RESUMO
Stroke is predominantly a condition of older age. So, it seems sensible that specialists working in stroke services should understand the primary clinical syndrome of ageing-frailty. Recent studies have highlighted the prevalence of frailty in stroke and its associated poor outcomes, yet frailty does not feature prominently in stroke research, practice or policy. Frailty-informed stroke care may differ from the interventional management that dominates contemporary practice. However, this is not therapeutic nihilism. A person-centred approach ensures that every care decision is appropriate and based on a shared understanding of the person's goals and likely prognosis. We present a primer on frailty in stroke, describing definition(s), epidemiology and prognostic implications. We discuss the challenges surrounding assessment and management of frailty in stroke units and offer practical guidance suitable for the stroke clinician.
RESUMO
Background/objectives: Sialorrhoea is a common non motor complication experienced by people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite its prevalence there is conflicting evidence on how to effectively treat it. Our aim was to establish the efficacy and safety outcomes of pharmacological interventions used to treat sialorrhoea in people with idiopathic PD. Methods: We registered and conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO: CRD42016042470). We searched seven electronic databases from inception until July 2022. Quantitative synthesis was performed where data allowed using random effects models. Results: From 1374 records we included 13 studies (n = 405 participants). Studies were conducted in Europe, North America and China. There was marked heterogeneity in the interventions used, follow up times and outcome measures investigated. The main source of risk of bias identified was reporting bias. Five studies were included in the quantitative synthesis. Summary estimates showed administration of botulinum toxin significantly reduced saliva production, improved patient reported functional outcomes and was associated with an increase in adverse events. Conclusion: Sialorrhoea in PD is an important condition, but current data does not allow for strong recommendations on optimal pharmacological treatments. There is significant heterogeneity in outcomes measures used to evaluate the burden of sialorrhoea with lack of consensus on what constitutes clinically meaningful change. More research is required to better understand the underlying mechanism and potential treatments of sialorrhoea in idiopathic PD.