RESUMO
Two variations of a vocal paired-stimulus preference assessment were evaluated to determine whether the verbal reports of preference, given by individuals with developmental disabilities when no access to the activity was given, matched their verbal reports when access to the activity was given contingent on their choice. The results indicated different outcomes between the two methods for 6 of the 7 participants. Subsequent reinforcer assessments, conducted for 2 participants, showed that activities identified in the preference assessments that provided access contingent on selection resulted in more responding than did activities identified in the preference assessment that did not include access to items following their selection.
Assuntos
Comportamento de Escolha , Educação de Pessoa com Deficiência Intelectual , Pessoas com Deficiência Mental/psicologia , Reforço por Recompensa , Comportamento Verbal , Adolescente , Criança , Condicionamento Operante , Humanos , Masculino , Motivação , Resolução de ProblemasRESUMO
Risperidone, an atypical neuroleptic, has become a popular option for treating destructive behaviors of persons with developmental disabilities. A few studies have been conducted that evaluate the effects of risperidone on destructive behavior; however, none of these studies have combined objective measures with rating scales to evaluate the effects of risperidone on destructive behavior across home and clinical settings. This study evaluated the wide range of effects of risperidone on destructive behavior of 2 persons with developmental disabilities using weekly functional analysis sessions, daily observations, hourly home data, weekly rating scales, and monthly psychiatric impressions. Results indicate that risperidone does decrease destructive behavior and that, for the most part, all of the various measures yielded similar results.
Assuntos
Antipsicóticos/uso terapêutico , Risperidona/uso terapêutico , Comportamento Autodestrutivo/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Agressão/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtorno Autístico/tratamento farmacológico , Transtorno Autístico/psicologia , Síndrome de Coffin-Lowry/psicologia , Estudos Cross-Over , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Comportamento Autodestrutivo/psicologia , Meio Social , Inquéritos e Questionários , Síndrome de Tourette/psicologiaRESUMO
Consumer satisfaction and social validity were measured during a double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the atypical neuroleptic risperidone in treating severe aberrant behavior of persons with developmental disabilities. First, a satisfaction survey was completed after a medication trial by each participant's caregiver. Results showed that 100% of the caregivers felt that participation was a positive experience for themselves and participants. Second, 52 community members viewed videotapes of 5 participants during a clinical interview when they were taking either placebo or risperidone. Raters also indicated that when on the medication, participants displayed fewer aberrant behaviors, were less irritable, in a better mood, and were more responsive to their environment.
Assuntos
Antipsicóticos/uso terapêutico , Comportamento/efeitos dos fármacos , Cuidadores/psicologia , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/tratamento farmacológico , Risperidona/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Comportamento do Consumidor , Estudos Cross-Over , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/psicologia , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Satisfação do Paciente , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Inquéritos e Questionários , Resultado do Tratamento , Gravação de VideoteipeRESUMO
The consumption of nonfood items (i.e., pica) frequently occurs in persons with developmental disabilities. Pica may result in the puncture or blockage of the digestive tract, infestation by gastrointestinal parasites, and can interfere with an individual's daily learning, occupational performance, and quality of life. Twenty-six published studies have examined the efficacy of behavioral-intervention packages (e.g., differential reinforcement of other behavior, noncontingent attention, or overcorrection) on the pica of persons with developmental disabilities. This article reviews those studies and discusses the effectiveness, generality, and acceptability of the various intervention packages used to reduce pica. Additionally, this article highlights the recent clinical advancements that have been made in the treatment of the pica of persons with developmental disabilities.
Assuntos
Terapia Comportamental/métodos , Deficiência Intelectual/reabilitação , Pica/terapia , Educação de Pessoa com Deficiência Intelectual/métodos , Humanos , Deficiência Intelectual/psicologia , Pica/psicologia , Reforço PsicológicoRESUMO
Effects of two doses of risperidone on the performance of a matching task under tangible reinforcement and nonreinforcement conditions were measured in a woman with mental retardation. In both conditions, time to complete the task increased and response rates decreased under two doses of risperidone. Accuracy was generally unchanged. These changes were much smaller in the tangible reinforcement condition; thus, reinforcement seemed to protect performance from the rate-decreasing effects of risperidone.
Assuntos
Antipsicóticos/efeitos adversos , Atenção/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtorno Autístico/tratamento farmacológico , Terapia Comportamental/métodos , Transtorno Bipolar/tratamento farmacológico , Aprendizagem por Discriminação/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtornos Disruptivos, de Controle do Impulso e da Conduta/tratamento farmacológico , Deficiência Intelectual/tratamento farmacológico , Risperidona/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Antipsicóticos/uso terapêutico , Transtorno Autístico/psicologia , Transtorno Bipolar/psicologia , Transtornos Disruptivos, de Controle do Impulso e da Conduta/psicologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Método Duplo-Cego , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Humanos , Deficiência Intelectual/psicologia , Reconhecimento Visual de Modelos/efeitos dos fármacos , Desempenho Psicomotor/efeitos dos fármacos , Tempo de Reação/efeitos dos fármacos , Esquema de Reforço , Risperidona/uso terapêutico , Reforço por RecompensaRESUMO
Prader-Willi syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by obesity. The Figure Rating Scale (Stunkard, Sorensen, & Schulsinger, 1983) was completed by 43 individuals with this syndrome to determine their level of dissatisfaction with their body. Their parents also completed this scale regarding their child to determine whether they were dissatisfied with their child's body status. Results showed that individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome were dissatisfied with their body. Parents also were dissatisfied with their child's body. Results of this study demonstrate that the responses of persons with Prader-Willi syndrome on the Figure Rating Scale show significant discrepancies between how they think they look and how they wished they looked.
Assuntos
Imagem Corporal , Pais/psicologia , Síndrome de Prader-Willi/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Índice de Massa Corporal , Tamanho Corporal , Criança , Comportamento Compulsivo/genética , Comportamento Compulsivo/psicologia , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Hiperfagia/genética , Hiperfagia/psicologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/genética , Obesidade/psicologia , Sobrepeso/genética , Sobrepeso/psicologia , Síndrome de Prader-Willi/genética , Fatores Sexuais , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Repetitive and invariant behavior is a diagnostic feature of autism. We implemented a lag reinforcement schedule to increase response diversity for 6 participants with autism aged 6 to 10 years, 4 of whom also received prompting plus additional training. These procedures appeared to increase the variety of building-block structures, demonstrating that an intervention that includes differential reinforcement can increase response diversity for children with an autism spectrum disorder.