RESUMO
Two essential oils of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown (Verbenacea), the carvone and citral chemotypes and 15 of their compounds were evaluated to determine cytotoxicity and antifungal activity. Cytotoxicity assays for both the citral and carvone chemotypes were carried out with tetrazolium-dye, which showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect against HeLa cells. Interestingly, this effect on the evaluated cells (HeLa and the non-tumoural cell line, Vero) was lower than that of commercial citral alone. Commercial citral showed the highest cytotoxic activity on HeLa cells. The antifungal activity was evaluated against Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus strains following the standard protocols, Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee of the European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing and CLSI M38-A. Results demonstrated that the most active essential oil was the citral chemotype, with geometric means-minimal inhibitory concentration (GM-MIC) values of 78.7 and 270.8 microg/mL for A. fumigatus and C. krusei, respectively. Commercial citral showed an antifungal activity similar to that of the citral chemotype (GM-MIC values of 62.5 microg/mL for A. fumigatus and 39.7 microg/mL for C. krusei). Although the citronellal and geraniol were found in lower concentrations in the citral chemotype, they had significant antifungal activity, with GM-MIC values of 49.6 microg/mL for C. krusei and 176.8 microg/mL for A. fumigatus.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Aspergillus/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida/efeitos dos fármacos , Lippia/química , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Monoterpenos Acíclicos , Antifúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Monoterpenos Cicloexânicos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Monoterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas/química , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Introduction: In Colombia, the published studies for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria with Artemether-Lumefantrine are scarce. The aim of the study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety profile of this combination. Methods: A clinical trial was performed in adults with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria using the 28‑day World Health Organization validated protocol. Patients received supervised antimalarial treatment and the primary efficacy endpoint was the clinical and parasitological response. Safety was assessed through adverse events surveillance and plasmatic levels of antimalarial drugs were measured. Results: 88 patients were included. Adequate clinical and parasitological response rate of 100% on day 28 was achieved in 84 patients, diagnosed by thick blood smear examination. There were four parasitological therapeutic failures (5%) detected by polymerase chain reaction. Discusion: Therapeutic efficacy similar to previous studies was established with a slight increase in therapeutic failure. The serum levels of the antimalarials were adequate and the few cases of therapeutic failure were not related. Conclusion: Treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria with Artemeter-Lumefantrine was effective and safe in the study population. All patients reached adequate plasma concentrations of the drugs; therapeutic failures were not associated with low blood levels of the drug clinical trial.
Introducción: Son escasos los estudios en Colombia sobre eficacia del tratamiento para Plasmodium falciparum con la combinación Artemeter-Lumefantrina. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia terapéutica y el perfil de seguridad de este tratamiento combinado. Métodos: Se realizó un ensayo clínico en adultos con malaria por P. falciparum no complicada, utilizando el esquema de 28 días recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Los pacientes recibieron el tratamiento supervisado y el desenlace primario evaluado fue la respuesta clínica y parasitológica. La seguridad fue evaluada a través de vigilancia de efectos adversos y medición de niveles plasmáticos del medicamento. Resultados: Se incluyeron 88 pacientes. La tasa de curación clínica y parasitológica fue del 100% en 84 pacientes que tuvieron examen de gota gruesa al día 28. Hubo cuatro (5%) fallas parasitológicas detectada por reacción en cadena de polimerasa. Discusión: La eficacia terapéutica fue similar a la reportada en estudios previos con un ligero aumento de falla terapéutica. Los niveles plasmáticos de los antimalaricos fueron adecuados y no relacionados con la falla terapéutica. Conclusión: El tratamiento de malaria por P. falciparum no complicada con Artemeter-Lumefantrina fue efectiva y segura en la población estudiada. Todos los pacientes alcanzaron niveles en plasma adecuados y no se encontró asociación de falla terapéutica con bajos niveles en sangre.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Plasmodium falciparum , Malária , Organização Mundial da Saúde , Ensaio Clínico , Malária Falciparum , Colômbia , Artemeter , LumefantrinaRESUMO
The increase of diseases caused by Candida spp., and the treatment failures, has underscored the need for testing the susceptibilities to antifungal agents. The commercial panel ATB® Fungus 2 was compared with the reference testing method of the European Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of the Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AFST-EUCAST) for the evaluation of the susceptibility of isolates of Candida spp. to three agents. The percentage of agreement was calculated based on the minimum inhibitory concentrations. There was a high correlation for AMB (100% қ = 1.0 Bhapkar coefficient p = 1.0); while it was lower with azoles (85%, қ = 0.41, p = Bhapkar coefficient 0.02 and 83.0%, қ = 0.15, Bhapkar coefficient p = 0.0006, respectively). The ATB® Fungus 2 and AFST-EUCAST are fully comparable methods for testing the susceptibility to AMB and to lesser extend comparable for ITR and FCA.
El aumento de infecciones por Candida spp. y de las fallas en los tratamientos, suscitan la necesidad de pruebas de susceptibilidad. Se comparó la marca comercial ATB® Fungus 2 con la técnica estándar del Subcomité para las Pruebas de Sensibilidad Antifúngica de la Unión Europea, de la Sociedad de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas (AFST-EUCAST) para evaluar la susceptibilidad de aislamientos de Candida spp. a tres antifúngicos. Con base en las concentraciones inhibitorias mínimas se calculó el porcentaje de acuerdo. La concordancia para anfotericina B (AMB) fue alta (100% қ = 1.0, Coeficiente de Bhapkarp = 1.0); para itraconazol (ITR) y fluconazol (FCA) fue inferior (85% қ = 0.41, Coeficiente de Bhapkarp =0.02 y 83.0 %, қ = 0.15, Coeficiente de Bhapkarp = 0.0006, respectivamente). Por lo tanto, ambas técnicas son comparables para la evaluación de la susceptibilidad a AMB; con los azoles el porcentaje de acuerdo es menor.
RESUMO
El cáncer cervical es el segundo cáncer más común en mujeres en el mundo y es el principal cáncer en mujeres en países en desarrollo. La infección persistente por los genotipos oncogénicos del Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH) es la causa necesaria para el desarrollo del cáncer cervical, siendo el VPH-16 el genotipo responsable del 50-60% de los casos. Las variantes No Europeas del VPH-16 han sido asociadas con infección persistente, lesiones de alto grado y cáncer. Los polimorfismos del Antígeno Leucocitario Humano (HLA) están también asociados con la susceptibilidad al cáncer cervical y se ha postulado una relación entre variantes del VPH y ciertos alelos del HLA. La presente revisión hace referencia a la relación entre los polimorfismos de HLA y el desarrollo de cáncer cervical y la evidencia que documenta la interrelación de este factor con la variabilidad del VPH-16.
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide and the most frequent cancer in women of the majority of developing countries. Persistent infection with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) oncogenic types of HPV is necessary to develop cervical, cancer, with HPV-16 responsible for 50-60% of cases. Non-European variants of HPV-16 have been associated with persistant infection and high degree cervical cancer. Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) polymorphisms are also associated with susceptibility to cervical cancer. It has been suggested relationship between HPV-16 variability and some HLA Alleles. , This revision refers to the relation between HLA polymorphisms and cervical cancer development, and present evidence that may explain its relation with HPV-16 variability.
Assuntos
Infecções , RiscoRESUMO
Two essential oils of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown (Verbenacea), the carvone and citral chemotypes and 15 of their compounds were evaluated to determine cytotoxicity and antifungal activity. Cytotoxicity assays for both the citral and carvone chemotypes were carried out with tetrazolium-dye, which showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect against HeLa cells. Interestingly, this effect on the evaluated cells (HeLa and the non-tumoural cell line, Vero) was lower than that of commercial citral alone. Commercial citral showed the highest cytotoxic activity on HeLa cells. The antifungal activity was evaluated against Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus strains following the standard protocols, Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee of the European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing and CLSI M38-A. Results demonstrated that the most active essential oil was the citral chemotype, with geometric means-minimal inhibitory concentration (GM-MIC) values of 78.7 and 270.8 μg/mL for A. fumigatus and C. krusei, respectively. Commercial citral showed an antifungal activity similar to that of the citral chemotype (GM-MIC values of 62.5 μg/mL for A. fumigatus and 39.7 μg/mL for C. krusei). Although the citronellal and geraniol were found in lower concentrations in the citral chemotype, they had significant antifungal activity, with GM-MIC values of 49.6 μg/mL for C. krusei and 176.8 μg/mL for A. fumigatus.