as a 10 mm Hg decrement of systolic blood pressure with 400 mg calcium/1000 kcal intake at the highest level of sodium consumption and a 6 mm Hg decrease for diastolic blood pressure. In subjects without a family history of hypertension, the same indices contributed up to 53% of systolic and 55% of diastolic blood pressure with a synergetic effect of sodium and calcium, indicating that blood pressure was lowest in subjects given a high calcium and sodium diet. For subjects with a family history of hypertension, there was no significant impact of sodium, whereas calcium intake contributed negatively to both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)