RESUMO
Light and temperature are major drivers in the ecology and biogeography of symbiotic dinoflagellates living in corals and other cnidarians. We examined variations in physiology among 11 strains comprising five species of clade A Symbiodinium We grew cultures at 26°C (control) and 32°C (high temperature) over a duration of 18 days while measuring growth and photochemical efficiency (Fv /Fm ). Responses to thermal stress ranged from susceptible to tolerant across species and strains. Most strains exhibited a decrease in cell densities and Fv /Fm when grown at 32°C. Tolerance to high temperature (T32) was calculated for all strains, ranging from 0 (unable to survive at high temperature) to 1 (able survive at high temperature). There was substantial variation in thermotolerance across species and among strains. One strain had a T32 close to 1, indicating that growth was not reduced at 32°C for only this one strain. To evaluate the combined effect of temperature and light on physiological stress, we selected three strains with different levels of thermotolerance (tolerant, intermediate and susceptible) and grew them under five different light intensities (65, 80, 100, 240 and 443 µmol quanta m-2 s-1) at 26 and 32°C. High irradiance exacerbated the effect of high temperature, particularly in strains from thermally sensitive species. This work further supports the recognition that broad physiological differences exist not only among species within Symbiodinium clades, but also among strains within species demonstrating that thermotolerance varies widely between species and among strains within species.
Assuntos
Aclimatação , Dinoflagellida/fisiologia , Temperatura Alta , Luz , Estresse Fisiológico , TermotolerânciaRESUMO
Cervical cancer is characterized by the cellular transformation caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV), favoring cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Cervical cancer is conventionally treated with radiation therapy, and chemotherapy focused on the destruction of tumor cells. However, chemoresistance and low selectivity between tumor and non-tumor cells have been reported, causing side effects in patients. Metabolites of natural origin have shown selectivity against tumor cells, suggesting their use for reducing the side effects caused by drugs used in conventional therapy. Among these compounds, several natural coumarins stand out, such as auraptene, scopoletin, osthole, and praeruptorin, of which antiproliferative, anti-migratory, and anti-invasive activity have been reported. Auraptene, scopoletin, osthole, and praeruptorin show a cytotoxic or antiproliferative effect on cervical tumor cells, arresting the cell cycle by inducing the overexpression of negative regulators of the cell cycle, or inducing cell death by increasing the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and decreasing that of anti-apoptotic proteins. On the other hand, auraptene, scopoletin, and praeruptorin inhibit the capacity for migration, invasion, and metastasis of cervical tumor cells, mainly by inhibiting the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9. The PI3K/Akt signal pathway appears to be central to the anti-tumor activity of the coumarins analyzed in this review. In addition, auraptene, osthole, and praeruptorin are useful in sensitizing tumor cells to radiotherapy or chemotherapeutic molecules, such as FOLFOX, cisplatin, or DOX. Coumarins offer an excellent possibility for developing new drugs as complementary medicine with an integrative approach against cervical cancer.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Cumarínicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Terapias Complementares , Cumarínicos/farmacologia , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
AIMS: Our goal was to determine the effect of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) therapy, published in 2006, on the incidence of early metformin monotherapy (EMM), defined as the prescription of metformin and no other antidiabetic medications within 30 days of initial T2D diagnosis. METHODS: The incidence of EMM in the United States (US) from January 2005 to December 2007 was estimated using data from the i3 InVision Data Mart, an integrated database of enrollment dates, inpatient and outpatient medical claims, pharmaceutical claims, and laboratory results from a diverse group of US health plans. The trend in the incidence of EMM was analysed using joinpoint regression modelling. RESULTS: A statistically significant joinpoint was found in July 2006 (p < 0.05). From January 2005 to July 2006, EMM increased at an annualised rate of 15.6%. From July 2006 to December 2007, EMM increased at an annualised rate of 66.0%. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that publication of the ADA/EASD algorithm caused a significant acceleration in the incidence of EMM.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Metformina/uso terapêutico , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Padrões de Prática Médica/normas , Algoritmos , Consenso , HumanosRESUMO
Site occupancy numbers for ferrous iron, magnesium, and calcium at the Ml and M2 sites in lunar clinopyroxenes are estimated from nuclear gamma-ray resonant absorption spectra of (57)Fe. The cation distribution is ordered; calcium and magnesium prefer M2 and Ml, respectively. The distribution corresponds to an equilibrium at a temperature lower than 680 degrees C. Crystals cleaved and sectioned by diamond-knife ultramicrotomy were examined by high-voltage (200 kv) electron microscopy and diffraction. Uniform 300-to 600-A-wide bands that correspond to single crystal domains were found. Correlation of the bands with magnetic ordering at low temperatures is considered.
RESUMO
Several layered, transition metal dichalcogenide intercalation complexes with unique superconducting properties have been examined by high-resolution electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Details of the crystalline lattice and of the lattice imperfections have been directly resolved. The results can be correlated with the available x-ray diffraction and chemical data, and they confirm and extend the postulated models.
RESUMO
The synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of 2-amino-3-benzoylphenylacetic acid are described. This compound was postulated to be an active metabolite of 7-benzoylindoline in order to explain the unexpected antiinflammatory activity of the latter compound. Metabolism studies on 14C-labeled 7-benzoylindoline did not confirm this hypothesis. Nevertheless, 2-amino-3-benzoylphenylacetic acid, its ethyl ester, and the sodium salt show potent antiinflammatory activity in pharmacological models.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/síntese química , Fenilacetatos/síntese química , Animais , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Benzofenonas/síntese química , Benzofenonas/metabolismo , Benzofenonas/farmacologia , Benzofenonas/uso terapêutico , Biotransformação , Feminino , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Fenilacetatos/metabolismo , Fenilacetatos/farmacologia , Fenilacetatos/uso terapêutico , Derrame Pleural/tratamento farmacológico , RatosRESUMO
A series of potential prodrugs of 2-amino-3-benzoylbenzeneacetic acid (amfenac) and 2-amino-3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)benzeneacetic acid were synthesized and evaluated for their cyclooxygenase inhibiting properties, antiinflammatory potency, and gastrointestinal irritation liability. One compound, 2-amino-3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)benzeneacetamide, possessed a therapeutic index 1 order of magnitude greater than that of indomethacin.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/síntese química , Benzenoacetamidas , Fenilacetatos/síntese química , Pró-Fármacos/síntese química , Acetamidas/síntese química , Acetamidas/uso terapêutico , Acetamidas/toxicidade , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/toxicidade , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Carragenina , Fenômenos Químicos , Química , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase , Feminino , Gastroenteropatias/induzido quimicamente , Indometacina/uso terapêutico , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Estrutura Molecular , Fenilacetatos/uso terapêutico , Fenilacetatos/toxicidade , Pró-Fármacos/uso terapêutico , Pró-Fármacos/toxicidade , RatosRESUMO
A series of substituted derivatives of 2-amino-3-benzoylphenylacetic acid (amfenac) has been synthesized and evaluated for antiinflammatory, analgesic, and cyclooxygenase inhibiting activity. Several derivatives including 157 (4'-chloro), 158 (4'-bromo), and 182 (5-chloro, 4'-bromo) were more potent than indomethacin in these assays.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/síntese química , Fenilacetatos/síntese química , Analgesia , Animais , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Fenômenos Químicos , Química , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase , Feminino , Indometacina/uso terapêutico , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Isomerismo , Masculino , Fenilacetatos/uso terapêutico , Fenilacetatos/toxicidade , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos , Estômago/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
To determine the effect of abnormal ventricular activation on ventricular septal motion, left ventricular endocardial motion and left ventricular dimensions, 12 patients with normal motion were studied with echocardiography during incremental pacing of the right ventricular apex, outflow and inflow regions. Three types of abnormal ventricular septal motion were seen: The type I pattern was characterized by an early rapid preejection posterior ventricular septal motion followed by another posterior systolic motion that lasted throughout ejection, both of which were associated with septal thickening. In the type II pattern an early rapid preejection posterior ventricular septal motion was followed by an anterior ejection motion; the latter was not accompanied by septal thickening. The type III pattern consisted of an early preejection posterior ventricular septal motion followed by a mid and late systolic posterior motion: the latter motion extended through diastole. During right ventricular apical pacing, 8 of 11 patients showed a type 1 pattern, 1 a type II pattern and 2 a normal septal motion. During right ventricular outflow pacing,seven of nine patients showed a type II pattern, one a type III pattern and one a type I pattern. During right ventricular inflow pacing, eight of nine patients showed a type II pattern and one a type III pattern. At faster pacing rates patterns of types I and III changed to a type II pattern (five patients). End-diastolic dimensions decreased significantly during incremental right ventricular pacing when compared with those during sinus rhythm. End-systolic dimensions decreased significantly only during right ventricular apical and outflow pacing at maximal rates. In the seven patients who had pacing from all three sites, the decrease in left ventricular dimensions did not significantly differ when the three pacing sites were compared. These findings suggest that (1) abnormal ventricular septal motion during right ventricular pacing (induced left bundle branch block patterns) is dependent on the sequence of ventricular activation; (2) ventricular septal motion during right ventricular outflow and inflow pacing is similar to that seen in spontaneous left bundle branch block, whereas the pattern of septal motion during right ventricular apical pacing is different from that of spontaneous left bundle branch block; and (3) changes in left ventricular dimension are dependent on ventricular pacing rate but independent of pacing site.
Assuntos
Arritmias Cardíacas/fisiopatologia , Volume Cardíaco , Cardiopatias/fisiopatologia , Septos Cardíacos , Ventrículos do Coração/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Idoso , Bloqueio de Ramo/fisiopatologia , Complexos Cardíacos Prematuros/fisiopatologia , Doença das Coronárias/fisiopatologia , Ecocardiografia , Estimulação Elétrica , Átrios do Coração , Bloqueio Cardíaco/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infarto do Miocárdio/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
This study was conducted to establish bioequivalence between a newly developed oral cyclosporine formulation, Sang-35 (SangStat Medical Corp., Menlo Park, CA), and the microemulsion formulation Neoral (Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ). In a randomized, open-label, two-way crossover study, 36 fasted, healthy male volunteers received a single 500-mg cyclosporine dose formulated either as Sang-35 or Neoral. Mean are under the concentration-time curve to infinity (AUC0-infinity) for Sang-35 was 13,900 microg x hr/L compared with 14,000 microg x hr/L for Neoral, with a 90% confidence interval (CI) of 96% to 103% for the geometric mean ratio of the two formulations. Mean maximum concentration (Cmax) was 1,690 microg/L for Sang-35 and 1,700 microg/L for Neoral, with a 90% CI of 96% to 103%. Geometric mean ratios for both AUC0-infinity and Cmax were within the acceptance criteria for bioequivalence (80-125%). Additional studies showed no differences between Sang-35 and Neoral after high-fat meals (n = 19), in female volunteers (n = 25) and in black volunteers (n = 7). It is concluded that single doses of the oral cyclosporine formulations Sang-35 and Neoral are bioequivalent in healthy fasted subjects, after high-fat meals, in women, and in blacks.
Assuntos
Ciclosporina/farmacocinética , Imunossupressores/farmacocinética , Administração Oral , Adulto , Área Sob a Curva , Química Farmacêutica , Estudos Cross-Over , Ciclosporina/administração & dosagem , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Humanos , Imunossupressores/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Equivalência TerapêuticaRESUMO
Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis, as a clinical entity, is outlined. A double-blind trial compared Safapryn and Butazolidin, each given for 3 months, for 15 treatment periods in 11 patients. No differences were shown, but the study highlighted the problems of assessing this condition, and some comments are made, hopefully, to guide further investigators in this field.
Assuntos
Acetaminofen/uso terapêutico , Aspirina/uso terapêutico , Fenilbutazona/uso terapêutico , Espondilite Anquilosante/tratamento farmacológico , Acetaminofen/administração & dosagem , Acetaminofen/sangue , Adolescente , Aspirina/administração & dosagem , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fenilbutazona/administração & dosagem , Fenilbutazona/sangue , Salicilatos/sangue , Espondilite Anquilosante/sangueRESUMO
A study was performed to compare qualitative test results of canine uroliths with quantitative test results. Qualitative test results were in agreement with quantitative test results in only 96 of 223 specimens (43 per cent). Lack of agreement was caused by false-negative qualitative test results (85 of 223), false-positive qualitative test results (15 of 233), and a combination of false-negative and false-positive qualitative test results (27 of 233). This study indicates that the veterinary profession should abandon exclusive use of qualitative chemical test kits for uroliths.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/urina , Compostos de Magnésio , Minerais/urina , Cálculos Urinários/veterinária , Animais , Oxalato de Cálcio/análise , Oxalato de Cálcio/urina , Fosfatos de Cálcio/análise , Fosfatos de Cálcio/urina , Cistina/análise , Cistinúria/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/metabolismo , Cães , Magnésio/análise , Magnésio/urina , Minerais/análise , Fosfatos/análise , Fosfatos/urina , Compostos de Amônio Quaternário/análise , Compostos de Amônio Quaternário/urina , Estruvita , Ácido Úrico/análise , Ácido Úrico/urina , Cálculos Urinários/metabolismoRESUMO
Uroliths obtained from 839 dogs were evaluated by quantitative methods. Struvite was the most prevalent mineral detected; newberyite, calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, sodium and ammonium urate, cystine, and silica were detected much less frequently. Seven per cent of the uroliths had an identifiable nucleus and one or more surrounding layers of different mineral types. Although uroliths were found in all parts of the urinary tract, the urinary bladder was most common. Uroliths of different composition were encountered in a variety of breeds of both sexes and different ages.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Minerais/urina , Cálculos Urinários/veterinária , Animais , Doenças do Cão/metabolismo , Cães , Cálculos Urinários/epidemiologia , Cálculos Urinários/metabolismoRESUMO
The most junior resident medical officer soon becomes proficient at lumbar puncture and pleural aspiration but placement of a needle in a synovial cavity is approached with less confidence. Although only a part of the management of soft tissue rheumatic conditions, a carefully given corticosteroid injection can be dramatically effective for severe pain localised to a bursa, tendon sheath or synovial space.