Photosynthetic Costs and Impact on Epidemiological Parameters Associated with Ht Resistance Genes in Maize Lines Infected with Exserohilum turcicum.

Northern corn leaf blight, caused by Exserohilum turcicum, is mainly controlled by the use of resistant cultivars. Maize lines carrying individual resistance genes B37Ht1, B37Ht2, B37Ht3, and B37Htn1 express different defense symptoms having an impact on the photosynthetic activity, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and epidemiological parameters. Plants were inoculated with a race 0 isolate of E. turcicum conferring a compatible interaction with B37 and incompatible interactions with plants carrying resistance genes. Five days postinoculation (dpi), the resistant lines displayed a reduction in leaf CO2 assimilation of 30 to 80% compared with healthy plants. At 14 dpi, inoculated plants of B37Ht1 showed a significant decrease in leaf CO2 assimilation, similar to B37 (up to 94%). The instantaneous carboxylation efficiency was significantly reduced on inoculated plants of the lines B37Ht2, B37Ht3, and B37Htn1 (54 to 81%) at 5 dpi. Curiously, the reduction in carboxylation efficiency for B37 and B37Ht1 (up to 95%) was higher at 14 dpi than at 5 dpi (up to 81%). At 6 dpi, low levels of H2O2 were detected in B37Ht1, in contrast to B37Htn1, where a high H2O2 level and peroxidase activity were observed. The sporulation rate on B37Ht1, B37Ht3, and B37Htn1 decreased by 92% compared with the susceptible control, whereas strong sporulation occurred in lesions on line B37Ht2. The resistance in maize to E. turcicum conferred by Ht resistance genes is associated with photosynthetic costs and may have quite contrasting effects on host physiology and major epidemiological parameters, such as sporulation, which contributes inoculum for secondary infections.

Comparative digital study using four methods of measurements of the tibial distal anatomical axes for determining the anatomical-mechanical angle in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the amplitude of the anatomical-mechanical angle (AMA-angle) using 4 measuring methods of the tibial distal anatomical axes (DAA) previously described, comparing the literature results to determine if there are significant differences in patients with cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) rupture. ANIMALS: This study was comprised of 30 tibiae (29 dogs), including 1 bilateral case. METHODS: A retrospective study was selected for this research. DAA measurements were performed on all surgically confirmed cases of canine CrCL rupture at Hospital Veterinário de Especialidades Bruselas from 2019 to 2022. Four different published methods (identified by surname of the corresponding author of the original publication) were compared. Tibial measurements were made using Veterinary Preoperative Orthopedic Planning Pro software (https://vpop-pro.com/) on mediolateral radiographic projections obtained from a digital database. RESULTS: The mean (range) in the DAA method conducted by Hulse obtained a AMA-angle of 5.4° (3.3 to 8.1°), 3.0° (0 to 5.8°) for Osmond et al, 3.2° (0.9 to 6°) for Miles, and 5.9° (2.4 to 8.8°) for Tudury. Differences among the means of the AMA-angle of the authors methods were found with a statistical difference (P < .05), except between Osmond and Miles. The mean AMA-angle with the Osmond method concurred with previous study results that determined the magnitude using the same measurement method of DAA in patients with CrCL rupture. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The AMA-angle magnitude has been associated with higher sensitivity and specificity for predicting the development of CrCL rupture compared to other anatomical factors evaluated; therefore, future comparisons with different methods of measurement of the DAA between healthy and affected patients are recommended to determine whether any of them can increase the percentage value as a predictive factor for the occurrence of this condition.

Relationship between personality traits and panic disorder.

Panic disorder is a chronic course disorder that causes important distress and impaired social function. The relationship between personality disorders and panic disorder has been studied, and determines its severity, course and treatment, but it has not been studied the relationship between personality traits and outcome of panic disorder. 82 patients with a first episode of panic disorder are selected and followed during 1 year, to analyze the existence and kind of relationship between their personality traits and the outcome of their disorder.

In Vitro and In Planta Studies on Temperature Adaptation of Exserohilum turcicum Isolates from Maize in Europe and South America.

Northern Corn Leaf Blight (NCLB) is a fungal leaf disease in maize caused by Exserohilum turcicum. NCLB occurs worldwide, from tropical to temperate zones raising the question about plasticity of temperature adaptation of local isolates of the pathogen. Seven isolates of E.turcicum originating from South America and seven from Europe were compared for their response to temperature variations in vitro and in vivo between 15 and 30 °C. In vitro, isolates originating from Europe and South America significantly differed in mycelial growth rate at 30 °C and in sporulation at 25 °C and 30 °C. Aggressiveness of E. turcicum isolates was evaluated on three susceptible maize cultivars (maize lines B37, Sus1 and the German hybrid Niklas) under different day/night temperature regimes (15/10 °C, 20/15 °C, 25/20 °C, or 30/25 °C) with a photoperiod of 14 h. Aggressiveness, recorded as area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), of South American isolates was higher than for European isolates at 15 °C, 20 °C and 25 °C, and for sporulation in vivo in all temperatures. In general, aggressiveness components were most influenced by temperature. Therefore, multivariate analysis was performed with aggressiveness component data at 30 °C, which expressed the highest number of variables with significant differences between isolate origins. According to their aggressiveness, European and South American isolates can be grouped separately, demonstrating that South American isolates are better adapted to higher temperatures and display a higher level of aggressiveness under similar conditions than European isolates from a cool climate. It is concluded that plasticity of temperature adaptation in E.turcicum populations is relatively large and allowed E. turcicum to follow the recent expansion of maize cultivation into cool climate zones in Europe. However, our data suggest that adaptation to higher temperature is likely to increase aggressiveness of NCLB on maize in cooler climate zones when experiencing further climate warming. This plasticity in adaptation to environmental conditions of E.turcicum may also hamper the success of breeding programs as it may decrease the durability of resistance.

Diversity of Expression Types of Ht Genes Conferring Resistance in Maize to Exserohilum turcicum.

Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) is an important leaf disease in maize (Zea mays) worldwide and is spreading into new areas with expanding maize cultivation, like Germany. Exserohilum turcicum, causal agent of NCLB, infects and colonizes leaf tissue and induces elongated necrotic lesions. Disease control is based on fungicide application and resistant cultivars displaying monogenic resistance. Symptom expression and resistance mechanisms differ in plants carrying different resistance genes. Therefore, histological studies and DNA quantification were performed to compare the pathogenesis of E. turcicum races in maize lines exhibiting compatible or incompatible interactions. Maize plants from the differential line B37 with and without resistance genes Ht1, Ht2, Ht3, and Htn1 were inoculated with either incompatible or compatible races (race 0, race 1 and race 23N) of E. turcicum. Leaf segments from healthy and inoculated plants were collected at five different stages of infection and disease development from penetration (0-1 days post inoculation - dpi), until full symptom expression (14-18 dpi). Symptoms of resistance responses conveyed by the different Ht genes considerably differed between Ht1 (necrotic lesions with chlorosis), Ht2 (chlorosis and small lesions), Ht3 (chlorotic spots) and Htn1 (no lesions or wilt-type lesions). In incompatible interactions, fungal DNA was only detected in very low amounts. At 10 dpi, DNA content was elevated in all compatible interactions. Histological studies with Chlorazol Black E staining indicated that E. turcicum formed appressoria and penetrated the leaf surface directly in both types of interaction. In contrast to incompatible interactions, however, the pathogen was able to penetrate into xylem vessels at 6 dpi in compatible interactions and strongly colonized the mesophyll at 12 dpi, which is considered the crucial process differentiating susceptible from resistant interactions. Following the distinct symptom expressions, resistance mechanisms conferred by Ht1, Ht2, Ht3, and Htn1 genes apparently are different. Lower disease levels and a delayed progress of infection in compatible interactions with resistant lines imply that maize R genes to E. turcicum are associated with or confer additional quantitative resistance.

Optic neuropathy associated with linezolid: systematic review of cases.

OBJECTIVE: Collect and analyze all the described cases of optic neuropathy associated with linezolid. METHOD: A systematic review of cases was carried out through a search in PubMed-Medline, Embase and ScienceDirect, between September 2002 and April 2018. The demographic, clinical and ophthalmology  characteristics of each patient were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 33 cases from 26 independent articles were analyzed. The mean age was 44.97 ± 21.40 years (range: 6-79) and 16  (50%) of 32 cases were women. The duration of treatment with linezolid  until onset of symptoms was greater than 28 days in 29 (90.6%) of 32  documented cases. The mean time of exposure to onset of symptoms was 8.5 ± 8.6 months (range: 0.33-50). A total of 12 of 26 adult patients  received linezolid 600 mg/24 h, starting. In 30 (90.9%) patients loss of  visual acuity was documented. Linezolid was withdrawn in all cases once the diagnosis was confirmed, with clinical improvement in 31 (93.9%) cases. Conclusions: Optic neuropathy is a reversible complication related to the  prolonged use of linezolid and regardless of the dose. We recommend follow- up in patients with long treatments (> 28 days) and ophthalmological exploration in those with visual alterations for the early  diagnosis of neuropathy and early withdrawal of linezolid.

Objetivo: Recoger y analizar todos los casos descritos de neuropatía óptica  asociada a linezolid.Método: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de casos mediante una  búsqueda en PubMed-Medline, Embase y ScienceDirect, entre septiembre de 2002 y abril de 2018. Se evaluaron las características demográficas,  clínicas y oftalmológicas de cada paciente.Resultados: Se analizaron un total de 33 casos procedentes de 26 artículos independientes. La media de edad fue de 44,97 ± 21,40 años (rango: 6-79) y 16 (50%) de los 32 casos fueron mujeres. La duración  del tratamiento con linezolid hasta el comienzo de los síntomas fue superior  a 28 días en 29 (90,6%) de los 32 casos documentados. El tiempo medio de  exposición hasta el comienzo de los síntomas fue de 8,5 ± 8,6 meses (rango: 0,33-50). Un total de 12 de 26 pacientes adultos recibieron  linezolid 600 mg/24 h de inicio. En 30 (90,9%) pacientes se documentó pérdida de la agudeza visual. Se retiró linezolid en todos los  casos una vez confirmado el diagnóstico, con mejoría clínica en 31 (93,9%)  casos.Conclusiones: La neuropatía óptica es una complicación reversible  relacionada con el uso prolongado de linezolid e independiente de la dosis. Recomendamos realizar un seguimiento a los pacientes con  tratamientos largos (> 28 días) y exploración oftalmológica en aquellos con  alteraciones visuales para el diagnóstico temprano de la neuropatía y la  retirada precoz de linezolid.

Vulnerable narcissism is associated with severity of depressive symptoms in dysthymic patients.

Pathological narcissism involves grandiose and vulnerable presentations. Narcissism, and specifically the vulnerable presentation, has been associated to depression, although empirical research studying this relationship is limited. Dysthymia is characterized by a greater treatment resistance and poorer prognosis than other chronic depressive disorders. The presence of dysfunctional personality traits may explain it. We aim to explore the association between vulnerable narcissistic traits and severity of depressive symptoms in a sample of dysthymic patients. To that end, 80 dysthymic outpatients were evaluated. The treating psychiatrist collected sociodemographic and clinical data and completed the Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale. Patients completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS), that respectively assess severity of depressive symptoms and vulnerable narcissism. We tested for potential confounders and conducted a regression analysis to explore whether severity of vulnerable narcissism was associated with greater depressive symptoms. HSNS was found to be the principal predictor of BDI, and along with age, accounted for 23% of the variance in BDI. An assessment of personality functioning is therefore recommended in chronically depressed patients that have been refractory to standard treatments. Psychotherapies that address personality disturbance should be included in the treatment when necessary.

Local and systemic toxicity of h-R3, an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody, labeled with 188osmiun after the intracerebral administration in rats.

h-R3 is a humanized anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody (MAb). This receptor is over-expressed in the majority of tumors of epithelial origin, including glioblastomas. 188Rhenium (188Re) constitutes an ideal radionuclide for imagining and radioimmunotherapy, and its toxicity is known, nevertheless, it is unknown if 188Os, as 188Re's daughter, has any local or systemic toxicity effect when it is administered intracerebrally for treating intracranial tumors. For this reason we decided to assess the toxicity of stable 188Os once the complete decay of 188Re has occurred, by administering intracerebrally to rats the h-R3 labeled with 188Os. Forty rats (20 each sex) were distributed randomly into four experimental groups (ten per group): control group received 5microL of glucoheptonate solution vehicle; two other groups were treated with unlabeled or labeled h-R3 with 188Os. The remaining group served as a non-treated control group. A single 5 microL dose (2.5 microL into each lateral ventricle) of neutral solution containing 50 microg of h-R3 labeled initially with 13.25 microCi of 188Re was stereotactically administered into lateral ventricles 8 days after the conjugation with the radionuclide was done. Each animal was observed daily for detection of toxicity signs. Body weights were recorded on days 0, 7 and 14. Blood samples for analysis of hematological and clinical chemistry parameters were taken on days 0 and 14. Necropsy and histopathological studies were carried out at the end of the study. All animals gained weight by day 14. There were no changes in hematological and clinical chemistry, but minimal histopathological changes were observed at the application sites. This study shows that single doses of 188Os-h-R3 is tolerable and causes minimal local and no systemic toxicity effects in rats.

Non-clinical immuno-toxicological evaluation of HER1 cancer vaccine in non-human primates: a 12-month study.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1) constitutes a tumor associated antigen. Its overexpression in many epithelial tumors has been associated with bad prognosis and poor survival. Cancer vaccine based on the extracellular domain (ECD) of HER1 and adjuvated in very small sized proteoliposomes (VSSP) and Montanide ISA 51-VG is a new and complementary approach for the treatment of epithelial tumors. The present study deals with the immunogenicity of this vaccine in Macaca fascicularis monkeys and evaluation of its toxicity during 12 months. Twelve monkeys were randomized into two groups of 3 animals per sex: control and vaccinated. Treated monkeys received 9 doses of vaccination and were daily inspected for clinical signs. Body weight, rectal temperature, cardiac and respiratory rates were measured during the study. Humoral immune response, clinical pathology parameters and delayed type hypensensitivity were analyzed. Skin biopsy was performed at the end of the study in all animals. Animal's survival in the study was 100% (n=12). Local reactions were observed at the administration site of four treated animals (n=6), with two showing slight inflammatory cutaneous damage. Clinical pathology parameters were not affected. HER1 vaccine induced high IgG antibodies titers in the treated animals even when DTH was not observed. The induced antibodies recognized HER1+ tumor cell lines, decreased HER1 phosphorylation and showed anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in H125 cells. In general the present study showed that HER1 vaccine induced specific immune response in M. fascicularis monkeys and was well tolerated, suggesting it could be safely used in clinical studies in epithelial cancer patients.

Primera incursión en la obtención de curieles libre de patógenos específicos en Cuba / First foray into the production of specific pathogen-free guinea pigs in Cuba

Resultados confiables y económicos solo son obtenidos cuando los animales de experimentación son aislados de factores ambientales y biológicos, implantándose en el biomodelo una microbiota normal, lejos de la presencia de microorganismos patógenos. El objetivo de la investigación fue obtener curieles libre de patógenos específicos por cesárea aséptica, mantenidos en aisladores y alimentados con dietas estériles. Se realizaron 26 histerectomías. Los animales fueron alimentados con una fórmula modificada (L-477) en forma de papilla hasta los 21 días y permanentemente después la C-484 sólida y granulada, esterilizadas a 121oC/20 minutos o a 1,5Mrad. Además fueron suplementados con vitamina C y B1. El forraje o heno fue consumido a partir de la primera generación. La microbiota gastrointestinal se administró por vía oral en 0,5 ml de una dilución de 10-6/g de contenido de la porción final del íleon, ciego y principio del colon de curieles, a las 24 y 48 horas del nacimiento. Se utilizó para el monitoreo microbiológico caldo Tioglicolato, caldo Triptona Soya y caldo Saboraud incubados aeróbicamente a temperatura de 55, 37 y 25oC respectivamente. Se obtuvieron 51 neonatos. La mortalidad más alta se registró entre los primeros 10 días de edad (58,8%). Se lograron 12 animales (3 machos y 9 hembras), 6 de las hembras se reprodujeron aproximadamente a los 9 meses de edad, lográndose 11 crías por parto normal. La metodología aplicada permitió obtener curieles libres de Salmonella sp, Pasteurella sp, Streptococcus del tipo A y C, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Toxoplasma gondii, Virus Sendai y parásitos internos y externos.

Confidence and economics results are only obtained when the animals are isolated of the environmental and biological factors, that could interfere the course of from investigation and when is being established in them, a normal microflora balanced far from the presence of pathogen microorganisms. They were accomplished 26 histerectomies. The animals were fed with a modified formula of L-477 in the form of porridge until 21 days of age and permanently after with the C-484 solid and granulated, sterilized at 121oC/20 minutes or 1,5Mrad. The forage or hay was consumed by the first generation since the 6 months of age. The gastrointestinal flora was administered by oral route with 0,5 ml of a dilution of 10-6/g of the contents of the ileum final portion, cecum and first part of the colon of conventionalized Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs, at 24 and 48 hours born. It was used for microbiological bacteria monitoring Thioglycolate broth, Tryptic Soy broth and Sabouraud broth incubated aerobically at temperatures of 55, 37 and 25oC respectively. There were obtained 51 newborns. The highest mortality was registered during the first 10 days of age (58,8%). There were archieved 12 animals: 9 female and 3 males. 6 of the female were reproduced approximately at 9 months of age and were archieved 11 normal delivery sucklings. There were obtained guinea pigs free of the followings specific pathogens: Salmonella sp., Pasteurella sp., Streptococcus of the group A y C. Bordetella bronchiseptica, Toxoplasma gondii, Sendai Virus, beside internal and external parasites.

State of the art in developing allergen vaccines in Cuba: prospects of novel adjuvanted vaccines.

Standardized allergen vaccines have been developed and registered as biopharmaceutical products in Cuba. Three different vaccines were obtained from the most relevant allergenic mite species: Dermatophagoides pteronvssinus, Dermatophagoides siboney, and Blomia tropicalis. Immuno-analytical methods based on murine monoclonal antibodies and human IgE antibodies were developed for assessing allergenic potency, composition, and stability. Preclinical and clinical studies showed efficacy and safety in diagnostic prick-tests and subcutaneous immunotherapy in asthmatic patients. New approaches are now undertaken in order to develop new adjuvanted formulations based on liposomes or proteoliposomes from Neisseria meningitidis, and purified allergens; aiming to overcome the drawbacks of conventional immunotherapy.

Clasificación toxicológica aguda del fruto seco pulverizado de Morinda citrifolia L (NONI-C)® en ratas Cenp: SPRD / Acute toxicity classification of powdered dry fruit of Morinda citrifolia L. (NONI-C)® in Cenp:SPRD rats

INTRODUCCIÓN: Morinda citrifolia L. se ha usado en la medicina tradicional para reducir dolores crónicos, regular la presión arterial, aliviar dolores artríticos, eliminar tóxicos del organismo, estados de alergias y asma.OBJETIVOS: clasificar el polvo del fruto seco de M. citrifolia NONI-C® según el método de las clases de toxicidad aguda (CTA). MÉTODOS: se evaluó el NONI-C® mediante el ensayo de las clases de toxicidad, que permite clasificar la sustancia en un rango de toxicidad. Se utilizaron 6 hembras de la sublínea Cenp:SPRD, procedentes del Centro Nacional para la Producción de Animales de Laboratorio (CENPALAB). Se les administró una dosis única de 2 g de material vegetal seco/kg de peso corporal de NONI-C® por vía oral, previo ayuno. El período de observación fue de 14 d, en el cual se monitorearon las condiciones ambientales diariamente, la aparición de signos de toxicidad y muerte, así como el peso corporal en los días 0, 7 y 14 del ensayo. RESULTADOS: los animales alcanzaron 100 % de supervivencia. No se observaron signos de toxicidad, tras la administración de la sustancia ensayo en la dosis máxima de 2 g/kg. En la evaluación anatomopatológica no se observaron alteraciones macroscópicas en la superficie externa de los animales y en ninguna de sus cavidades, órganos y tejidos. CONCLUSIONES: de acuerdo con el método de toxicidad de clases, el producto NONI-C® resultó no clasificado, DL50 aguda es mayor que 2 g/kg.

INTRODUCTION: Morinda citrifolia L. has been used in the traditional medicine to reduce the chronic pains, to regulate the blood pressure, to relieve arthritic pains, to eliminate the toxic agents of organism, allergy states and asthma. OBJECTIVES: to classify the dry fruit powder of M. citrifolia NONI-C®according the different acute toxicity kinds. METHODS: we used 6 female rats of Cenp:SPRD subspecies from The National Center for the Production of Laboratory Animals (NCPLA). A 2 g single dose of dry vegetal material/kg of body weight of NONI-C® was administered per os before breakfast. Observation period was of 14 days to monitoring the daily environmental conditions, appearance of toxicity signs, and death, as well as the body weight at 0, 7 and 14 days from assay. RESULTS: animals had a 100 % survival. There were not toxicity signs after assayed substance administration it maximal 2 g/kg dose. In anatomical and pathological evaluation there were neither macroscopic alterations in external surface of animals nor in its cavities, organs and tissues. CONCLUSIONS: accordint to toxicity kinds method, NONI-C® was not classified, acute DL50 is higher than 2 g/kg.

Toxicidad crónica de polvo de taninos obtenidos de corteza de Pinus caribaea Morelet por vía oral en ratas / Chronic oral toxicity of tannin powders obtained from bark of Pinus caribaea Morelet in rats

INTRODUCCIÓN: se han demostrado los efectos antimutagénicos y no genotóxicos de los taninos de Pinus caribaea Morelet, así como su influencia en la mejoría de la calidad de vida de pacientes. OBJETIVOS: evaluar la toxicidad crónica del polvo de taninos obtenido de corteza de P. caribaea por vía oral. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio de toxicidad crónica (6 meses) por vía oral en ratas Cenp:SPRD. Se conformaron un grupo control y 3 tratados (1, 2,5 y 5 mg/kg/d/6 meses). Se realizaron observaciones clínicas diarias. El peso corporal y los consumos de agua y alimento se midieron semanalmente. Al inicio, en la semana 13 y al final del estudio se realizaron exámenes de laboratorio clínico. Al concluir los 6 meses se sacrificaron todos los animales y se efectuó necropsia completa de cada uno, así como el estudio microscópico de los órganos y tejidos de los animales de los grupos Dosis alta y control. RESULTADOS: durante el estudio murió 1 hembra del gurpo Dosis baja, el resto de los animales alcanzó el final del estudio con buen estado. Los signos clínicos descritos estuvieron distribuidos por todos los grupos y no guardaron relación con la sustancia de ensayo. La curva de peso corporal fue similar para todos los grupos. El consumo de agua se incrementó en los animales tratados con la dosis mayor, el consumo de alimento no se vio afectado. Los parámetros de laboratorio clínico presentaron diferencias, aunque se mantuvieron dentro de los rangos normales reportados para la especie. Los hallazgos de anatomía patológica no guardaron relación con la administración del polvo de taninos. CONCLUSIONES: la administración oral durante 6 meses del polvo de taninos de corteza de P. caribaea no produjo toxicidad.

INTRODUCTION: effects of antimutagenic and non-genotoxic agents of tannins from Pinus caribaea Morelet, as well as its influence in improvement of quality life of patients. OBJECTIVES: to assess chronic oral toxicity of tannin powder obtained from bark of P. caribaea. METHODS: we performed a study on chronic toxicity (6 months) per os in Cenp:SPRD rats. We made clinical observations daily. There was a control group and 3 treated (1, 2, 5 and 5 mg/kg/d/6 months). We performed clinical observations daily. Body weight and water and food consumptions were measured weekly. At the beginning, in 13 week and at the end of study, we carried out clinical laboratory examinations. At 6 months all animals were scarified and we made a complete necropsy of each, as well as a microscopical study of organs and tissues of animals in groups of higher dose and control. RESULTS: during study a female in lower dose group died, the remainder finished the study in a good sate. Clinical signs described were distributed by all groups and had not relation with assay substance. Body weight curve was similar for all groups. Water consumption increased in animals treated with the higher dose, but the food consumption was normal. Clinical laboratory parameters had differences, although they were within normal ranks reported for the species. Findings of pathologic anatomy have not relation to administration of tannin powders. CONCLUSIONS: There was not toxicity with per os administration during 6 months of tannin powders from bark of P. caribaea.

Evaluación del extracto fluido de Pluchea carolinensis (Jacq) G Don. por el método de clases de toxicidad en ratas / Evaluation of fluid extract from Pluchea carolinensis (jacq) G Don by the toxicity class method in rats

Introducción: la salvia de playa, Pluchea carolinensis (Jacq) G Don., ha sido utilizada en la medicina tradicional para eliminar fiebres, digestiones lentas, dolores de riñones, de cabeza, ronqueras. Objetivos: clasificar al extracto fluido de salvia comenzando por el nivel de dosis 2 000 mg/kg, según el método de clase de toxicidad aguda. MÉTODOS: se evaluó el extracto fluido de hojas secas de salvia de playa mediante el ensayo de las clases de toxicidad, que permite clasificar la sustancia en un rango de toxicidad. Se utilizaron 6 hembras de la sublínea Cenp:SPRD, procedentes del CENPALAB. Se les administró una dosis única de 2 000 mg/kg de peso corporal del extracto fluido de salvia de playa por vía oral, previo ayuno. El período de observación fue de 14 d, en el cual se monitorearon las condiciones ambientales diariamente, la aparición de signos de toxicidad y muerte, así como el peso corporal en los días 0, 7 y 14 del ensayo. Resultados: los animales alcanzaron 100 por ciento de supervivencia. No se observaron signos de toxicidad, tras la administración de la sustancia ensayo en la dosis máxima de 2 000 mg/kg. En la evaluación anatomopatológica no se observaron alteraciones macroscópicas en la superficie externa de los animales y en ninguna de sus cavidades, órganos y tejidos. Conclusiones: de acuerdo con el método de toxicidad de clases la sustancia no es clasificada, DL50 es mayor que 2 000 mg/kg.

Introduction: beach salvia, Pluchea carolinensis (Jacq)G Don has been used for long in traditional medicines to abate fevers, slow digestion, kidney pains, headache, and hoarseness. Objectives: to classify fluid extract from beach salvia according to the acute toxicity class method, by starting with a 2000 mg/kg dose. Methods: the fluid extract from beach salvia dry leaves was evaluated through the toxicity class test that allows classifying the substance into a range of toxicity. Six Cenp:SPRD subline female rats from CENPALAB (Center of lab animal production) were used. They were orally administered a single dose of 2000 mg of beach salvia fluid extract per kg of body weight on fasting. The observation period was 14 days to monitor daily environmental conditions, the occurrence of toxicity signs and death as well as the body weight at 0th,7th and 14th day. Results: the six rats survived. No sign of toxicity was observed after the administration of the extract at 2000 mg/kg dose. In the anatomopathological assessment, no macroscopic alterations were seen in the external surface or in the cavities, organs and tissues of the animals. Conclusions: according to this toxicity class method, the substance is not classified since LD50 is higher than 2 000 mg/kg.

Ensayo de toxicidad a dosis repetidas durante 28 días del extracto acuoso de Cecropia peltata L. (yagruma) en ratas Cenp: SPRD / Toxicity assay at repeated doses of Cecropia peltata L. (yagruma) aqueous extract in Cenp: SPRD rats during 28 days

El extracto acuoso de Cecropia peltata es elaborado a partir de la planta denominada comúnmente yagruma o guarumo en Cuba. Este se emplea en la elaboración de tabletas con acción broncodilatadora. A la planta se le atribuyen propiedades antiasmáticas, antiblenorrágicas, analgésicas y cicatrizantes por solo citar algunas. El ensayo se realizó para evaluar las características tóxicas del extracto acuoso y sus efectos tóxicos en ratas. Se administró por vía oral, una dosis de 1000 mg de sólidos totales/kg de peso corporal durante 28 días. Los animales se observaron diariamente para detectar signos de toxicidad. Al finalizar el tratamiento se realizaron exámenes de hematología, de química sanguínea y la necropsia, para hacer el examen anatomopatológico e histopatológico correspondiente. Se pudo concluir que no se afectaron los indicadores hematológicos y de química sanguínea por causa del extracto ensayado. Tampoco hubo afectaciones en el peso corporal y el consumo de alimento. Los resultados obtenidos con el análisis histopatológico corroboraron todo lo antes expuesto.

The aqueous extract of Cecropia peltata is made from a plant commonly called yagruma or guarumo in Cuba. This extract is used in the manufacture of tablets with bronchodilator action. This plant has antiasthmatic, antiblennorrheal, analgesic, and healing effects, among others. The assay was carried out to assess the toxic features of this aqueous extract and its toxic effects in rats. An oral dose of 1000 mg of total solids/kg of body weight was administered for 28 days. The animals were daily observed to detect signs of toxicity. At the end of the treatment hematology and blood chemistry tests were done and necropsy was performed to make the corresponding anatomopathological and histopathological examination. No affectations were reported in body weight and food consumption. The results attained by the histopathological examination confirmed all the above.

Ensayo de toxicidad a dosis repetidas del extracto acuoso de Morinda royoc L. en ratas Cenp: SPRD / Toxicity trial at repeated doses of the aqueous extract of Morinda royoc L. in Cenp: SPRD rats

Se elaboró un extracto acuoso a partir de la planta denominada comúnmente en Cuba Garañón, el cual se emplea en la elaboración de un producto que tiene acción estimulante, revitalizadora, antiestrés e incrementa la líbido. Este producto se emplea en Cuba como suplemento dietético. El ensayo se realizó en ratas Sprague-Dawley para evaluar las características tóxicas del extracto acuoso y determinar los efectos tóxicos que pudieran producirse. Se administró por vía oral, una dosis de 1000 mg/kg de peso corporal durante 28 días. Los animales se observaron diariamente para detectar signos de toxicidad. Al finalizar el tratamiento se realizaron exámenes de hematología, química sanguínea y la necropsia de los animales para realizar el examen anatomopatológico e histopatológico correspondiente. Se pudo concluir que no se afectaron los indicadores hematológicos y de química sanguínea por causa de la sustancia ensayada. Tampoco hubo afectaciones en el peso corporal y el consumo de alimento. Los resultados obtenidos con el análisis histopatológico corroboraron todo lo antes expuesto