RESUMO
Previously, we reported an interesting relationship between virulence and repellency of different isolates of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae towards the termite Macrotermes michaelseni: the higher the virulence of a given isolate, the greater its repellency. In the present study, we compared the volatile profiles of two isolates, one that was more virulent (and repellent) and one that was less virulent (and repellent) to the termite. The prominent components of the two blends were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and authenticated by gas chromatography co-injections with synthetic standards. There were both qualitative and quantitative differences between the two blends. The repellencies of synthetic blends of 10 prominent constituents of the volatiles of the two isolates were compared and that of the more virulent isolate was found to be significantly more repellent. Subtractive bioassays were carried out with one of the constituents of each of the two 10-component blends missing at a time to determine its relative contribution to the overall repellency. The results indicated that the repellency of the volatiles of each isolate was primarily due to synergistic effects of a smaller number of constituents. Intraspecific differences between the two isolates were also reflected in their nucleotide sequences.
Assuntos
Genes Fúngicos/genética , Repelentes de Insetos/farmacologia , Isópteros/efeitos dos fármacos , Isópteros/microbiologia , Metarhizium/genética , Metarhizium/patogenicidade , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análise , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Código de Barras de DNA Taxonômico , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Funções Verossimilhança , Metarhizium/isolamento & purificação , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Padrões de Referência , Alinhamento de Sequência , Virulência/efeitos dos fármacos , Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
The crude methanol extracts of the root barks of Turraea wakefieldii and Turraea floribunda were found to show mosquito larvicidal activity against third-instar larvae of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. Four new limonoids comprising a vilasininoid 1 and three havanensinoids 2-4 were isolated from the chloroform fractions of the methanol extracts of T. wakefieldii and T. floribunda, respectively. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. Compounds 1, 2, and 4 had LD50 values of 7.1, 4.0, and 3.6 ppm, respectively, and were more potent than azadirachtin, which had an LD50 value of 57.1 ppm when tested against larvae of A. gambiae.