Yiguanjian decoction and its ingredients inhibit angiogenesis in carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis mice.

BACKGROUND: Cirrhosis is associated with angiogenesis and disruption of hepatic vascular architecture. Yiguanjian (YGJ) decoction, a prescription from traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used for treating liver diseases. We studied whether YGJ or its ingredients (iYGJ) had an anti-angiogenic effect and explored possible mechanisms underlying this process. METHODS: Cirrhosis was induced with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) (ip) in C57BL/6 mice for 6 weeks. From week 4 to week 6, cirrhotic mice were randomly divided into four groups: sorafenib-treated, YGJ-treated and iYGJ-treated mice and placebo. Serum biochemistries, hydroxyproline (Hyp) content and histopathological changes of hepatic tissues were measured as were α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen I, CD31, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 2 and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. RESULTS: Both YGJ and iYGJ improved serum biochemistries. Changes of histopathology showed that YGJ and iYGJ reduced hepatic tissue necroinflammatory and collagen fiber deposition in cirrhosis mice. Compared to the CCl4 treated animals, Hyp, α-SMA, collagen I, CD31, VEGF, VEGFR, and HIF-1α expression decreased in YGJ and iYGJ groups. CONCLUSIONS: YGJ and iYGJ inhibited liver angiogenesis in cirrhotic mice treated with CCl4 by inhibiting the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway, suggesting that anti-angiogenic effects of YGJ and iYGJ are associated with improving the hepatic hypoxic microenvironment.

Amygdalin Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis through Inhibiting Activation of TGF-ß/Smad Signaling.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of amygdalin on liver fibrosis in a liver fibrosis mouse model, and the underlying mechanisms were partly dissected in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: Thirty-two male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups, including control, model, low- and high-dose amygdalin-treated groups, 8 mice in each group. Except the control group, mice in the other groups were injected intraperitoneally with 10% carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-olive oil solution 3 times a week for 6 weeks to induce liver fibrosis. At the first 3 weeks, amygdalin (1.35 and 2.7 mg/kg body weight) were administered by gavage once a day. Mice in the control group received equal quantities of subcutaneous olive oil and intragastric water from the fourth week. At the end of 6 weeks, liver tissue samples were harvested to detect the content of hydroxyproline (Hyp). Hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius red staining were used to observe the inflammation and fibrosis of liver tissue. The expressions of collagen I (Col-I), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), CD31 and transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß)/Smad signaling pathway were observed by immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. The activation models of hepatic stellate cells, JS-1 and LX-2 cells induced by TGF-ß1 were used in vitro with or without different concentrations of amygdalin (0.1, 1, 10 µmol/L). LSECs. The effect of different concentrations of amygdalin on the expressions of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) dedifferentiation markers CD31 and CD44 were observed. RESULTS: High-dose of amygdalin significantly reduced the Hyp content and percentage of collagen positive area, and decreased the mRNA and protein expressions of Col-I, α-SMA, CD31 and p-Smad2/3 in liver tissues of mice compared to the model group (P<0.01). Amygdalin down-regulated the expressions of Col-I and α-SMA in JS-1 and LX-2 cells, and TGFß R1, TGFß R2 and p-Smad2/3 in LX-2 cells compared to the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Moreover, 1 and 10 µmol/L amygdalin inhibited the mRNA and protein expressions of CD31 in LSECs and increased CD44 expression compared to the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Amygdalin can dramatically alleviate liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 in mice and inhibit TGF-ß/Smad signaling pathway, consequently suppressing HSCs activation and LSECs dedifferentiation to improve angiogenesis.

BM-MSCs overexpressing the Numb enhance the therapeutic effect on cholestatic liver fibrosis by inhibiting the ductular reaction.

BACKGROUND: Cholestatic liver fibrosis (CLF) is caused by inflammatory destruction of the intrahepatic bile duct and abnormal proliferation of the small bile duct after cholestasis. Activation of the Notch signaling pathway is required for hepatic stem cells to differentiate into cholangiocytes during the pathogenesis of CLF. Our previous research found that the expression of the Numb protein, a negative regulator of Notch signaling, was significantly reduced in the livers of patients with primary biliary cholangitis and CLF rats. However, the relationship between the Numb gene and CLF is largely unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of the Numb gene in the treatment of bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced CLF. METHODS: In vivo, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) with Numb gene overexpression or knockdown obtained using lentivirus transfection were transplanted into the livers of rats with BDL-induced CLF. The effects of the Numb gene on stem cell differentiation and CLF were evaluated by performing histology, tests of liver function, and measurements of liver hydroxyproline, cytokine gene and protein levels. In vitro, the Numb gene was overexpressed or knocked down in the WB-F344 cell line by lentivirus transfection, Then, cells were subjected immunofluorescence staining and the detection of mRNA levels of related factors, which provided further evidence supporting the results from in vivo experiments. RESULTS: BM-MSCs overexpressing the Numb gene differentiated into hepatocytes, thereby inhibiting CLF progression. Conversely, BM-MSCs with Numb knockdown differentiated into biliary epithelial cells (BECs), thereby promoting the ductular reaction (DR) and the progression of CLF. In addition, we confirmed that knockdown of Numb in sodium butyrate-treated WB-F344 cells aggravated WB-F344 cell differentiation into BECs, while overexpression of Numb inhibited this process. CONCLUSIONS: The transplantation of BM-MSCs overexpressing Numb may be a useful new treatment strategy for CLF.

Ingredients of Huangqi decoction slow biliary fibrosis progression by inhibiting the activation of the transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Huangqi decoction was first described in Prescriptions of the Bureau of Taiping People's Welfare Pharmacy in Song Dynasty (AD 1078), and it is an effective recipe that is usually used to treat consumptive disease, anorexia, and chronic liver diseases. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFß1) plays a key role in the progression of liver fibrosis, and Huangqi decoction and its ingredients (IHQD) markedly ameliorated hepatic fibrotic lesions induced by ligation of the common bile duct (BDL). However, the mechanism of IHQD on hepatic fibrotic lesions is not yet clear. The purpose of the present study is to elucidate the roles of TGFß1 activation, Smad-signaling pathway, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the pathogenesis of biliary fibrosis progression and the antifibrotic mechanism of IHQD. METHODS: A liver fibrosis model was induced by ligation of the common bile duct (BDL) in rats. Sham-operation was performed in control rats. The BDL rats were randomly divided into two groups: the BDL group and the IHQD group. IHQD was administrated intragastrically for 4 weeks. At the end of the fifth week after BDL, animals were sacrificed for sampling of blood serum and liver tissue. The effect of IHQD on the TGFß1 signaling pathway was evaluated by western blotting and laser confocal microscopy. RESULTS: Decreased content of hepatic hydroxyproline and improved liver function and histopathology were observed in IHQD rats. Hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and myofibroblasts in the cholestatic liver injury released TGFß1, and activated TGFß1 receptors can accelerate liver fibrosis. IHQD markedly inhibited the protein expression of TGFß1, TGFß1 receptors, Smad3, and p-ERK1/2 expression with no change of Smad7 expression. CONCLUSION: IHQD exert significant therapeutic effects on BDL-induced fibrosis in rats through inhibition of the activation of TGFß1-Smad3 and TGFß1-ERK1/2 signaling pathways.

[Mechanism of hepatocyte apoptosis in rats with liver fibrosis induced by lipogenic methionine-choline-deficient diet].

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) on hepatocyte apoptosis in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver fibrosis induced by methionine-choline-deficient diet (MCDD). METHODS: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with advanced fibrosis was induced in rats by giving a MCDD for 10 weeks (group M). A methionine-choline-control diet (MCCD) instead of MCDD was given for the last 2 weeks to the experimental group (group R). Steatosis, fibrosis and inflammation were determined by tissue staining. The activation of hepatic stellate cells and oxidative stress were determined by immunostaining, immunoblotting or real time-PCR (RT-PCR), respectively. Hepatocyte apoptosis was determined by TUNEL staining. Expressions of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), caspase-12, caspase-7, cleaved caspase-7, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, and caspase-9 were evaluated to clarify the presence of ER stress. Expressions of c-Jun, ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2 were evaluated to clarify the states of MAPK signaling. RESULTS: Changing the diet from MCDD to MCCD triggered the reduction of fat in hepatocytes, a decrease in inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. The protein expressions of ERP78, caspase-12, caspase-7, and cleaved caspase-7 were increased significantly in group M compared with normal control group (group N, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), the mRNA expressions of ERP78, caspase-12, and caspase-7 were also increased significantly in group M compared with group N (3.03 ± 0.41 vs 2.12 ± 0.37, 1.86 ± 0.36 vs 0.78 ± 0.20, and 2.38 ± 0.19 vs 1.84 ± 0.13, respectively, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), while they recovered immediately in group R. In contrast, the protein levels of caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3 and mRNA expressions of caspase-3 and caspase-9 revealed no significant differences in three groups (P > 0.05). The mRNA expressions of c-Jun and protein levels of ERK1 and p-ERK1 were increased significantly in group M compared with group N (P < 0.01), while they recovered immediately after changing the diet from MCDD to MCCD. CONCLUSIONS: ER stress plays a role in the development and regression of non-alcoholic fatty liver fibrosis induced by MCDD, however, ER stress-related caspase-12 pathway may not be the main mechanism of hepatic apoptosis, and MAPK signaling may play an important role in hepatic apoptosis in the model.

[Dynamic change of lipid peroxidation-related protein expression and the intervention effects of Yiguanjian decoction in a rat model of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis].

To investigate the dynamic change of lipid peroxidation-related protein expression and the intervention effects of Yiguanjian (YGJ) Decoction on liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 in rat. Fifty-seven male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a liver fibrosis group (n = 39) and a normal group (n = 18). The liver fibrosis was treated with peritoneal injection of 50% CCl4 for nine weeks. At the end of weeks 3 and 6 of CCl4 treatment, six rats were sacrificed to assess the status of liver fibrosis. At the end of week 7, the remaining -fibrotic rats were randomly divided into an untreated model group (M, n=15) and a YGJ-treated group (n = 12). The YGJ group was administered daily, oral YGJ Decoction for three weeks, concomitant with continued CCl4 treatment. The M group and normal group received the same treatment oral regimen and volume of distilled water. At the end of week 8, four rats in group M were sacrificed to observed the fibrosis status. At the end of week 9, the fibrotic rats were sacrificed for sampling. Liver function, histological changes, contents of hydroxyproline (Hyp) and malondialdehyde (MDA), activity of super oxidase dismutase (SOD) and L-glutathione (GSH), protein expression of heat shock protein (HSP)70, heme oxygenase (HO)-1, transferrin, peroxiredoxin (Prxd) 6 and liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) were detected. Compared with normal group-, the MDA content was increased significantly in M group at week 6 (M: 4.23+/-0.45 nmol/mg vs. normal: 2.22+/-0.59 nmol/mg, F = 60.13, P less than 0.01) and week 9 (M: 6.29+/-1.23 nmol/mg vs. normal: 2.22+/-0.59 nmol/mg, F = 66.99, P less than 0.01), but the SOD activity was decreased significantly at the same time points [week 6: (M: 196.94+/-39.20 U/mg vs. normal: 264.50+/-30.44 U/mg, F = 11.12, P less than 0.01]); [week 9: (M: 152.2+/-51.65 U/mg vs. normal: 264.50+/-30.44 U/mg, F = 23.11, P less than 0.01)], as were the GSH content [week 6: (M: 48.47+/-7.27 nmol/mg vs. 60.74+/-9.04 nmol/mg, F = 6.71, P less than 0.05]]; [week 9: (M: 37.89+/-9.01 nmol/mg vs. 60.74+/-9.04 nmol/mg, F = 24.06, P less than 0.01]]. Compared with group M at week 9, the YGH-treated model group had markedly decreased MDA (YGJ: 4.25+/-0.86 nmol/mg vs. M: 6.29+/-1.23 nmol/mg, F = 19.52, P less than 0.01], but significantly increased SOD (YGJ: 198.35+/-46.48 U/mg vs. 152.21+/-51.65 U/mg, F = 4.65, P less than 0.05] and GSH (YGJ: 53.73+/-7.54 nmol/mg vs. M: 37.89+/-9.01 nmol/mg, F = 19.23, P less than 0.01). Compared to normal rats at week 9, group M had significantly higher protein levels of HSP70 (normal: 1.21+/-0.06 vs. M: 0.58+/-0.07, F = 166.87, P less than 0.01) and HO-1 (normal: 1.11+/-0.06 vs. M: 0.58+/-0.06, F = 123.96, P less than 0.01), but significantly decreased levels of Prxd6 (normal: 0.04+/-0.05 vs. M: 1.49+/-0.05, F = 1215.85, P less than 0.01), transferrin (normal: 0.67+/-0.03 vs. M: 1.67+/-0.04, F = 301.35, P less than 0.01), and L-FABP (normal: 0.24+/-0.02 vs. M: 1.44+/-0.14, F = 219.05, P less than 0.01). Compared to group M at week 9, the YGJ treatment group showed significantly reduced HSP70 (YGJ: 0.82+/-0.04 vs. M: 1.21+/-0.06, F = 92.31, P less than 0.01) and HO-1 (YGJ: 0.90+/-0.04 vs. 1.11+/-0.06, F = 26.89, P less than 0.01), but significantly increased Prxd6 (YGJ: 0.88+/-0.11 vs. 0.04+/-0.05, F = 150.17, P less than 0.01), transferrin (YGJ: 1.36+/-0.13 vs. 0.24+/-0.02, F = 237.19, P less than 0.01), and L-FABP (YGJ: 1.04+/-0.12 vs. 0.67+/-0.03, F = 27.53, P less than 0.01). YGJ treatment of fibrotic liver rats reduces lipid peroxidation damage by preventing generation of oxidizing substances.

[Effects of Chinese herbal medicine Xiaopi Pill in preventing rats from dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the intervention effects of Xiaopi Pill (XPW), a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine, on the development progress of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced liver fibrosis in rats. METHODS: Liver fibrosis model was established by intraperitoneal injection of 0.5% DMN 2 mL/kg thrice a week for 4 weeks. Rats were divided into control group given saline and treatment group given XPW during the 3rd week of DMN injections. Rats were sacrificed at the end of the experiment, and then liver histological changes, liver function and mRNA expression of the liver fibrosis-associated markers were observed. RESULTS: (1) At the end of the 2nd and 4th weeks of DMN injection, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increased significantly in rats (P<0.01 or P<0.05); content of total bilirubin (TBil) increased significantly compared with the normal group until the end of the 4th week (P<0.05); compared with the model group after 4 weeks of DMN injection, the serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP and TBil were decreased remarkably in the XPW-treated group (P<0.01 or P<0.05). (2) The hepatic inflammation and collagen deposition in hepatic tissues increased by different degrees in experimental rats. Parts of pathological changes in the rat liver were found at the end of the 4th week, including a complete round structure of false flocculus round, meantime, the hydroxyproline content of hepatic tissue was increased significantly at the end of the 2nd and 4th weeks (P<0.05). Compared with the 4-week model group, the hepatic inflammation, collagen deposition and hydroxyproline content in hepatic tissues were alleviated dramatically (P<0.05). (3) Compared with the normal and 2nd week groups, protein expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was gradually increased, and that of the 4th week group were aggrandized significantly (P<0.01). Compared with the normal group, the mRNA expression of α-SMA, transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was gradually increased. Further changes in above-mentioned abnormalities were found in the model rats at the end of the 4th week (P<0.01); while compared to the 4th week group, protein and mRNA levels of α-SMA and mRNA levels of TGF-ß1, TIMP-1, and HO-1 were decreased significantly in the XPW group (P<0.01 or P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Progressive DMN-induced liver fibrosis in rats can be suppressed by XPW; the mechanism may be associated with inhibition of the activated hepatic stellate cells.

Research Progress in Chinese Medicine Preparations for Promoting Blood Circulation and Removing Blood Stasis for Cirrhotic Patients with Portal Vein Thrombosis Following Splenectomy.

This article presented an overview of the therapeutic effects of Chinese medicine (CM) preparations for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis for patients with portal vein thrombosis (PVT) after splenectomy. Based on published clinical researches of CM preparations for PVT after splenectomy in patients with cirrhotic portal hypertension (CPH), this paper evaluated the incidence of PVT, and explored potential active components and mechanisms of CM preparations. Safflower Yellow Injection, Danshen Injection () Danhong Injection (), and Compound Danshen Dropping Pill () achieved good curative effect alone or combined with anticoagulant therapy. In addition, Compound Biejia Ruangan Tablet () and Anluo Huaxian Pill () can also significantly improve the hemodynamic disorders of portal vein system in patients with cirrhosis. Considering the role of CM preparations in ameliorating the incidence of PVT after splenectomy in patients with CPH, we suggested that future research should provide more attention to CM alone or CM combined with anticoagulant for cirrhosis with PVT.

SNS-032 attenuates liver fibrosis by anti-active hepatic stellate cells via inhibition of cyclin dependent kinase 9.

Liver fibrosis is a common pathological process of all chronic liver diseases. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a central role in the development of liver fibrosis. Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) is a cell cycle kinase that regulates mRNA transcription and elongation. A CDK9 inhibitor SNS-032 has been reported to have good effects in anti-tumor. However, the role of SNS-032 in the development of liver fibrosis is unclear. In this study, SNS-032 was found to alleviate hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting the activation and inducing the apoptosis of active HSCs in carbon tetrachloride-induced model mice. In vitro, SNS-032 inhibited the activation and proliferation of active HSCs and induced the apoptosis of active HSCs by downregulating the expression of CDK9 and its downstream signal transductors, such phosphorylated RNA polymerase II and Bcl-2. CDK9 short hairpin RNA was transfected into active HSCs to further elucidate the mechanism of the above effects. Similar results were observed in active HSCs after CDK9 knockdown. In active HSCs with CDK9 knockdown, the expression levels of CDK9, phosphorylated RNA polymerase II, XIAP, Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and ɑ-SMA significantly decreased, whereas those of cleaved-PARP1 and Bax decreased prominently. These results indicated that SNS-032 is a potential drug and CDK9 might be a new prospective target for the treatment of liver fibrosis.

[Effect of reducing injection on HFMD in children: a randomized controlled trial].

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical effects of Reduning Injection on ordinary hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children. METHODS: 76 children with confirmed diagnosis of HFMD were randomly assigned to 3 groups by the center randomization method, i.e., the Western medicine group (WM, 24 cases, treated with Ribavirin Injection or antibiotics), the Reduning Injection group (RI, 26 cases, treated with Reduning Injection), and the combination group (26 cases, treated with the combination of Reduning injection with Ribavirin Injection or antibiotics). The therapeutic course lasted for 3 to 7 days. A 3-day follow-up study was performed by the end of the treatment. The blood routines, the liver function, the renal function, the fasting blood glucose, the pyretolysis effect initiating time, the time for the body temperature recovery, and the rash subside time were observed in the three groups. RESULTS: (1) Of 76 patients, 13 dropped out, with the final effective case being 63. Of them, there were 19 cases in the WM group, 22 in the RI group, and 22 in the combination group. (2) Compared with the WM group, the pyretolysis effect initiating time and the time for the body temperature recovery were both significantly shortened in the RI group and the combination group (P<0.05, P<0.01). (3) There was no significant difference in the rash subside time among the three groups (P>0.05). But there was shortening tendency in the RI group and the combination group. (4) One child in the RI group dropped out from this study due to a mild rash, and no adverse drug reaction occurred in the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS: RI had some advantages in treatment of HFMD such as fasting pyretolysis effect initiating time, shorter time for the body temperature recovery, higher safety. Besides, it also could accelerate the subside of skin rashes to some extent.

[Effects of Chinese herbal medicine Yinchenhao Decoction on expressions of apoptosis-related genes in dimethylnitrosamine- or carbon tetrachloride-induced liver cirrhosis in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the different efficacy of Yinchenhao Decoction (YCHD), a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine, for liver cirrhosis induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) in rats. METHODS: To induce liver fibrosis, 0.5% DMN solution (2mL/kg body weight, i.p.) was given three consecutive days a week to male Wistar rats for 4 weeks. Cirrhotic rats were randomly divided into DMN group, YCHD group, Xiaochaihu decoction group by the end of the fourth week to accomplish a 2-week recipe treatment course. In CCl(4)-induced liver fibrosis model, 50% CCl(4)-olive solution was injected subcutaneously to rats at a dose of 2 mL/kg body weight twice a week to duplicate rat cirrhosis model. After 8 weeks, rats were divided into CCl(4) group, CCl(4) plus YCHD group and Xiaochaihu decoction group. For the YCHD group, YCHD was administered intragastrically once a day for 4 weeks. For DMN or CCl(4) model, by the end of 6 or 12 weeks respectively, rats were sacrificed for sampling to detect liver function, hepatic histological changes, hydroxyproline (Hyp) content and apoptosis-related gene expressions. RESULTS: In DMN liver fibrosis model, hepatic fibrosis was obvious at week 2 and cirrhosis was evident at week 4 in DMN-treated rats. Compared to 6-week DMN group, hepatic pathological changes and liver function were improved significantly and content of Hyp decreased remarkably in YCHD group. In CCl(4)-induced liver fibrosis model, hepatic fibrosis was obvious at 8 weeks and cirrhosis was evident at 12 weeks in CCl(4)-treated rats. Compared to 12-week CCl(4) group, hepatic pathological changes and liver function were not obviously improvement in YCHD group. The results of gene chip showed that YCHD significantly decreased Fas, Bax and caspase-3 gene expressions, and increased Bcl-xL gene expression in the liver of DMN model. However, in the model induced by CCl(4), YCHD did not inhibit hepatocyte apoptosis induced by CCl(4), but increased tyrosine kinase receptor gene expression by 4.8 times. CONCLUSION: YCHD exerts more significant therapeutic effects on DMN-induced than CCl(4)-induced cirrhosis in rats in Hyp content and pathological change in liver tissue.

Reversibility of fibrosis, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the liver of rats fed a methionine-choline-deficient diet.

Fatty liver disease has become a health problem related to metabolic syndrome worldwide, although its molecular pathogenesis requires further study. It is also unclear whether advanced fibrosis of steatohepatitis will regress when diet is controlled. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the resolution of fibrosis occurs in steatohepatitis induced by a methionine-choline-deficient diet (MCDD). Manifestation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in this model was also studied. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with advanced fibrosis was induced in rats by feeding them an MCDD for 10 weeks. Instead of MCDD, a methionine-choline control diet (CD) was given for the last 2 weeks to the experimental group. Fibrosis and inflammation were determined by tissue staining. Protein and gene expressions were determined by immunoblotting and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), respectively. Expressions of caspase-7, caspase-12, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), and protein disulfide isomerase were evaluated to clarify the presence of ER stress. Changing the diet from MCDD to CD triggered the reduction of fat in hepatocytes, a decrease in inflammatory gene expression and oxidative stress, and regression of fibrosis accompanied by the disappearance of activated stellate cells and macrophages. Immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and RT-PCR analysis all indicated the occurrence of ER stress in steatohepatitis, while it recovered immediately after changing the diet from MCCD to CD. The ratio of hepatocyte proliferation/apoptotis increased significantly during the recovery stage. This simple experiment clearly shows that changing the diet from MCDD to a normal diet (CD) triggers the resolution of hepatic inflammatory and fibrotic reactions and hepatocyte apoptosis, suggesting that MCDD-induced steatohepatitis is also reversible. ER stress appears and disappears in association with the generation and regression of steatohepatitis, respectively, with fibrosis.

[Clinical features and prognosis of the mild cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 virus infection].

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the clinical characteristics of the mild cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 virus infection, as well as the relationship of clinical characteristics and patient genders. METHODS: A total of 245 influenza A (H1N1) patients confirmed by viral nucleic acid detection were included in the study. The patients' personal information, signs and symptoms, lab and iconography data, disease course, negative seroconversion duration of new influenza A (H1N1) viral nucleic acid after antiviral treatment and hospitalization stay were analyzed. Measurement data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) by software SPSS 11.5. P < 0.05 was defined as statistically significant. RESULTS: (1) Among the 245 patients, 130 were males and 115 were females, yielding a sex ratio of 1.13:1. Almost 52.0% (127/245) of the patients came from Australia, and 64.5% (158/245) were between 18 and 40 years old. (2) Clinical manifestations included fever (98.4%, 241/245), cough (80.8%, 198/245) and throat congestion (95.9%, 235/245), and lab findings were characterized by elevated C-reaction protein (CRP, 71.0%, 174/245) and neutrophil (52.2%, 128/245). (3) Female patients had significantly lower serum Prealbumin (pre-A) levels than male patients [(245.04 ± 75.3) vs (273.34 ± 92.18) mg/L, F = 5.55, P = 0.019]. (4) The patients' serum CRF levels significantly decreased after the treatment [(4.06 ± 3.47) vs (14.54 ± 14.68) mg/L, F = 6.18, P = 0.016], while the levels of CD3, CD4 and CD8 were significantly increased after treatment [(1451.23 ± 443.97) vs (819.97 ± 375.75) cell/µl, F = 32.61, P = 0.000; (771.33 ± 251.92) vs (435.36 ± 215.35) cell/µl, F = 44.43, P = 0.000; (593.16 ± 237.19) vs (342.47 ± 180.12) cell/µl, F = 28.518, P = 0.000, respectively]. (5) Approximately 30.6% (75/245) of the patients had abnormal signs on chest CT iconography, and 22.0% (54/245) had obvious signs indicating pneumonia. The average disease course was (3.9 ± 1.2) days, the average hospitalization stay was (5.0 ± 1.4) days, and the negative seroconversion duration of the mRNA after antiviral treatment was (3.8 ± 1.4) days. CONCLUSION: The influenza A (H1N1) virus was characterized by fever, cough and throat congestion, with elevated CRP and neutrophil being the most significant lab findings. The influenza A (H1N1) strain was able to affect multiple organs, including being able to affect hepatic synthesis of pre-A as well as immune functioning. The influenza A (H1N1) influenza virus strain was mild clinically, with short disease course and good prognosis.

[Effect of Xiaozheng Rongmu powder for the treatment of liver cirrhosis in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the therapeutic effect of Xiaozheng Rongmu Powder (XRP) for the treatment of progressive CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. METHODS: Rat liver cirrhosis model was established by subcutaneous injection of 50% CCl4-olive oil 2 mL/kg twice a week for 12 weeks. Experimental rats were divided into the control group treated by saline and the two treatment groups, treated with XRP and Xiaochaihu Decoction, respectively, with the treatment starting from the 9th week of modeling. Rats were sacrificed at the terminal of experiment, the death rate, character of ascites, liver histological changes, liver function, mRNA expression of hepatocyte mitosis and the liver fibrosis associated markers in rats were observed. RESULTS: At the end of the 8th week of modeling, serum levels of ALT, AST and TBil were increased, and Alb decreased significantly in rats (P < 0.01), cirrhosis formation with ascites could be seen in all rats. Meantime, levels of vascular smooth muscle alpha-actin, transforming growth factor-beta1, collagen I A2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, tissue inhibitor of melalloproteinase-1 mRNA increased, while matrix melalloproteinase-13 mRNA were decreased significantly (P < 0.01), with visible liver proliferation to some extents. Further changes of above-mentioned abnormalities and clear suppression of hepatocytes mitosis were found in the modeled rats at the end of the 12th week. As compared to those occurred in the control group, changes in the XRP treated group were significantly milder at the corresponding duration, and clearly active hepatocytes mitosis was shown. CONCLUSION: XRP, a Chinese drug with the effect of dissolving phlegm, removing stasis and supplementing qi, could reverse the progress of cirrhosis formation induced by CCl4, and it brings potential new hope for the treatment of advanced cirrhosis by Chinese medicine.

[Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in development of fatty liver fibrosis induced by methionine-choline-deficient diet in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To study role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the development of fatty liver fibrosis induced by methionine-choline-deficient diet in rats. METHODS: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis was induced by 10 weeks- methionine-choline-deficient diet (MCDD), Markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress were determined by immunoblotting and real-time PCR. RESULTS: The number of apoptotic hepatocytes, The expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers were increased significantly in MCDD group compared to control group (probability value less than 0.05 or probability value less than 0.01), while ratio of hepatocyte proliferation/apoptosis was decreased in MCDD group (probability value less than 0.01). The number of hepatocytes apoptosis, and the expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers were decreased significantly 2 weeks after the feeding with normal diet in MCDD group (probability value less than 0.05 or probability value less than 0.01). CONCLUSION: MCDD induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and fibrosis in rats.

Pharmacological Effects of Salvianolic Acid B Against Oxidative Damage.

Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is one of the main active ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhiza, with strong antioxidant effects. Recent findings have shown that Sal B has anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrotic effects and can promote stem cell proliferation and differentiation, and has a beneficial effect on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, aging, and liver fibrosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) include oxygen free radicals and oxygen-containing non-free radicals. ROS can regulate cell proliferation, survival, death and differentiation to regulate inflammation, and immunity, while Sal B can scavenge oxygen free radicals by providing hydrogen atoms and reduce the production of oxygen free radicals and oxygen-containing non-radicals by regulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes. The many pharmacological effects of Sal B may be closely related to its elimination and inhibition of ROS generation, and Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-related protein 1 may be the core link in its regulation of the expression of antioxidant enzyme to exert its antioxidant effect. What is confusing and interesting is that Sal B exhibits the opposite mechanisms in tumors. To clarify the specific target of Sal B and the correlation between its regulation of oxidative stress and energy metabolism homeostasis will help to further understand its role in different pathological conditions, and provide a scientific basis for its further clinical application and new drug development. Although Sal B has broad prospects in clinical application due to its extensive pharmacological effects, the low bioavailability is a serious obstacle to further improving its efficacy in vivo and promoting clinical application. Therefore, how to improve the availability of Sal B in vivo requires the joint efforts of many interdisciplinary subjects.

Hepatic stem cell Numb gene is a potential target of Huang Qi Decoction against cholestatic liver fibrosis.

Numb is a negative regulator of Notch signal pathway. Previous study has demonstrated that Notch signal pathway activation is required for hepatic progenitor cell (HPC) differentiating into cholangiocytes in cholestatic liver fibrosis (CLF), and Huang Qi Decoction (HQD) could prevent CLF through inhibition of the Notch signal pathway. However, the role of Numb in HQD against CLF is yet unclear. Thus, CLF rats transplanted into rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells with knocked down Numb gene (BMSCNumb-KD) were treated with HQD. Simultaneously, Numb gene knockdown was also performed in WB-F344 cell line and then treated with refined HQD in vitro. In vivo study revealed that liver fibrosis was inhibited by HQD plus BMSCNumb-KD treatment, while Hyp content in liver tissue, the gene and protein expression of α-SMA, gene expression of Col I, TNF-α, and TGF-ß1 were increased compared to that in HQD group. Furthermore, Notch signal pathway was inhibited by HQD plus BMSCNumb-KD, while the protein expression of Numb was decreased and RBP-Jκ and Hes1 was increased compared to that in HQD group. In vitro, HQD reduced the differentiation of WB-F344 cells into cholangiocyte phenotype, while this effect was attenuated after Numb-knockdown. This study highlights that the absence of hepatic stem cell Numb gene decreases effect of HQD against CLF, which give rise the conclusion that Numb might be a potential target for HQD against CLF.

[Mechanism of hepatocyte regeneration inhibition in rats with liver fibrosis induced by lipogenic methionine-choline- deficient diet].

OBJECTIVE: To obtain the evidence of fibrotic resolution in fatty liver by changing the diet and to clarify the mechanism of hepatocyte proliferation inhibition in rat with fatty liver fibrosis. METHODS: (1) Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with advanced fibrosis was induced in rats by giving them a methionine-choline-deficient diet (MCDD) for 10 weeks (group M). A methionine-choline-control diet (MCCD) instead of MCDD was given for the last 2 weeks to the experimental group (group R). (2) Fibrosis and inflammation were determined by tissue staining. The activation of hepatic stellate cells and Kupffer cells were determined by immunostaining, immunoblot or quantitative RT-PCR respectively. (3) Hepatocytic apoptosis and proliferation were determined by TUNEL and BrdU staining respectively. Expressions of IL-6, STAT3, JNK-1, c-Jun, p21, C/EBPalpha, HNF6 and HGF-alpha were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot to clarify the mechanism of hepatocytic proliferation inhibition. RESULTS: (1) Changing the diet from MCDD to MCCD triggered the reduction of fat in hepatocytes and a decrease in inflammatory response. (2) The regression of fibrosis was accompanied by the disappearance of activated stellate cells and macrophages. (3) Compared with control group (group C), hepatocytic apoptotic number increased significantly in group M (68 +/- 16 vs 40 +/- 8, P < 0.05) and the ratio of hepatocytic proliferation/apoptosis decreased markedly in group M (0.10 +/- 0.03 vs 0.19 +/- 0.03, P < 0.01); compared to group M, hepatocytic apoptotic number decreased significantly in group R (48 +/- 6, P < 0.05) and hepatocytic proliferation number and the ratio of hepatocytic proliferation/apoptosis increased markedly in group R (17.2 +/- 4.4 vs 7.5 +/- 3.0, 0.41 +/- 0.09 vs 0.10 +/- 0.03 respectively, P < 0.01). (4) Compared with group C, the mRNA level of IL-6, JNK-1, c-Jun, C/EBPalpha, p21 and HNF6 mRNA decreased significantly (0.34 +/- 0.18 vs 1.33 +/- 0.44, 0.41 +/- 0.11 vs 0.83 +/- 0.26, 0.19 +/- 0.03 vs 1.53 +/- 1.2, 1.94 +/- 0.64 vs 4.51 +/- 1.15, 0.34 +/- 0.20 vs 1.30 +/- 0.75, 0.47 +/- 0.21 vs 0.92 +/- 0.16 respectively, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and protein level of IL-6, STAT3, JNK-1, c-Jun, C/EBPalpha, P21 and HNF6 also decreased significantly in liver fibrotic stage (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) while only IL-6, JNK-1 and p21 recovered immediately after a changed diet from MCDD to MCCD (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Food intake is a very important factor for controlling the fatty status and pathology of liver. Hepatocytic proliferation inhibition is associated with the arrested G(0)-S phasic transition in fatty liver fibrosis and the up-regulated expression of IL-6, JNK-1 and p21. These factors play a very important role in the recovery of fatty liver fibrosis.

Research progress on signaling pathways in cirrhotic portal hypertension.

Portal hypertension (PHT) is an important consequence of liver cirrhosis, which can lead to complications that adversely affect a patient's quality of life and survival, such as upper gastrointestinal bleeding, ascites, and portosystemic encephalopathy. In recent years, advances in molecular biology have led to major discoveries in the pathological processes of PHT, including the signaling pathways that may be involved: PI3K-AKT-mTOR, RhoA/Rho-kinase, JAK2/STAT3, and farnesoid X receptor. However, the pathogenesis of PHT is complex and there are numerous pathways involved. Therefore, the targeting of signaling pathways for medical management is lagging. This article summarizes the progress that has been made in understanding the signaling pathways in PHT, and provides ideas for treatment of the disorder.

Yiguanjian decoction enhances fetal liver stem/progenitor cell-mediated repair of liver cirrhosis through regulation of macrophage activation state.

AIM: To investigate whether Yiguanjian decoction (YGJ) has an anti-liver cirrhotic effect and whether it regulates hepatic stem cell differentiation. METHODS: A rat model of liver cirrhosis was established via subcutaneous injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for 8 wk. From the beginning of the ninth week, the rats received 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) by oral gavage and a DLK-1+ fetal liver stem/progenitor cell (FLSPC) transplant or an FLSPC transplant in combination with YGJ treatment for 4 wk. In vitro, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages were co-cultured with WB-F344 cells, and the differentiation of WB-F344 cells was observed in the presence and absence of YGJ treatment. RESULTS: FLSPC transplantation improved liver function and histopathology, and inhibited the activation of the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway, while activating the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. YGJ enhanced the therapeutic effects of FLSPCs and also promoted the liver regeneration differentiation of FLSPCs into hepatocytes. In vitro, LPS-activated macrophages promoted the differentiation of WB-F344 cells into myofibroblasts, and the canonical Wnt signaling was inhibited while the non-canonical Wnt signaling was activated in WB-F344 cells. YGJ suppressed the activation of macrophages and then inhibited non-canonical Wnt signaling and promoted canonical Wnt signaling. CONCLUSION: YGJ enhances FLSPC-mediated repair of liver cirrhosis through regulation of macrophage activation state, and YGJ in combination with stem cell transplantation may be a suitable treatment for end-stage liver cirrhosis.