Haptic experience to significantly motivate anatomy learning in medical students.

BACKGROUND: Currently, multiple tools exist to teach and learn anatomy, but finding an adequate activity is challenging. However, it can be achieved through haptic experiences, where motivation is the means of a significant learning process. This study aimed to evaluate a haptic experience to determine if a tactile and painting with color marker interactive experience, established a better learning process in comparison to the traditional 2D workshop on printed paper with photographs. METHODS: Plaster bone models of the scapulae, humerus and clavicle were elaborated from a computerized scan tomography. Second year undergraduate medical students were invited to participate, where subjects were randomly assigned to the traditional 2D method or the 3D plaster bone model. A third group decided not to join any workshop. Following, all three groups were evaluated on bone landmarks and view, laterality, muscle insertions and functions. 2D and 3D workshop students were asked their opinion in a focus group and answered a survey regarding the overall perception and learning experience. Evaluation grades are presented as mean ± standard deviation, and answers from the survey are presented as percentages. RESULTS: The survey demonstrated the students in the 3D model graded the experience as outstanding, and in five out of the six questions, answers were very good or excellent. In contrast, for students participating in the 2D workshop the most common answers were fair or good. The exception was the answer regarding the quiz, where both groups considered it good, despite the average among all groups not being a passing grade. CONCLUSIONS: To learn the anatomy of the shoulder, the conventional methodology was compared with a haptic experience, where plaster bone models were used, enabling students to touch and paint on them. Based on the focus group and survey this study revealed the 3D workshop was an interactive experience where, the sense of touch and painting greatly contributed to their learning process. Even though this activity was useful in terms of learning bone landmarks, view muscle insertions, and establish relations, further activities must be developed to increase their understanding regarding their function, and its relevance in a clinical setting.

A Prospective Study of Acute Blood-Based Biomarkers for Sport-Related Concussion.

OBJECTIVE: Prospectively characterize changes in serum proteins following sport-related concussion and determine whether candidate biomarkers discriminate concussed athletes from controls and are associated with duration of symptoms following concussion. METHODS: High school and collegiate athletes were enrolled between 2015 and 2018. Blood was collected at preinjury baseline and within 6 hours (early acute) and at 24 to 48 hours (late acute) following concussion in football players (n = 106), matched uninjured football players (n = 84), and non-contact-sport athletes (n = 50). Glial fibrillary acidic protein, ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase-L1, S100 calcium binding protein B, alpha-II-spectrin breakdown product 150, interleukin 6, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, and c-reactive protein were measured in serum. Linear models assessed changes in protein concentrations over time. Receiver operating curves quantified the discrimination of concussed athletes from controls. A Cox proportional hazard model determined whether proteins were associated with symptom recovery. RESULTS: All proteins except glial fibrillary acidic protein and c-reactive protein were significantly elevated at the early acute phase postinjury relative to baseline and both control groups and discriminated concussed athletes from controls with areas under the curve of 0.68 to 0.84. The candidate biomarkers also significantly improved the discrimination of concussed athletes from noncontact controls compared to symptom severity alone. Glial fibrillary acidic protein was elevated postinjury relative to baseline in concussed athletes with a loss of consciousness or amnesia. Finally, early acute levels of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist were associated with the number of days to symptom recovery. INTERPRETATION: Brain injury and inflammatory proteins show promise as objective diagnostic biomarkers for sport-related concussion, and inflammatory markers may provide prognostic value. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:907-920.

2D-QSAR and 3D-QSAR/CoMSIA Studies on a Series of (R)-2-((2-(1H-Indol-2-yl)ethyl)amino)-1-Phenylethan-1-ol with Human ß3-Adrenergic Activity.

The ß3 adrenergic receptor is raising as an important drug target for the treatment of pathologies such as diabetes, obesity, depression, and cardiac diseases among others. Several attempts to obtain selective and high affinity ligands have been made. Currently, Mirabegron is the only available drug on the market that targets this receptor approved for the treatment of overactive bladder. However, the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) in USA and the MHRA (Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency) in UK have made reports of potentially life-threatening side effects associated with the administration of Mirabegron, casting doubts on the continuity of this compound. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to gather information for the rational design and synthesis of new ß3 adrenergic ligands. Herein, we present the first combined 2D-QSAR (two-dimensional Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship) and 3D-QSAR/CoMSIA (three-dimensional Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship/Comparative Molecular Similarity Index Analysis) study on a series of potent ß3 adrenergic agonists of indole-alkylamine structure. We found a series of changes that can be made in the steric, hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor, lipophilicity and molar refractivity properties of the compounds to generate new promising molecules. Finally, based on our analysis, a summary and a regiospecific description of the requirements for improving ß3 adrenergic activity is given.

Comparison of injury severity scores derived from ICD-10-AM codes with trauma registry derived scores: A study from New Zealand.

INTRODUCTION: Various attempts at automation have been made to reduce the administrative burden of manually assigning Abbreviated Injury Severity (AIS) codes to derive Injury Severity Scores (ISS) in trauma registry data. The accuracy of the resulting measures remains unclear, especially in the New Zealand (NZ) context. The aim of this study was to compare ISS derived from hospital discharge International Classification of Diseases Australian Modification (ICD-10-AM) codes with ISS recorded in the NZ Trauma Registry (NZTR). METHODS: Individuals admitted to hospital and enrolled in the NZTR between 1 December 2016 and 30 November 2018 were included. ISS were calculated using a modified ICD to AIS mapping tool. The agreement between both methods for raw scores was assessed by the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), and for categorical scores the Kappa and weighted Kappa index were used. Analysis was conducted by gender, age, ethnicity, and mechanism of injury. RESULTS: 3,156 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The ICC for agreement between the methods was poor (0.40, 95 % CI: 0.37-0.43). The Kappa index indicated slight agreement between both methods when using a cut-off value of 12 (0.06; 95 % CI: 0.01-0.12) and 15 (0.13 6; 95 % CI: 0.09-0.17). CONCLUSION: Although the overall agreement between NZTR-ISS and ICD-ISS was slight, ICD-derived scores may be useful to describe injury patterns and for body region-specific estimations when manually coded ISS are not available.

PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung carcinoma in Latin America: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is a crucial factor in predicting responses to immunotherapy. This systematic review and meta-analysis focuses on the prevalence of PD-L1 expression and clinicopathological features among Hispanic/Latino (H/L) populations. Methods: Embase, LILACS, Medline, and Virtual Health Library were searched for studies that evaluated the prevalence of PD-L1 in H/L patients. The protocol was submitted to PROSPERO with ID CRD42023488547. We employed the Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist for Systematic Reviews and Research Syntheses to assess the methodological quality and applicability of the included studies. Meta-analyses were done to determine the prevalence using a random effects model. Results: The meta-analysis, encompassing 21 articles with 16,486, revealed that 80.2% of patients had PD-L1 expression data available (n=13,222). The prevalence calculated of PD-L1 expression in Latino NSCLC patients was 55% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.54-0.55], with 31% (95% CI: 0.27-0.36) showing a tumoral proportion score (TPS) of 1-49%, and 23% (95% CI: 0.16-0.30) registering a TPS ≥50%. Higher expression was observed in male gender, smoking, adenocarcinoma subtypes, poor tumor differentiation, and advanced stages. PD-L1 expression was most frequent in EGFR wild-type status (82.5%) with a odds ratio (OR) 1.54 (95% CI: 1.24-1.92) and PD-L1 expression was associated with ALK positive (OR =1.54; 95% CI: 1.24-1.92). Conclusions: This meta-analysis provides a comprehensive overview of PD-L1 expression in NSCLC in the H/L population. The findings underscore the significant prevalence of PD-L1 expression and emphasize the relevance of immunotherapy in this population. Understanding the clinicopathological features associated with PD-L1 expression can contribute to tailored treatment strategies for NSCLC in Latin America.

Prevalence of oncogenic driver mutations in Hispanics/Latin patients with lung cancer. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The frequency of actionable mutations varies between races, and Hispanic/Latino (H/L) people are a population with different proportions of ancestry. Our purpose was to establish prevalence of actionable mutations in the H/L population with NSCLC. METHODS: EMBASE, LILACS, MEDLINE, and Virtual Health Library were searched for studies published up to April 2023 that evaluated the prevalence of ALK, BRAF, EGFR, HER-2, KRAS, MET, NTRK, RET, ROS1 in H/L patients. Meta-analyses were done to determine prevalence using a random effects model. RESULTS: Fifty-five articles were included. EGFR and KRAS were the most prevalent genes with high heterogeneity across the countries. The overall mutation frequency for EGFR was 22%. The most frequent mutations in the EGFR gene were del19 (10%) and L858R (7%). The mean of KRAS mutation was a 14% prevalence. KRASG12C was the most frequent mutation with a 7% prevalence in an entire population. The overall frequency of ALK rearrangement was 5%. The mean frequency of ROS-1 rearrangement was 2%, and the frequencies of HER-2, MET, BRAF, RET, NTRK molecular alterations were 4%, 3%, 2%, 2%, and 1% respectively. Almost half of the cases were male, and 65.8% had a history of tobacco exposure. The most common clinical stage was IV. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of driver mutations such as EGFR and KRAS in LA populations differs from what is reported in Asians and Europeans. In the present article, countries with a high proportion of Amerindian ancestry show a greater prevalence of EGFR in contrast to countries with a high proportion of Caucasians. Lack of information on some countries or studies with a small sample size affects the real prevalence data for the region.

Epidemiology of major trauma in New Zealand: a systematic review.

AIM: To describe the incidence and characteristics of major trauma in New Zealand. METHODS: A systematic review based on a MEDLINE search strategy was performed using the databases PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL and Scopus. Search terms included: "Wounds and Injuries," "Fatal Injuries," "Injury Severity Score," "Major Trauma," "Severe Trauma," "Injury Scale," "Epidemiology," "Incidence," "Prevalence" and "Mortality." Studies published in English up to September 2021 reporting the incidence of major trauma in New Zealand were included. The quality of studies was assessed using the GATE LITETM tool. RESULTS: Thirty-nine studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The majority of studies were descriptive observational studies (n=37). The incidence of fatal trauma was highest among those injured from motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) or falls, Maori males and those sustaining head injuries. The incidence of non-fatal major trauma was highest among young Maori males. MVCs and falls were the most common mechanism of injury among trauma patients across all age groups. Length of hospital stay was greatest in patients with the highest Injury Severity Scores. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of major trauma varies by age, sex and ethnicity. This review highlights the need for further analytical studies that can explore factors that may impact survival from major trauma.

Loneliness, Circulating Endocannabinoid Concentrations, and Grief Trajectories in Bereaved Older Adults: A Longitudinal Study.

Background: Loneliness is one of the most distressing grief symptoms and is associated with adverse mental health in bereaved older adults. The endocannabinoid signaling (ECS) system is stress-responsive and circulating endocannabinoid (eCB) concentrations are elevated following bereavement. This study examined the association between loneliness and circulating eCB concentrations in grieving older adults and explored the role of eCBs on the association between baseline loneliness and grief symptom trajectories. Methods: A total of 64 adults [grief with high loneliness: n = 18; grief with low loneliness: n = 26; and healthy comparison (HC): n = 20] completed baseline clinical assessments for the UCLA loneliness scale. In grief participants, longitudinal clinical assessments, including the Inventory of Complicated Grief and 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating scales, were collected over 6 months. Baseline circulating eCB [N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)] concentrations were quantified in the serum using isotope dilution, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; cortisol concentrations were measured in the same samples using radioimmunoassay. Results: Circulating AEA concentrations were higher in severely lonely grieving elders than in HC group; cortisol concentrations were not different among the groups. Cross-sectionally, loneliness scores were positively associated with AEA concentrations in grievers; this finding was not significant after accounting for depressive symptom severity. Grieving individuals who endorsed high loneliness and had higher 2-AG concentrations at baseline showed faster grief symptom resolution. Conclusions: These novel findings suggest that in lonely, bereaved elders, increased circulating eCBs, a reflection of an efficient ECS system, are associated with better adaptation to bereavement. Circulating eCBs as potential moderators and mediators of the loneliness-grief trajectory associations should be investigated.

Amygdala response to emotional faces in adolescents with persistent post-concussion symptoms.

Approximately 30% of adolescents with concussion develop persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS) that include emotional symptoms. Elevated amygdalae reactivity to emotional faces has been reported in a variety of psychopathologies characterized by emotional symptoms overlapping with those in PPCS. We tested the hypothesis that amygdalae reactivity to emotional faces in adolescents with PPCS+ is elevated compared to concussed adolescents without PPCS and healthy controls. Concussed adolescents (ages 14-18) with (PPCS+; n = 23) and without PPCS (PPCS-; n = 13) participated in visits at least 4 weeks post-injury. Adolescents without prior concussion served as controls (HC; n = 15). All participants completed a detailed clinical battery and a common emotional face processing task that involved matching of emotional faces or shapes. Compared to HC and PPCS-, adolescents with PPCS+ had elevated depression symptoms, anhedonia, general psychological symptoms, and anxiety symptoms. Contrary to our hypothesis, PPCS+ had lower amygdalae activity to the emotional faces versus shapes condition relative to HC and a trend for lower activity relative to PPCS-. There was a non-significant inverse association between anhedonia amygdalae activity in adolescents with PPCS. Results suggest that adolescents with PPCS have altered amygdalae activity during the processing of emotional face stimuli.

Calidad de atención en el manejo de enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica aguda posterior a la iniciativa angels / Acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease management quality of care following the adoption of the angels initiative

Introducción: el ataque cerebrovascular (ACV) es común a nivel mundial, una de cada cuatro personas puede presentarlo a lo largo de la vida. Constituye la segunda causa de muerte y la tercera principal de discapacidad. Es importante la atención integral para lograr un impacto en la calidad de vida. Objetivo: determinar la calidad de atención en el manejo del ACV isquémico agudo de los pacientes que consultaron al servicio de neurología en los Hospitales de San José e Infantil Universitario de San José, Bogotá DC, entre enero 1/2019 y enero 1/2020. Metodología: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. El criterio de inclusión fue pacientes mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de ACV isquémico. La información se recolectó de las historias clínicas, se empleó estadística descriptiva para analizar los datos. Resultados: se incluyeron 411 pacientes, 88,8% sin alteración del estado de conciencia, 26,4% ingresaron antes de las 4,5 horas de ventana para trombólisis, se realizaron procedimientos de recanalización endovenosa a 11,4%. El tiempo puerta aguja tuvo una mediana de 37,2 minutos comparado con la mediana nacional de tiempo que fue 56,5 min según lo registrado en la plataforma ResQ. El 72% recibió terapia antiagregante y estatina 88.8%. Discusión y conclusiones: al identificar los síntomas es importante ser estrictos en el tiempo de atención y la implementación de plataformas para óptimos planes de atención. Se requieren campañas masivas de educación, así como que planes de mejora institucionales.

Introduction: cerebrovascular attack (CVA) is common worldwide. One in four people may have a stroke during their lifetime. It is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability. Thus, it is important to provide integrated care to achieve an impact on quality of life. Objective: to determine ischemic CVA management quality of care among patients seen at the neurology service of the San José and Infantil Universitario de San José hospitals in Bogotá DC, between January 1/2019 and January 1/2020. Methodology: a descriptive, cross-sectional study. The inclusion criteria included patients over 18 years of age diagnosed with ischemic CVA. Information was collected from clinical records. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: 411 patients were included; 88.8% had an altered state of consciousness, 26.4% were admitted within the 4.5-hour window for thrombolysis; 11.4% underwent intravenous reperfusion procedures. Door-to-needle time: median was 37.2 minutes versus the national media of 56.5 min according to the ResQ records platform; 72% received anti-platelet therapy and 88.8% received statins. Discussion and conclusions: the establishment of a strict time to care and the implementation of platforms to improve care plans, is essential. Massive education campaigns are required, as well as, institutional improvement plans.

Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome in a pregnant woman with systemic lupus erythematous.

Systemic lupus erythematous is a chronic multi-systemic autoimmune disease that affects multiple organ systems, including the central nervous system. Pseudotumor cerebri is a disorder associated with increased intracranial pressure in the absence of a space-occupying lesion or other identifiable cause that affects young and obese women.We present the case of a pregnant woman with both pseudotumor cerebri and a new diagnosis of active systemic lupus erythematous.

Comparison between Urine and Cervical Samples for HPV DNA Detection and Typing in Young Women in Colombia.

Urine sampling for HPV DNA detection has been proposed as an effective method for monitoring the impact of HPV vaccination programs; however, conflicting results have been reported. The goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of optimized urine HPV DNA testing in women aged 19 to 25 years. Optimization process included the use of first void urine, immediate mixing of urine with DNA preservative, and the concentration of all HPV DNA, including cell-free DNA fragments. Urine and cervical samples were collected from 535 young women attending cervical screening at health centers from two Colombian cities. HPV DNA detection and genotyping was performed using an HPV type-specific multiplex genotyping assay, which combines multiplex polymerase chain reaction with bead-based Luminex technology. Concordance between HPV DNA detection in urine and cervical samples was determined using kappa statistics and McNemar tests. The accuracy of HPV DNA testing in urine samples was evaluated measuring sensitivity and specificity using as reference the results obtained from cervical samples. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA11.2 software. The findings revealed an overall HPV prevalence of 60.00% in cervical samples and 64.72% in urine samples, HPV-16 being the most frequent HPV type detected in both specimens. Moreover, our results indicate that detection of HPV DNA in first void urine provides similar results to those obtained with cervical samples and can be used to monitor HPV vaccination trials and programs as evidenced by the substantial concordance found for the detection of the four vaccine types. Cancer Prev Res; 9(9); 766-71. ©2016 AACR.

Características clínicas y sociodemográficas de y sociodemográficas de pacientes fallecidos por pacientes fallecidos por COVID-19 en Colombia / Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of patients who died from COVID-19 in Colombia

Introducción: desde el 6 de marzo 2020 se confirmó el primer contagiado de la enfermedad coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) en Colombia, se extendió por todo su territorio con un compromiso clínico variable. Es de vital importancia conocer las Características de los pacientes afectados letalmente. Objetivos: describir las características clínicas y sociodemográficas de pacientes fallecidos por COVID-19 en Colombia hasta el 15 de mayo 2020. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal. Se tomaron datos de los pacientes fallecidos por COVID-19 en todo el territorio colombiano, registradas en las bases de datos reportadas por el Instituto Nacional de Salud desde el 6 de marzo a 15 de mayo 2020. Resultados: hasta el 15 de mayo 2020 se reportaron un total de 546 muertes, 60.8% de los fallecidos eran hombres. La edad mediana fue 69 años (RIC: 59-79) siendo 73.3% pacientes con 60 años o más, 86.8% tenían factores de riesgo conocidos, los más comunes fueron hipertensión arterial (37.9%), diabetes mellitus (18.7%), enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (17.3%) y antecedente de cardiopatía (15.2%), 3.3% eran casos provenientes del extranjero. Las principales zonas afectadas a nivel nacional fueron Bogotá (29.8%), Cali (12.2%), Cartagena (11.1%) y Leticia (6.2%). Conclusiones: la letalidad en Colombia por COVID-19 es de 3.8%. La mayoría de los pacientes tuvo una condición clínica asociada siendo la hipertensión arterial la más frecuente, pero enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica e hipotiroidismo son relevantes en nuestra población.

Introduction: the first case of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was confirmed in Colombia on March 6 2020, and spread through the country with diverse clinical presentations. It is critical to identify the characteristics of individuals with fatal outcomes. Objectives: to describe the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of patients who died from COVID-19 in Colombia up to May 15 2020. Material and Methods: a cross-sectional study. Data on patients who died from COVID-19 in Colombia recorded and reported by the National Health Institute from March 6 to May 15 2020 were used. Results: a total of 546 deaths were reported as of May 15 2020, of which 60.8% were males. The median age was 69 years (IQR: 59-79), 73.3% were patients aged 60 years or older and 86.8% had underlying risk factors, the most common being hypertension (37.9%), diabetes mellitus (18.7%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (17.3%) and a past history of heart disease (15.2%), 3.3% were cases that had arrived from abroad. Nationally, the most affected areas were Bogotá (29.8%), Cali (12.2%), Cartagena (11.1%) and Leticia (6.2%). Conclusions: the COVID-19 mortality rate in Colombia is 3.8%. Most patients had an associated clinical condition being hypertension the most frequent one, but chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypothyroidism are relevant in our population.

Efecto de la técnica "contracciones repetidas" sobre la fuerza del músculo dorsal ancho / Effect of the "repeated contractions" technique on the strength of latissimus dorsi muscle

La Facilitación Neuromuscular Propioceptiva es un enfoque de la rehabilitación comúnmente usado por el fisioterapeuta. Sin embargo, no existen estudios que evalúen el efecto de las técnicas de FNP dirigidas al agonista, como por ejemplo las contracciones repetidas de la forma más avanzada, a pesar de existir mecanismos neurofisiológicos que sustentan su aplicación. Objetivo: Describir el efecto de la Técnica de Facilitación Neuromuscular Propioceptiva­ Contracciones Repetidas de la forma más avanzada sobre la fuerza del músculo dorsal ancho en mujeres universitarias sanas. Método: Se incluyeron 10 mujeres sanas entre 18-25 años de edad con notas musculares de 3 o 3+ en el examen muscular manual del músculo dorsal ancho. Se realizó el entrenamiento de la fuerza con la Técnica de Facilitación Neuromuscular Propioceptiva ­ Contracciones repetidas de la forma más avanzada (3 series de 8 repeticiones, 3 veces a la semana durante 8 semanas) en el miembro superior no dominante. Para el análisis se aplicaron la prueba Shapiro-Wilk, Levene y t-Student pareada (p<0.05). Resultados: Hubo un aumento significativo en la fuerza del músculo dorsal ancho después de la intervención (p=0,002418) en el miembro superior entrenado. Se observó un aumento no significativo en la fuerza del músculo dorsal ancho que no fue intervenido. Discusión: Se discute sobre varias de las características del entrenamiento tales como duración, componente en diagonal, movimiento voluntario repetido, y las implicaciones de estas sobre los resultados en la fuerza se comprenden a la luz de la evidencia disponible.

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) techniques are a rehabilitation approach commonly used by physiotherapists. However, there are no studies that evaluate the effect of PNF techniques such as repeated contractions (RC) in the most advanced form, despite the existence of neurophysiological mechanisms that support its application. Objective: To describe the effect of PNF RC Technique in the most advanced form on the strength of latissimus dorsi muscle in healthy university women. Method: Ten healthy women (18-25 years) with muscle notes of 3 or 3+ in the manual muscle examination of the latissimus dorsi muscle, and who did not perform physical exercise during the intervention, were included. Training was performed with the PNF RC Technique in the most advanced form (3 sets of 8 repetitions, 3 times a week for 8 weeks) in the non-dominant upper limb. The normality and homogeneity of the data were evaluated with the Shapiro-Wilk and Levene test, the difference pre and post-intervention in the muscle strength was analyzed by the paired t-Student test (p <0.05). Results: There was a significant increase in the strength of the latissimus dorsi muscle after the intervention (p = 0.002418) in the trained upper limb. There was increase in non-intervened latissimus dorsi muscle strength (p = 0.121). Discussion: Several training characteristics such as duration, diagonal component and repeated voluntary movement are discussed. The implications of these on strength results are understood using the available evidence.

Actividad hipoglucemiante in vitro de los polisacáridos digeridos de Nostoc sphaericum Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault (cushuro) / In vitro hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharides digested from Nostoc sphaericum Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault (cushuro)

Objetivo: Evaluar el potencial inhibitorio de las enzimas α-amilasa y α-glucosidasa, así como la inhibición de la difusión de la glucosa, por los polisacáridos aislados de Nostoc Sphaericum Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault tratados mediante digestión gastrointestinal simulada a nivel in vitro. Materiales y métodos: Los polisacáridos obtenidos de microalga fueron purificados y tratados mediante digestibilidad gastrointestinal in vitro, con la finalidad de simular su digestión. Se evaluó la actividad hipoglucemiante mediante los métodos de inhibición de la α-glucosidasa, α-amilasa y la difusión de la glucosa de los polisacáridos digeridos, comparados con el medicamento acarbosa. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que la concentración de 50 mg/mL de polisacáridos digeridos disminuye en un 85,26 % la difusión de la glucosa a nivel in vitro. La concentración inhibitoria (CI50) de la enzima α-glucosidasa fue de 314,23 ± 4,87 mg/mL y la enzima α-amilasa 113,59 ± 3,10 mg/mL. Conclusiones: Los polisacáridos de Nostoc sphaericum tratados mediante digestión gastrointestinal in vitro, mostraron capacidad de inhibir las enzimas α-amilasa, α-glucosidasa y la difusión de glucosa; motivo por el cual la especie sería considerado promisoria para un posible tratamiento coadyuvante de la diabetes tipo 2

Objective: To evaluate the inhibitory potential of the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, as well as the inhibition of glucose diffusion, using polysaccharides isolated from Nostoc sphaericum Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault and treated by in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Materials and methods: The polysaccharides obtained from the microalga were purified and treated through in vitro gastrointestinal digestibility in order to simulate digestion. The hypoglycemic activity was evaluated by methods such as the inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, and glucose diffusion of the digested polysaccharides, and compared with the medication acarbose. Results: The results showed that the concentration of 50 mg/mL of digested polysaccharides decreases by 85.26 % the spread of in vitro glucose. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the α-glucosidase enzyme was 314.23 ± 4.87 mg/mL and that of the α-amylase enzyme was 113.59 ± 3.10 mg/mL. Conclusions: Nostoc sphaericum polysaccharides treated by in vitro gastrointestinal digestion showed the ability to inhibit the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, and glucose diffusion. Therefore, this species would be considered promising for a possible adjuvant treatment of type 2 diabetes

Association between reportable preventable adverse events and unfavorable decisions in medical malpractice claims involving obstetricians covered by FEPASDE Colombia 1999 to 2014. Case-control study / Asociación entre eventos reportables evitables y resultados desfavorables en los procesos de responsabilidad médica en obstetras apoderados por FEPASDE Colombia 1999-2014. Estudio de casos y controles

Abstract Introduction: Reportable, preventable events are potential causes for medical liability litigation. It is important to determine whether the occurrence of such events increases the risk of unfavorable legal or ethical decisions. Objective: To assess the association between the occurrence of a reportable preventable event and unfavorable legal and ethical decisions in medical liability processes against obstetricians. Materials and methods: Case-control study. Population: obstetricians affiliated to FEPASDE, with legal or ethical claims closed between 1999 and 2014 in Colombia. Cases: obstetricians with unfavorable judicial decision in malpractice claims. Controls: obstetricians with a favorable judicial decision. Sample: 322 subjects (64 cases, 258 controls). Analysis: variables concerning the obstetrician, the institution, the process, and the patient were measured. Bi-varied and multivaried analyses with a logistic regression model were conducted, using a propensity score or index. Results: An association was identified between the occurrence of the reportable preventable event and an unfavorable ruling (OR=4,4; CI 95%: 2,23 - 8,76). Other associated factors included: private institution (OR = 2.3 95% CI: 1.14-4.51), type of civil claim (OR = 14.1 95% CI: 5.51-36.04), product diagnosis-demise (OR = 3.1 95% CI: 1.64-5.94), history of other unfavorable proceedings (OR = 2.3 95% CI: 1.27-4.06). Inadequacies in the prevention and medication therapy were associated with an unfavorable ruling (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The presence of reportable preventable events is associated with an unfavorable legal or ethical decision in malpractice claims involving obstetricians. Inadequate patient management and poor functioning of the hospital care system provide opportunities for intervention to reduce the risk of an unfavorable legal or ethical decisions in malpractice claims.

Resumen Introducción: Los eventos reportables prevenibles son potenciales causas de procesos de responsabilidad médica, es importante identificar si su ocurrencia incrementa el riesgo de decisiones judiciales o éticas desfavorables. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre la ocurrencia de un evento reportable prevenible y las decisiones judiciales y éticas desfavorables en procesos de responsabilidad médica contra obstetras. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de casos y controles. Población: Obstetras vinculados a FEPASDE con procesos judiciales o éticos cerrados entre 1999 -2014 en Colombia. Casos: obstetras con decisión judicial desfavorable en procesos de responsabilidad médica. Controles: obstetras con una decisión judicial favorable. Muestra: 322 sujetos (64 casos, 258 controles). Análisis: se midieron variables del obstetra, la institución, del proceso, de la paciente. Análisis bi y multivariado con un modelo de regresión logística y la utilización del puntaje o índice de propensión. Resultados: Se encontró asociación entre la presencia de evento reportable prevenible y una decisión judicial desfavorable (OR=4,4; IC 95%: 2,23 - 8,76). Otros factores asociados fueron: institución privada (OR = 2,3 IC 95%: 1,14 - 4,51), tipo de proceso civil (OR = 14,1 IC 95%: 5,51 - 36,04), diagnóstico del producto -óbito (OR = 3,1 IC 95%: 1,64 - 5,94), antecedente de otros procesos en contra (OR = 2,3 IC 95%: 1,27 - 4,06). Deficiencias en la prevención y en el tratamiento con medicamentos se asociaron a una decisión judicial desfavorable (p < 0.05). Conclusiones: La presencia de eventos reportables prevenibles se asocia a una decisión judicial o ética desfavorable en procesos de responsabilidad médica en Obstetras. Las deficiencias en el manejo del paciente y en funcionamiento del sistema de atención hospitalaria ofrecen oportunidades de intervención para reducir el riesgo de tener una decisión judicial o ética desfavorable en procesos de responsabilidad médica.

Factores predictores perioperatorios de complicaciones de la colecistectomía por laparoscopia / Perioperative complications predictive risk factors in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Introducción. Los factores de riesgo para la conversión a laparotomía y las complicaciones de la colecistectomía laparoscópica se han estudiado, pero no se conocen modelos actuales de predicción para estos resultados. Objetivo. Desarrollar un modelo de predicción para las complicaciones de la colecistectomía laparoscópica. Pacientes y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio analítico retrospectivo que incluyó 1.234 pacientes con colelitiasis sometidos a colecistectomía laparoscópica, en un periodo de 18 meses en un hospital de IV nivel de Colombia. Se hizo el análisis multivariado por medio de regresión logística, usando el procedimiento backward para selección de variables, buscando determinar la probabilidad en un punto compuesto de complicación (presencia de, al menos, una complicación: lesión de vía biliar, colección intraabdominal o sangrado). Se elaboró una curva ROC para determinar la capacidad predictiva del modelo y el análisis de datos se hizo en Stata 13™. Resultados. Los pacientes incluidos se clasificaron en cohortes de derivación (926) y de validación (308), y se encontró que el 69,2 % eran mujeres; la edad mediana fue de 48 años (RIC=34-60) y, la conversión, de 4,3 %; hubo colección intraabdominal en 2,6 % y complicaciones en 4,7 %, y la mortalidad global fue de 0,3 %. La edad, la diabetes mellitus, la enfermedad renal crónica, la coledocolitiasis y el síndrome de Mirizzi se identificaron como predictores de alguna complicación. La capacidad predictiva del modelo fue de 58 %. Conclusión. La probabilidad de alguna complicación perioperatoria de la colecistectomía por laparoscopia depende de la edad, la diabetes mellitus, la enfermedad renal crónica, la coledocolitiasis y el síndrome de Mirizzi. Los factores de riesgo y las complicaciones descritos aquí, pueden guiar nuevas investigaciones y proporcionar evaluación de riesgos específicos

Introduction. Risk factors associated with conversion from laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open surgery and its complications are well known. However, there are currently no prediction models for such outcomes. The objective of tis work was to devolop a prediction model for laparoscopic cholecystectomy complications. Materials and methods. This is a retrospective analytical study that included 1,234 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in an 18 months period at a fourth level of care hospital in Bogota, Colombia. A multivariable logistic regression analysis using backward procedure was performed to for the selection of variables, in order to determine the likelihood of a combined endpoint complication (presence of at least one of the complications: bile ducts injury, haemorrhage, organ/space surgical site infection). A ROC curve was performed to determine the predictive ability of the model; information analysis was performed in 13 STATA. Results. Patients were classified in a derivation (926) and a validation cohort (308). It was found that 69.2 % were female, median age 48 years (IQR 34-60 ), conversion rate 4.3%, organ/space surgical site infections 2.6%, combined end point complication 4.7%, and global mortality rate 0.3%. Diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD), choledocholitiasis and Mirizzi´s syndrome were found as predictors of the occurrence of complications. The model was validated in the validation cohort, obtaining an area under the ROC curve of 58%. Discussion. The likelihood of major complication in laparoscopic cholecystectomy depends on age, DM, CKD, choledocholitiasis, and Mirizzi´s syndrome. Risk Factors and complications described here can guide a new research avenue and provide the evaluation of specific risks

Caracterización de los procesos de responsabilidad médica contra obstetras afiliados al Fepasde en Colombia, en el periodo 1999-2014. Cohorte Histórica / Characterization of medical malpractice claims against obstetricians affiliated to FEPASDE in Colombia 1999-2014: historic cohort

Abstract Introduction: Medical malpractice claims have been increasing at a constant rate worldwide, resulting in a burden for practitioners as well as for the health system. In obstetrics, the problem is even greater considering that it is one of the medical specialties with the largest number of medical malpractice suits. Objective: To characterize medical malpractice claims in the area of obstetrics in Colombia from the perspectives of the physician, the patient, the institution, the medical care provided, and the legal proceeding. Materials and methods: Historical descriptive cohort of closed medical malpractice cases between 1999 and 2014 filed against obstetricians affiliated to a special solidarity fund for support in lawsuit cases. Simple random sampling (n = 279) in a universe of 982 proceedings. Variables related to the proceeding, the obstetrician, the institution, medical care, and the patient were measured. Results: The most frequent lawsuits were related to ethics (44.4%). The proportion of unfavorable rulings was 7.7%, more frequently in civil cases (31.8%). The prevalence of lawsuits was higher in private institutions (60%). The majority of the cases were related to patients in the second half of the gestation period (86%). In 74.7% of the cases, legal action was initiated as a result of events occurring during childbirth. The most frequent cause was neonatal compromise (38.9%), followed by fetal compromise (24.7%). Conclusion: Care during childbirth, fetal, and neonatal demise are critical sources of medical malpractice claims.

Resumen Introducción: Los procesos de responsabilidad médica han tenido un aumento sostenido en el mundo, representando una carga para el profesional y el sistema de salud. En obstetricia el problema es aún mayor dada que es una de las especialidades con más acciones médico legales. Objetivo: Caracterizar los procesos de responsabilidad médica en obstetricia en Colombia, desde las dimensiones del médico, la paciente, la institución, la atención médica provista y el proceso legal. Materiales y métodos: Cohorte histórica descriptiva de procesos médico legales cerrados entre 1999 y 2014 contra obstetras asociados a un fondo solidario especial para auxilio en caso de demandas. Muestreo aleatorio simple (n = 279) de un universo de 982 procesos. Se midieron variables del proceso, obstetra, la institución, la atención médica y la paciente. Resultados: Los procesos más frecuentes fueron éticos (44,4%). La proporción de procesos desfavorables fue del 7.7%, con mayor frecuencia en procesos civiles (31,8%). Hubo mayor prevalencia de procesos en instituciones privadas (60%). La mayoría de los procesos ocurrió en pacientes en la segunda mitad de la gestación (86%). La acción judicial estuvo relacionada a hechos acaecidos durante la atención del parto en un 74,7% de las pacientes. La causa más frecuente de la acción legal, fue el compromiso del recién nacido (38,9%) seguido por el compromiso del feto (24,7%). Conclusiones: La atención del parto, la mortalidad fetal y del recién nacido son áreas críticas en la generación de procesos médico legales.

Síndrome de seudotumor cerebral en una mujer embarazada y con lupus eritematoso sistémico / Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome in a pregnant woman with systemic lupus erythematous

Resumen El lupus eritematoso sistémico es una enfermedad autoinmunitaria crónica que afecta múltiples sistemas orgánicos, incluido el sistema nervioso central. El seudotumor cerebral es un síndrome clínico que se caracteriza por aumento de la presión intracraneal en ausencia de lesiones que ocupen espacio u otra causa detectable, que afecta con frecuencia a mujeres jóvenes y obesas. Se presenta el caso de una mujer con diagnóstico de seudotumor cerebral y lupus eritematoso sistémico diagnosticado de novo durante el embarazo.

Abstract Systemic lupus erythematous is a chronic multi-systemic autoimmune disease that affects multiple organ systems, including the central nervous system. Pseudotumor cerebri is a disorder associated with increased intracranial pressure in the absence of a space-occupying lesion or other identifiable cause that affects young and obese women. We present the case of a pregnant woman with both pseudotumor cerebri and a new diagnosis of active systemic lupus erythematous.

Resección de melanoma palpebral por técnica de Mohs y reconstrucción palpebral: Reporte de caso / Resection of melanoma of the eyelid by Mohs technique and eyelid reconstruction. Case Report

Objetivo: Describir el cuadro clínico de un paciente con diagnóstico de melanoma in situ en párpado inferior del ojo derecho con compromiso de conjuntiva tarsal y de vía lagrimal, llevado a cirugía micrográfica de Mohs diferida y posteriormente reconstrucción de párpado inferior e intubación de la vía lagrimal. Diseño: Reporte de caso. Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. Metodología: Con el propósito de comparar la técnica quirúrgica empleada y otras posibilidades de manejo satisfactorio, se realizó la búsqueda, revisión y análisis de literatura referente al diagnóstico patológico y al tratamiento quirúrgico descrito. Descripción: Paciente de 69 años quien presento cuadro clínico de tres años de evolución de lesión palpebral melanótica con compromiso de borde palpebral y conjuntiva tarsal. La biopsia inicial reportó lentigo solar. Por el crecimiento y pigmentación progresiva de la lesión se realizó una segunda biopsia que confirmó el diagnóstico de melanoma in situ. Se decidió llevar el paciente a cirugía micrográfica de Mohs diferida y posterior reconstrucción palpebral por parte de cirujano oculoplástico. Discusión: El melanoma es un tumor maligno desarrollado a partir de la degeneración de los melanocitos. Es además la primera causa de muerte por lesiones malignas en la piel y su tasa de incidencia ha incrementado significativamente en la última década. Una gran variedad de métodos se ha utilizado para el manejo del melanoma de la región periocular, que incluyen desde la escisión quirúrgica hasta métodos destructivos como la crioterapia, radioterapia y tratamientos tópicos. La escisión quirúrgica tiene la ventaja de retirar los melanocitos alterados profundos, facilitando la detección del melanoma invasivo y permitiendo una evaluación histológica de los márgenes, disminuyendo el riesgo de recurrencia por la extracción incompleta de la lesión.

Objective: Describe the patient's clinical case of a melanoma diagnosis situated in the inferior eyelid of the right eye, compromising the tarsal conjunctiva and the lacrimal system. Th e patient was taken to a deferred Mohs micrographic surgery and eventually inferior eyelid reconstruction and intubation of the lachrymal system. Design: Case Report. A descriptive and retrospective study. Methodology: For the purpose of comparing the used surgical technique with other possible satisfactory methodologies, we conducted thorough research and analysis of literature referring to the pathological diagnosis and surgical treatment described. Description: A 69-year-old patient with a clinical case of 3 years of pigmented palpebral lesion compromising the eyelid and tarsal conjunctiva. The initial biopsy showed solar lentigo. Because of progressive growth and pigmentation, a second biopsy was performed, confirming the melanoma diagnosis compromising the inferior eyelid, palpebral border, inferior tarsal conjunctiva and punctum of the right eye. The patient was taken to a deferred Mohs micrographic surgery and palpebral reconstruction. Discussion: Melanoma is a malignant tumor developed from melanocyte degeneration. It is also the fi rst cause of death from malignant skin lesions and its incidence rate has been increasing signifi cantly over the last decade. There has been a variety of methods used to treat periocular melanoma including everything from surgical excision to destructive methods such as, cryotherapy, radiotherapy, and topical treatments. The surgical excision has the advantage of removing the deeply altered melanocytes, facilitating the detection of invasive melanoma and allowing histological evaluation of the margins, which diminishes the risk of reoccurrence from an incomplete extraction of the lesion.