Conventional and advanced oxidation processes used in disinfection of treated urban wastewater.

The purpose of the current study is to compare the inactivation of Escherichia coli in wastewater effluents using conventional treatments (chlorination) and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as UV irradiation, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)/solar irradiation, and photo-Fenton processes. In addition, an analysis of the operational costs of each treatment is carried out taking into account the optimal dosages of chemicals used. Total inactivation of bacteria (7.5 log) was achieved by means of chlorination and UV irradiation. However, bacterial regrowth was observed 6 hours after the completion of UV treatment, obtaining a disinfection value around 3 to 4 log. On the other hand, the combination H2O2/solar irradiation achieved a maximum inactivation of E. coli of 3.30 ± 0.35 log. The photo-Fenton reaction achieved a level of inactivation of 4.87 ± 0.10 log. The order of disinfection, taking into account the reagent/cost ratio of each treatment, is as follows: chlorination > UV irradiation > photo-Fenton > H2O2/sunlight irradiation.

Inactivation of Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli present in treated urban wastewater by coagulation-flocculation and photo-Fenton processes.

The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the inactivation of three different kinds of bacteria usually present in municipal wastewater treatment effluents (Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) using a coagulation-flocculation-decantation (CFD) process combined with photo-Fenton treatment at pH 5. Different concentrations of Fe(3+)-H2O2 (0.4/25, 5/25 and 15/25 mg L(-1)), and H2O2 (25 mg L(-1)) were evaluated for 210 minutes under artificial solar irradiation in a solar chamber ATLAS SUNTEST CPS+. The results were compared applying the CFD process before or after the disinfection treatment. The results of the bacteria inactivation show that the highest rate was observed using CFD-photo-Fenton treatment with 15 mg L(-1) of Fe(3+) and 25 mg L(-1) of H2O2, obtaining the total inactivation of Pseudomonas sp., a 5.64-log inactivation of Enterococcus sp. and a 4.61-log inactivation of E. coli. In addition, turbidity and suspended solids decreased more than 90% with the combined treatments. The treated wastewater samples could be reused in urban, agricultural, industrial, recreational and environmental uses according to current Spanish legislation (RD 1620/2007).

Identification of pathogen bacteria and protozoa in treated urban wastewaters discharged in the Ebro River (Spain): water reuse possibilities.

The aim of this research work is to identify the presence of pathogens, bacteria and protozoa, in different treated urban wastewaters and to relate biological pollution with the processes used in wastewater treatment plants. A study of the possibilities for water reuse is carried out taking into account bacterial and parasite composition. The analysed bacteria and protozoa are: Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens (spore), Salmonella spp., Legionella spp., helminths eggs, Giardia, Cryptosporidium spp. and free-living amoebae (FLA). The selected municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs) are located in Navarra (Spain) and the main difference between them is the use of natural lagoons as tertiary treatment in some plants. The results concerning bacteriological identification showed contamination of mainly faecal origin, and the use of natural lagoons as tertiary treatment in some MWTPs produced an important disinfection effect. Moreover, pathogen parasites such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium were not detected in the samples studied although FLA were identified in all cases.

Assessment of the methodologies used in microbiological control of sewage sludge.

Sewage sludge usually contains potentially polluting substances such as heavy metals, organic pollutants and various organisms including bacteria, protozoa, helminths, viruses and algae, some of which may be pathogenic. Certain of these pathogens could be transferred to the soil if the sludge is used on agricultural or land recovery applications. For its application on agricultural land, sewage sludge must comply with the limits established in the legislation, which in Europe does not include quality standards regarding microbiological parameters. Nevertheless, the presence of pathogens could limit its agricultural use, as it could pose a risk to human, animal and environmental health. This study compares 4 different methodologies used in microbiological analysis in order to identify the most efficient and reliable method on determining bacteria in sewage sludge. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecium are used as bacterial indicators. The results obtained in this work indicate that results obtained with three different plate count methods cannot be comparable with those obtained with the MPN method. The membrane filtration method is recommended for its high precision and sensitivity, both in low and high bacterial loads. It is also concluded that it would be necessary to establish the quality standard in concordance with the method used.

Photo-Fenton processes assisted by solar light used as preliminary step to biological treatment applied to winery wastewaters.

Winery wastewaters are difficult to treat by conventional biological processes, because they are seasonal and experience substantial flow variations. Photocatalytic advanced oxidation is a promising technology for wastewaters containing high amounts of organic matter. In this research work, solar assisted photo-Fenton processes of both heterogeneous and homogeneous phase are used in the pre-treatment of winery wastewaters. The results of these experiments have confirmed the suitability of the photo-Fenton processes, due to these treatments achieving purification levels of up to 50% (measured as total organic carbon). The intermediate effluents are treated adequately by aerobic biological treatment (activated sludge process), due to the decrease in organic matter concentration present in winery wastewaters. The possibility of a combined photo-Fenton process, based on the use of sunlight, and aerobic biological treatment (activated sludge) is suggested.

Bioaccumulation of pathogenic bacteria and amoeba by zebra mussels and their presence in watercourses.

Dreissena polymorpha (the zebra mussel) has been invading freshwater bodies in Europe since the beginning of the nineteenth century. Filter-feeding organisms can accumulate and concentrate both chemical and biological contaminants in their tissues. Therefore, zebra mussels are recognized as indicators of freshwater quality. In this work, the capacity of the zebra mussel to accumulate human pathogenic bacteria and protozoa has been evaluated and the sanitary risk associated with their presence in surface water has also been assessed. The results show a good correlation between the pathogenic bacteria concentration in zebra mussels and in watercourses. Zebra mussels could therefore be used as an indicator of biological contamination. The bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Salmonella spp.) and parasites (Cryptosporidium oocysts and free-living amoebae) detected in these mussels reflect a potential sanitary risk in water.

Disinfection of wastewater effluents with the Fenton-like process induced by electromagnetic fields.

This research work is focused on the application and assessment of effectiveness of the Fenton-like processes induced by radiofrequency for the inactivation of faecal bacteria (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus sp.) present in treated urban wastewater effluents. Fenton processes were carried out at near neutral pH (pH 5) with different iron sources, such as iron salts (ferric chloride, 5, 50 and 100 mg/L Fe(3+)), magnetite (1 g/L) and clay (80 g/L), hydrogen peroxide (25 mg/L) and in absence and presence of radiofrequency. Two different electromagnetic field intensities (1.57 and 3.68 kA/m) were used in Fenton processes induced by radiofrequency. Different agents used in the Fenton processes induced by electromagnetic fields (iron source, hydrogen peroxide and RF) were analyzed individually and in combination under the same experimental conditions. First assays of ferromagnetic material/H2O2/radiofrequency processes achieved promising results in terms of bacterial inactivation. For instance, Fe(3+)/H2O2/Radiofrequency achieved a maximum level of E. coli inactivation of 3.55 log after 10 min of treatment. These results are higher than those obtained in absence of radiofrequency. The thermal activation of iron atoms allows the Fenton reaction to intensify, increasing the final yield of the treatment. On the other hand, different behavior was observed in the inactivation of E. coli and Enterococcus sp. due to the structural differences between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

Evaluation of trihalomethane formation potential in function of oxidation processes used during the drinking water production process.

The presence of natural organic matter (NOM) in both surface and groundwater supplies produces toxic by-products, mainly trihalomethanes (THMs), during oxidation steps in drinking water production. This research work shows the efficiency of different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on ozone for the degradation of precursors of trihalomethanes in aqueous solutions. Completed treatments comprised different preoxidation processes (chlorination and AOP: O(3), O(3)/H(2)O(2), O(3)/TiO(2) and O(3)/H(2)O(2)/TiO(2)), adsorption with PAC (optional operation), coagulation-flocculation and final postchlorination applied to synthetic samples which were prepared by dilution of the soluble fraction of a humic solution. A direct chlorination of synthetic humic samples which display dissolved organic carbon close to 3 mg l(-1) produced a THM concentration of around 1600 microg CCl(3)l(-1) (measured as THMFP). Comparisons between the trihalomethane formation potential of initial synthetic samples and samples treated by prechlorination and coagulation-flocculation-decantation show that the main factor responsible for THM reduction is the coagulation-flocculation process since a decrease of 90% is achieved. Considering the various completed treatments studied, the most recommendable include preoxidation by ozonation, adsorption by PAC, coagulation-flocculation using aluminium sulphate followed by decantation and final postchlorination.

Sequential solar photo-fenton-biological system for the treatment of winery wastewaters.

In this study, winery wastewaters are considered for degradation using heterogeneous photo-Fenton as a preliminary step before biotreatment. The heterogeneous photo-Fenton process assisted by solar light is able to partially degrade the organic matter present in winery wastewaters. When an initial hydrogen peroxide concentration of 0.1 M is used over 24 h of treatment, a degradation yield of organic matter (measured as TOC) of around 50% is reached. The later treatment (activated sludge process) allows the elimination of 90% of the initial TOC present in pretreated winery wastewaters without producing nondesired side-effects, such as the bulking phenomenon, which is usually detected when this treatment is used alone. The final effluent contains a concentration of organic matter (measured as COD) of 128 mg O2/L. The coupled system comprising the heterogeneous photo-Fenton process and biological treatment based on activated sludge in simple stage is a real alternative for the treatment of winery wastewater.