Impacts of Age and Gender on Brain Edema in a Mouse Water Intoxication Model.

Brain edema causes abnormal fluid retention and can be fatal in severe cases. Although it develops in various diseases, most treatments for brain edema are classical. We analyzed the impacts of age and gender on the characteristics of a water intoxication model that induces pure brain edema in mice and examined the model's usefulness for research regarding new treatments for brain edema. C57BL/6J mice received an intraperitoneal administration of 10% body weight distilled water, and we calculated the brain water content by measuring the brain-tissue weight immediately after dissection and after drying. We analyzed 8-OHdG and caspase-3 values to investigate the brain damage. We also applied this model in aquaporin 4 knockout (AQP4-) mice and compared these mice with wild-type mice. The changes in water content differed by age and gender, and the 8-OHdG and caspase-3 values differed by age. Suppression of brain edema by AQP4- was also confirmed. These results clarified the differences in the onset of brain edema by age and gender, highlighting the importance of considering the age and gender of model animals. Similar studies using genetically modified mice are also possible. Our findings indicate that this water intoxication model is effective for explorations of new brain edema treatments.

Surgeons' involvement in COVID-19 treatment: a practice by a regional core hospital in Japan to avoid physician burnout.

BACKGROUND: To prevent task accumulation on certain divisions, our institution developed a unique system of allocating inpatient treatment of COVID-19 patients to doctors who were not specialized in respiratory infections. The objective of this study was to investigate whether surgeons can be involved in the COVID-19 inpatient treatment without negatively affecting patient outcome, and how such involvement can affect the wellbeing of surgeons. METHODS: There were 300 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and hospitalized from January to June 2021, and 160 of them were treated by the redeployed doctors. They were divided into 3 groups based on the affiliation of the treating doctor. Patient characteristics and outcomes were compared between the groups. In addition, the impact of COVID-19 duty on participating surgeons was investigated from multiple perspectives, and a postduty survey was conducted. RESULTS: There were 43 patients assigned to the Department of Surgery. There were no differences in the backgrounds and outcomes of patients compared with other groups. The surgeon's overtime hours were significantly longer during the duty period, despite no change in the number of operations and the complication rate. The questionnaire revealed that there was a certain amount of mental and physical burden from the COVID-19 duty. CONCLUSION: Surgeons can take part in inpatient COVID-19 treatment without affecting patient outcome. However, as such duty could negatively affect the surgeons' physical and mental wellbeing, further effort is needed to maintain the balance of fulfilling individual and institutional needs.

Characteristics of 21 Types of Tea Waste for Adsorbance of Ionic Dyes from Aqueous Solutions.

In this study, 21 tea types (six black, four green, three Oolong, two herb, and five medicinal) were used to remove ionic dye from wastewater, as they could be potential adsorbents for several ionic dyes without purification or activated treatment. The majority of the 21 teas could adsorb cationic (MB) and anionic (ORII) dyes, with greater suitability for cationic dyes, as well as BB54 and BR46. Black dye (KBla), a mixture of several dyes, was adsorbed to a high degree. The tea waste treatment resulted in chromaticity reduction of the dye solution and turbidity changes. Dye adsorption was greater at higher temperatures than lower ones, although the effect of temperature was not strong. The adsorptions fit the pseudo-second-order-model; therefore, they involved chemical adsorption. The tea waste had great potential for the adsorption of several types of dyes without purification or activated treatment, although the mechanisms are yet to be determined. Therefore, the physical properties and structural components of each tea type should be analyzed by comparing common or different features of tea types. Taken together, many types of tea that are consumed worldwide can be used for efficient adsorption of ionic dyes by application of the tea waste.

Recovery of Chromium(VI) Ions Using a Nickel-Aluminum-Zirconium Complex Hydroxide Based on Adsorption and Desorption Treatment.

In this study, we evaluate the desorption or recovery capacity of chromium(VI) ions using desorption solutions containing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). A complex hydroxide of nickel-aluminum-zirconium (NAZ) was prepared as the adsorbent for the removal of chromium(VI) ions. The results from repeated adsorption/desorption experiments on chromium(VI) ions using NAZ complex hydroxide were evaluated. The desorption percentage of chromium(VI) ions increased with the increase in the concentration of NaOH or Na2SO4 in the desorption solution. The determined optimal concentration of NaOH or Na2SO4 in the desorption solution was 10 mmol/L under the used experimental conditions. After three adsorption-desorption cycles, the recovery percentages of chromium(VI) ions using NaOH and Na2SO4 were 60% (total amounts adsorbed and desorbed were 102 and 61 mg/g, respectively) and 75% (total amounts adsorbed and desorbed were 96 and 72 mg/g, respectively), respectively. Additionally, we confirmed the existence of chromium on the surface of the NAZ complex hydroxide. After three adsorption/desorption cycles, the crystal structure of the NAZ complex hydroxide was maintained. These results indicated the potential of the NAZ complex hydroxide using a desorption solution containing NaOH or Na2SO4 for the recovery of chromium(VI) ions.

Optimization of the Hydrothermal Activation Treatment with Sodium Hydroxide Solution for the Conversion of Coal Fly Ash to Zeolite and Its Adsorption Capability of Lead (II) Ions from the Liquid Phase.

Coal fly ash (FA) was treated by hydrothermal activation with sodium hydroxide solution at different concentrations to optimize the conversion method. Zeolite of the sodium type is prepared from coal FA by 1, 1.5, and 3 mol/L sodium hydroxide solutions (ZE1, ZE1.5, and ZE3). These adsorbents' morphology, crystal structure, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform (FT)-IR spectra, cation exchange capacity (CEC), specific surface area and pore volumes, and pHpzc were determined. An adsorption experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of contact time, pH, temperature, and coexistence. From the results, the values of CEC and specific surface area of prepared samples was in the order ZE3 < ZE1.5 < ZE1. The similar trends were observed in lead ions adsorption. In addition, our obtained data elucidate that the ion exchange with sodium ions in the interlayer ZE1 is one of the adsorption mechanisms of Pb2+ from water layer. Finally, lead ions adsorbed on ZE1 could be desorbed using a hydrochloric acid solution, showing that ZE1 could be reused as a water purification agent.

Fundamental Investigation of Adsorption Behavior onto Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate to Potassium Ions and Its Concomitant Drugs in the Digestive Tract.

To verify the interaction between sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS) and its concomitant drugs, we elucidated the capability of potassium ions and concomitant drugs to adsorb onto SPS and the effect of their coexistence on the amount adsorbed. We identified 14 drugs used concomitantly with SPS from 2017-2019 in our investigation, and 5 drug preparations used in the clinical setting were used for the experiments. In the artificial intestinal juice, SPS adsorbed 39.05-69.77 mEq/g of potassium ions. Amlodipine besylate and nifedipine were well-adsorbed, while azosemide and febuxostat were did not adsorb well onto SPS. Our results and the results of a previous study suggest that additives in drug preparations affect the adsorption of drugs onto SPS. The adsorption kinetics onto SPS of drugs conformed to the pseudo-second order model. However, the adsorption of amlodipine besylate completely may not be fitted to the pseudo-second order model. The amount of amlodipine besylate adsorbed under the coexistence of potassium ions decreased compared to when potassium ions were absent. The amount of nifedipine and potassium ions adsorbed remained constant, regardless of whether potassium ions were present or not. These results might be due to the differences in their mechanisms of adsorption onto SPS and to the characteristics of the drugs. In a clinical setting, SPS is used concomitantly with various oral drugs. The interaction between SPS and its other concomitant drugs need to be elucidated more to obtain enough evidence for pharmacists to propose the appropriate prescription.

Granulation of Nickel-Aluminum-Zirconium Complex Hydroxide Using Colloidal Silica for Adsorption of Chromium(VI) Ions from the Liquid Phase.

We combined a nickel-aluminum-zirconium complex hydroxide (NAZ) with colloidal silica as a binder to prepare a granulated agent for adsorbing heavy metals from aqueous media. Three samples with different particle diameters were prepared to evaluate the effects on the properties: small (NAZ-S), medium (NAZ-M), and large (NAZ-L). We confirmed the granulation of the prepared samples at a binder content of 25%. NAZ-S had the largest specific surface area and number of hydroxyl groups, followed by NAZ-M and then NAZ-L. Regarding the adsorption capacity, NAZ-S adsorbed the most chromium(VI) ions followed by NAZ-M and then NAZ-L. The binding energy of Cr(2p) at 575-577 eV was detected after adsorption, and the effects of the temperature, contact time, and pH on the adsorption of chromium(VI) ions were evaluated. We identified the following adsorption mechanism: ion exchange with sulfate ions in the interlayer region of the NAZ samples. Finally, the chromium(VI) ions adsorbed by the NAZ samples were easily desorbed using a desorption solution. The results showed that NAZ offers great potential for the removal of chromium(VI) ions from aqueous solutions.

Improvement in adsorption of Hg2+ from aqueous media using sodium-type fine zeolite grains.

To increase the adsorption capability of Hg2+ from aqueous media, we prepared sodium-type fine zeolite grains with various particle sizes (denoted as ZE1, ZE2 and ZE3). The particle sizes of ZE1, ZE2 and ZE3 were 16.363 ± 0.365, 1.454 ± 0.357 and 0.607 ± 0.377 µm, respectively. Moreover, the CEC, specific surface area and pore volume were in the order ZE1 (42 mmol/g and 23.5 m2/g) < ZE2 (72 mmol/g and 67.1 m2/g) < ZE3 (135 mmol/g and 176.6 m2/g). Subsequently, the Hg2+ adsorption capability was investigated. The performance of tested agents on Hg2+ adsorbed was in the order ZE1 (5.0 mg/g) < ZE2 (9.4 mg/g) < ZE3 (20.2 mg/g). It was concluded that fine crystalline zeolite was important in enhancing the adsorption capability of Hg2+. In addition, the mechanism of adsorption of Hg2+ on the ZE samples was evaluated. Our results suggested that Hg2+ was exchanged with sodium ions in the interlayers of ZE samples with correlation coefficients of 0.966-0.979. Our findings revealed that these ZE samples constitute potential agents for the adsorption of Hg2+ from aqueous media.

Characteristics of Raw and Acid-Activated Bentonite and Its Application for Improving Electrical Conductivity of Tap Water.

This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of acid-activated bentonite by focusing on its capability of improving the quality of tap water used during wire electrical discharge machining. Raw bentonite (RB) was activated using sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid solutions with concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 mol/L, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy images, specific surface area, pore volume, cation exchange capacity, X-ray diffraction patterns, and binding energy of RB and acid-activated bentonites were also evaluated. The specific surface area and pore volume of acid-activated bentonites exceeded those of RB. Conversely, the cation exchange capacity of acid-activated bentonites exhibited an opposite trend. The electrical conductivity of tap water was decreased significantly due to bentonite activated with sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid solution (removal percentage of approximately 31-39%), as compared to that due to RB. Therefore, the relationship between electrical conductivity and the removed concentration of anion/cation ions was evaluated; the correlation coefficient was -0.950 for the experimental condition in this study. Additionally, the amount of magnesium, calcium, potassium, and sodium ions were decreased after the treatment. These results indicated that acid-activated bentonite can be produced from RB via acid activation and that it can be used to decrease electrical conductivity of tap water.

Exploiting the Different Parameters on the Adsorption of Phosphate Ions and Its Subsequent Recovery Using Complex Nickel-Aluminum-Zirconium Hydroxide.

In this study, the effect of contact time, temperature, pH, and coexistences on the adsorption of phosphate ions using the complex nickel-aluminum-zirconium hydroxide (NAZ) was evaluated. Moreover, the recovery of adsorbed phosphate ions from NAZ using desorption solution with different concentrations was demonstrated. The results showed that the quantity of phosphate ions adsorbed gradually increased with time, and the adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 24 h after adsorption. This kinetic data could be well described by the pseudo-second-order model with the correlation coefficient in the value of 0.997. Additionally, the quantity of phosphate which was adsorbed increased as temperature increased, and these results corresponded well with both the Langmuir, the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.920-0.949, and Freundlich models, the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.863-0.995. These results showed that the adsorption of phosphate ion was monolayer adsorption onto the NAZ surface. The optimal pH for removal of phosphate ions from aqueous media was during 4-8. In addition, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate ions did not significantly affect to the adsorption capability of phosphate ions in the complex solution system. Finally, the phosphate ions which were adsorbed onto NAZ could be recovered using sodium sulfate solution (recovery percentage: approx. 50% using sodium sulfate solution at 1000 mmol/L). These results highlight the potential of using NAZ as the cost-effectiveness adsorbent for phosphate ions removal from aqueous media.

Adsorption Performance on As(III) from Aqueous Solution Using the Complex Nickel-Aluminum Hydroxides.

In this study, complex nickel-aluminum hydroxides were prepared at different molar ratios (NA12, NA11, NA21, NA31, and NA41), and their adsorption capability on arsenic ions (As(III)) from aqueous media was assessed. The physicochemical properties such as morphology, X-ray diffraction pattern, specific surface area, numbers of hydroxyl groups, and surface pH were investigated. In addition, the effect of contact time, temperature, and pH on the adsorption capability on As(III) was also evaluated. NA41 exerted the highest adsorption capability on As(III) comparable to other prepared adsorbents. However, the specific surface area and numbers of hydroxyl groups did not significantly affect the adsorption capability on As(III). The equilibrium adsorption of As(III) using NA41 was achieved within 24 h, and the obtained results corresponded to a pseudo-second-order model with correlation coefficient value of 0.980. Additionally, the adsorption isotherms were well described by both the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The optimal pH condition for removal of As(III) using NA41 was found to be approximately 6-8. Finally, the adsorption mechanism of As(III) was assessed by analyzing the binding energy and elemental distribution, which indicated that the electrostatic interaction and ion exchange influenced the adsorption of As(III) under experimental conditions. These results demonstrated the potential candidate of NA41 as an effective adsorbent on As(III) removal from aqueous media.

Characterization and Phosphate Adsorption Capability of Novel Nickel-Aluminum-Zirconium Complex Hydroxide.

In this study, the adsorption capability of phosphate ion using a novel tri-metals complex hydroxide was evaluated for preventing the eutrophication in water environment. A nickel-aluminum-zirconium complex hydroxide (NAZ) was synthesized using each inorganic sulfate mixing ratio of 0.9 : 1.0 : 0.1 and was calcined at different temperatures. The characteristics of the NAZ were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy images, X-ray diffraction analysis, elemental distribution, and binding energy. Moreover, the amount adsorbed of phosphate ion onto uncalcined and calcined NAZ was measured. That of phosphate ions onto the uncalcined was the largest of all. These results suggested that the adsorption of phosphate ions tends to depend on the physicochemical properties (e.g., amount of hydroxyl groups, pore volumes, and pH) of the adsorbents. Moreover, the adsorption mechanism of phosphate ions was evaluated on the basis of binding energy and elemental analysis. After adsorption, the binding energy of phosphorus P (2s and 2p) peaked and the sulfur peak intensity S(2s) reduced. This result indicated that the adsorption mechanism of phosphate would be exchanged with sulfate ions.

Adsorption of Phosphate Ions on Novel Mg/Fe/Al Hydroxides (MFA) Prepared at Different Mg2+/Fe3+/Al3+ Ratios.

In this study, we prepared novel Mg/Fe/Al hydroxides (MFA series: denoted by MFA1, MFA2, MF, and MA) and investigated their properties using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, the specific surface area, and amount of hydroxyl groups. Additionally, the phosphate adsorption capabilities of the MFA series or Fe-Mg type hydrotalcites (FHT3.0 and FHT5.0) were evaluated by examining the effects of the solution pH and contact time, and analyzing the adsorption isotherm and desorption characteristics. In MFA1, a strong correlation exists between the amount of adsorbed phosphate ions and surface hydroxyl groups, with a correlation coefficient of 0.95. The adsorption kinetics data fitted using the pseudo-second-order model performs better than the pseudo-first-order model. The adsorption isotherm data were also fitted using both the Freundlich and Langmuir models. Finally, the phosphate ions adsorbed on the MFA1 surfaces were desorbed using sodium hydroxide solution. These results indicate that MFA1 offers great potential for phosphate ion adsorption from aqueous solutions and functions as a renewable adsorbent.

Determining of the Water Quality of the Ping River at Different Seasons in Northern Thailand.

The water quality in a river (water environment) is very important for human health and aquatic organisms. In 2015, the highly regarded Water Resources Management Strategy of Thailand was announced by The Ministry of Industry in Thailand. In this study, the water quality of the Ping river in Northern Thailand, including Chiang Mai and Lamphun provinces, was focused on and measured for three different seasons (summer, rainy, and winter seasons). Anions (F-, Cl-, NO2-, NO3-, and SO42-) and cations (Na+, Mg2+, Si4+, S6+, K+, and Ca2+) were qualified by an ion chromatograph and an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, respectively. The concentration of anions and cations (except for Mg2+ and Ca2+) in the Ping river at upstream (countryside) locations were lower than that at downstream (closer main city) locations, which indicated that the fertilizers, industrial or household wastewaters had been flowing into the Ping river at downstream locations. Additionally, the concentration of anions and cations in the rainy season was higher than other seasons. The present results provide the water quality of the Ping river which was not yet reported officially by the Thailand government.

Evaluation of Nickel-Aluminium Complex Hydroxide for Adsorption of Chromium(VI) Ion.

In this study, nickel-aluminium complex hydroxides at different molar ratios (nickel-aluminium = 1 : 2, 1 : 1, 2 : 1, 3 : 1, and 4 : 1, referred to as NA12, NA11, NA21, NA31, and NA41) were prepared, and their adsorption capability for chromium(VI) ion was investigated. Firstly, physicochemical characteristics (SEM images, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, specific surface area, amount of hydroxyl groups, and surface pH) of nickel-aluminum complex hydroxide were evaluated. The amount of chromium(VI) ion adsorbed onto NA11 (15.3 mg/g) was greater than that adsorbed onto the other adsorbents. This research elucidated that the amount of chromium(VI) ion adsorbed using nickel-aluminium complex hydroxide was related to the adsorbent surface properties (r = 0.818-0.875). Subsequently, the adsorbent (NA11) surface before and after adsorption of chromium(VI) ion was evaluated, and chromium energy (577 and 586 eV) detected after adsorption onto the NA11 surface. These results revealed that the NA11 surface properties were very important for the removal of chromium(VI) ion from aqueous solution. In addition, the effects of pH, contact time, and temperature on the adsorption of chromium(VI) ion were evaluated. We confirmed a high recovery percentage of chromium(VI) ion when using sodium hydroxide solution at 10-1000 mmol/L (approximately greater than 80%) in this experimental condition. Thus, NA11 is a promising adsorbent for the removal of chromium(VI) ion from aqueous solution.

Histidine-rich Glycoprotein Could Be an Early Predictor of Vasospasm after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) is a major contributor to the high morbidity and mortality of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients. We measured histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG), a new biomarker of aSAH, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to investigate whether HRG might be an early predictor of CVS. A total of seven controls and 14 aSAH patients (8 males, 6 females aged 53.4±15.4 years) were enrolled, and serial CSF and serum samples were taken. We allocated these samples to three phases (T1-T3) and measured HRG, interleukin (IL)-6, fibrinopeptide A (FpA), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) in the CSF, and the HRG in serum. We also examined the release of HRG in rat blood incubated in artificial CSF. In contrast to the other biomarkers examined, the change in the CSF HRG concentration was significantly different between the nonspasm and spasm groups (p<0.01). The rat blood/CSF model revealed a time course similar to that of the human CSF samples in the non-spasm group. HRG thus appears to have the potential to become an early predictor of CVS. In addition, the interaction of HRG with IL-6, FpA, and 8OHdG may form the pathology of CVS.

Adsorption Capability of Fe-HT3.0 for Nitrite and Nitrate Ions in a Binary Solution System.

In this study, the adsorption capability of Fe-HT3.0 for nitrite and nitrate ions in a binary solution system was evaluated. It was found that the amount of nitrite and nitrate ions adsorbed in a single solution (1.19 and 1.27 mmol/g, respectively) was higher than that in a binary solution (0.36 and 0.90 mmol/g, respectively). Equilibrium adsorption was attained within 6-24 h. The adsorption data were fitted to a pseudo-second-order model (correlation coefficient: 0.999), and indicated that the adsorption of both nitrite and nitrate ions is controlled by chemical sorption. Additionally, the binding energies before and after the adsorption of nitrite and nitrate ions in the binary solution system were measured. After adsorption, new nitrogen peaks (approx. 399 and 403 eV) were detected. The results of this study show the potential of Fe-HT3.0 for the removal of nitrite and nitrate ions from aqueous solution systems.

Evaluation of the Interaction between Borate Ions and Nickel-Aluminum Complex Hydroxide for Purification of Wastewater.

A new mixed metal hydroxide adsorbent (NA11, molar ratioNi-Al = 1 : 1) was prepared and its physicochemical properties (specific surface area, amount of hydroxyl group, scanning electron microscopy images, X-ray diffraction analysis, elemental distribution, and binding energy) were studied. In addition, the amount of borate ion adsorbed using several adsorbents, including NA11, was evaluated in this study. The specific surface area of and amount of hydroxyl group in NA11 was greater than those of the other studied adsorbents. The amount of borate ion adsorbed showed similar trends to those of the specific surface area and number of hyrdroxyl groups, which indicated that the adsorption mechanism of borate ion was related to the specific surface area and the amount of hydroxyl group. After adsorption, the binding energy of boron B(1s) peaked, and the sulfur peak intensity S(2s) and S(2p) reduced. These results suggest that ion exchange between borate and sulfate ions was one of the adsorption mechanisms. Equilibrium adsorption was reached within 6 h in the case of NA11. These data were fitted into a pseudo-second-order model (r = 0.813-0.998). The solution pH affected the capacity of NA11 for adsorbing borate ion from aqueous solution. It was found that adsorbance was greatest at pH 10. Adsorption isotherm data were fitted to both the Freundlich (r = 0.986-0.994) and Langmuir (r = 0.997-0.999) isotherm equations. Collectively, it is suggested that NA11 is prospectively useful for the adsorption of borate ion from aqueous solutions.

QPY/RAH haplotypes of the GZMB gene are associated with natural killer cell cytotoxicity.

Granzyme B (GzmB) is a component of cytolytic granules within NK cells and is involved in several pathologies. It has previously been reported that there are three non-synonymous coding SNPs (rs8192917; Q48R, rs11539752; P88A, and rs2236338; Y245H) in the GZMB gene and that the QPY/RAH allele was clustered together close to the C-terminal α-helix. However, it is unknown whether the function of GzmB produced from NK cells is influenced by QPY/RAH polymorphism. The authors investigated the distribution of QPY/RAH polymorphism of the GZMB gene in a Japanese population (n = 106), and the involvement of Q48R polymorphism in NK cell cytotoxicity, degranulation, and production of GzmB. A strong linkage disequilibrium was observed among these SNPs, and NK cell cytotoxicity was influenced by rs8192917 (Q48R). Moreover, it found that R48-GzmB is a stable protein that accumulates to similar levels in activated NK cells as Q48-GzmB. rs8192917 polymorphism may influence antitumor activity and the effect of antitumor cellular immunotherapy. The authors expect that these new informations about QPY/RAH polymorphism of the GZMB gene could help to assess the impact of NK cell cytotoxicity in several pathologies and aid their treatment.

Improvement of the Homogeneous Fenton Reaction for Degradation of Methylene Blue and Acid Orange II.

In this study, the degradation of methylene blue (MB) and acid orange II (ORII) by the Fenton reaction was improved by using HCl and HNO3. In addition, the effects of pH, temperature, concentration of Fenton's reagent, and adjustment reagent of solution pH on the decoloration were evaluated. The results showed that the optimal pH for decoloration of MB and ORII was 2.5 and that the decoloration of MB and ORII increased with higher temperature and concentration of Fenton's reagent. Moreover, the decoloration in the Fenton-reaction process with HCl and HNO3 was greater than the decoloration with H2SO4 by approximately 4.3-5.6 and 1.7-5.6 times for MB and 3.2-3.6 and 4.6-7.2 times for ORII compared to with H2SO4. These results indicated that Fenton-reaction with HCl and HNO3 could be useful for the degradation technology of dyes compared to generally Fenton-reactions.