RESUMO
On 18 January 2016, the French National Reference Centre for Salmonella reported to Santé publique France an excess of Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin (S. Dublin) infections. We investigated to identify the source of infection and implement control measures. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) and multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) were performed to identify microbiological clusters and links among cases, animal and food sources. Clusters were defined as isolates with less than 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms determined by WGS and/or with identical MLVA pattern. We compared different clusters of cases with other cases (case-case study) and controls recruited from a web-based cohort (case-control study) in terms of food consumption. We interviewed 63/83 (76%) cases; 2,914 controls completed a questionnaire. Both studies' findings indicated that successive S. Dublin outbreaks from different sources had occurred between November 2015 and March 2016. In the case-control study, cases of distinct WGS clusters were more likely to have consumed Morbier (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 14; 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.8-42) or Vacherin Mont d'Or (aOR: 27; 95% CI: 6.8-105), two bovine raw-milk cheeses. Based on these results, the Ministry of Agriculture launched a reinforced control plan for processing plants of raw-milk cheeses in the production region, to prevent future outbreaks.
Assuntos
Queijo/microbiologia , Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Leite/microbiologia , Intoxicação Alimentar por Salmonella/epidemiologia , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Bovinos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Feminino , França/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Repetições Minissatélites , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Salmonella/classificação , Salmonella/genética , Intoxicação Alimentar por Salmonella/microbiologia , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma , Adulto JovemRESUMO
UNLABELLED: With the establishment of high-throughput (HT) screening methods there is an increasing need for automatic analysis methods. Here we present RReportGenerator, a user-friendly portal for automatic routine analysis using the statistical platform R and Bioconductor. RReportGenerator is designed to analyze data using predefined analysis scenarios via a graphical user interface (GUI). A report in pdf format combining text, figures and tables is automatically generated and results may be exported. To demonstrate suitable analysis tasks we provide direct web access to a collection of analysis scenarios for summarizing data from transfected cell arrays (TCA), segmentation of CGH data, and microarray quality control and normalization. AVAILABILITY: RReportGenerator, a user manual and a collection of analysis scenarios are available under a GNU public license on http://www-bio3d-igbmc.u-strasbg.fr/~wraff
Assuntos
Algoritmos , Gráficos por Computador , Documentação/métodos , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos/métodos , Software , Interface Usuário-Computador , Interpretação Estatística de DadosRESUMO
Human HepaRG cells are liver progenitors which possess hepatocyte-like functionality. We investigated the effects of double-stranded (ds) RNA on interferon (IFN)-beta and chemokine (CK) expression in these cells. By microarray and ELISA, we showed strong induction of CXCL10 and interleulin (IL)-8 besides IFN-beta and other CK ligands. RNA interference directed silencing of TLR3, RIG-I, IRF3, NFkappaB or MAP kinases (p38, ERK, JNK) was carried out. Knockdown of all these molecules, except ERK and JNK, blocked IFN-beta production. Both TLR3 and RIG-I are required for CXCL10 expression. Silencing of TLR3 completely impaired the IL-8 expression. dsRNA-conditioned medium from HepaRG cells exerted a drastic antiviral effect in HCV replicons, and in the JFH-1-based HCV production cell culture system. The IFN-beta knockdown in HepaRG cells removed this antiviral effect but did not enhance their capacity to initiate HCV RNA replication. We conclude that dsRNA induces antiviral and pro-inflammatory status in HepaRG cells.
Assuntos
Hepacivirus/fisiologia , Hepatócitos/imunologia , Hepatócitos/virologia , Interferon-alfa/administração & dosagem , Poli I-C/administração & dosagem , RNA de Cadeia Dupla/imunologia , Células-Tronco/imunologia , Células-Tronco/virologia , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/imunologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Hepatócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Células-Tronco/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Heterochromatic chromosomal regions undergo large-scale reorganization and progressively aggregate, forming chromocenters. These are dynamic structures that rapidly adapt to various stimuli that influence gene expression patterns, cell cycle progression, and differentiation. Np95-ICBP90 (m- and h-UHRF1) is a histone-binding protein expressed only in proliferating cells. During pericentromeric heterochromatin (PH) replication, Np95 specifically relocalizes to chromocenters where it highly concentrates in the replication factories that correspond to less compacted DNA. Np95 recruits HDAC and DNMT1 to PH and depletion of Np95 impairs PH replication. Here we show that Np95 causes large-scale modifications of chromocenters independently from the H3:K9 and H4:K20 trimethylation pathways, from the expression levels of HP1, from DNA methylation and from the cell cycle. The PHD domain is essential to induce this effect. The PHD domain is also required in vitro to increase access of a restriction enzyme to DNA packaged into nucleosomal arrays. We propose that the PHD domain of Np95-ICBP90 contributes to the opening and/or stabilization of dense chromocenter structures to support the recruitment of modifying enzymes, like HDAC and DNMT1, required for the replication and formation of PH.