Seismic evidence for widespread western-US deep-crustal deformation caused by extension.

Laboratory experiments have established that many of the materials comprising the Earth are strongly anisotropic in terms of seismic-wave speeds. Observations of azimuthal and radial anisotropy in the upper mantle are attributed to the lattice-preferred orientation of olivine caused by the shear strains associated with deformation, and provide some of the most direct evidence for deformation and flow within the Earth's interior. Although observations of crustal radial anisotropy would improve our understanding of crustal deformation and flow patterns resulting from tectonic processes, large-scale observations have been limited to regions of particularly thick crust. Here we show that observations from ambient noise tomography in the western United States reveal strong deep (middle to lower)-crustal radial anisotropy that is confined mainly to the geological provinces that have undergone significant extension during the Cenozoic Era (since approximately 65 Myr ago). The coincidence of crustal radial anisotropy with the extensional provinces of the western United States suggests that the radial anisotropy results from the lattice-preferred orientation of anisotropic crustal minerals caused by extensional deformation. These observations also provide support for the hypothesis that the deep crust within these regions has undergone widespread and relatively uniform strain in response to crustal thinning and extension.

Aquatics: risk management strategies for the therapy pool.

Risk management planning for employees and owners providing therapy services in the aquatic environment is preventive medicine. Being familiar with regulations, codes, operations, maintenance, contraindications, and appropriate personal safety in and around the therapy pool is essential for a safe environment for both patients and staff.

Spine pain: aquatic rehabilitation strategies.

Aquatic rehabilitation and swimming programs have been designed to treat spinal pain and dysfunction. They may be used in conjunction with land-based rehabilitation protocols or as the sole rehabilitative tool. The effectiveness of these programs requires the treating physician and therapist to have a thorough understanding of spinal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology as well as that of its associated kinetic chain. This understanding ensures that the primary dysfunction and any associated deficits are completely identified and treated. Aquatic programs can then be customized to address these dysfunctions and deficits thus helping to more rapidly minimize pain and maximize function.

Seasonal variations of antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oils extracted from three Citrus limon L. Burm. cultivars.

In order to investigate the seasonal variations of antimicrobial properties and chemical composition of essential oils (EOs), three different cultivars of Citrus limon L. Burm. spp. (Femminello Santa Teresa, Monachello and Femminello Continella) were collected at 6-week intervals, from December 2012 to April 2013, for a total of four harvests. The EOs were extracted from lemon peel by hydro-distillation. The antimicrobial activity, tested by paper disc diffusion method, was evaluated against common food-related pathogenic bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica and Enterobacter spp.). EOs were more effective against Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria at each collection time, but a strong strain dependence was evidenced. Monachello EOs showed the highest inhibition power. The chemical characterisation of the EOs performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry identified from 36 to 42 molecules. The chemical difference registered among samples and seasons may explain the different antimicrobial efficacies recorded.