Generation and multi-dimensional profiling of a childhood cancer cell line atlas defines new therapeutic opportunities.

Pediatric solid and central nervous system tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related death among children. Identifying new targeted therapies necessitates the use of pediatric cancer models that faithfully recapitulate the patient's disease. However, the generation and characterization of pediatric cancer models has significantly lagged behind adult cancers, underscoring the urgent need to develop pediatric-focused cell line resources. Herein, we establish a single-site collection of 261 cell lines, including 224 pediatric cell lines representing 18 distinct extracranial and brain childhood tumor types. We subjected 182 cell lines to multi-omics analyses (DNA sequencing, RNA sequencing, DNA methylation), and in parallel performed pharmacological and genetic CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function screens to identify pediatric-specific treatment opportunities and biomarkers. Our work provides insight into specific pathway vulnerabilities in molecularly defined pediatric tumor classes and uncovers biomarker-linked therapeutic opportunities of clinical relevance. Cell line data and resources are provided in an open access portal.

An alerting system improves adherence to follow-up recommendations from colonoscopy examinations.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Systems are available to ensure that results of tests are communicated to patients. However, lack of adherence to recommended follow-up evaluation increases risk for adverse health outcomes and medical or legal issues. We tested the effectiveness of a novel follow-up system for patients due for surveillance colonoscopy examinations. METHODS: Electronic medical records from colonoscopies performed 5 years prior were reviewed to identify individuals due for a repeat surveillance colonoscopy examination. Patients were assigned to groups that received the standard of care or a newly developed follow-up system that included a letter to the primary care provider, 2 letters to the patient, and a telephone call to patients who had not yet scheduled an examination by the procedure due date. The primary end point was the percentage of patients who scheduled or completed the colonoscopy examination within 6 months of the due date. Secondary end points included detection rate for adenomas, sex- and ethnicity-specific follow-up rates, and patient satisfaction. RESULTS: Of 2609 patient records reviewed, 830 (31.8%) were found to be due for a surveillance colonoscopy examination in the study period. At the conclusion of the study, 241 (44.7%) patients in the intervention arm had procedures scheduled or completed, compared with 66 (22.6%) in the control group (P < .0001). The follow-up system appeared particularly effective among non-white patients; patients reported general satisfaction with the reminder program. CONCLUSIONS: A simple protocol of letters and a telephone call to patients who are due for colonoscopy examinations significantly improved adherence to endoscopic follow-up recommendations. This work provides justification for the creation of reminder systems to improve patient adherence to medical recommendations.

Adenoma detection rates vary minimally with time of day and case rank: a prospective study of 2139 first screening colonoscopies.

BACKGROUND: Adenoma detection rate is an important measure of colonoscopy quality; however, factors including procedure order that contribute to adenoma detection are incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate factors associated with adenoma detection rate. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. Data were collected on patient and physician characteristics, trainee participation, time of day, and case rank. SETTING: Outpatient tertiary-care center. PATIENTS: This study involved consecutive patients presenting for first screening colonoscopies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Adenoma and polyp detection rates (proportion of cases with one or more lesion detected) and ratios (mean number of lesions detected per case). RESULTS: A total of 2139 colonoscopies were performed by 32 gastroenterologists. Detection rates were 42.7% for all polyps, 25.4% for adenomas, and 5.0% for advanced adenomas. Adenoma detection was associated with male sex and increasing age on multivariate analysis. In the overall study cohort, time of day and case rank were not significantly associated with detection rates. In post hoc analysis, polyp and adenoma detection rates appeared lower after the fifth case of the day for endoscopists with low volumes of cases and after the tenth case of the day for endoscopists with high volumes of cases. LIMITATION: Single center. CONCLUSION: Overall, time of day and case rank did not influence adenoma detection rate. We observed a small but significant decrease in detection rates in later procedures, which was dependent on physician typical procedure volume. These findings imply that colonoscopy quality in general is stable throughout the day; however, there may be a novel "stamina effect" for some endoscopists, and interventions aimed at improving colonoscopy quality need to take individual physician practice styles into consideration.

Improving doctor-patient communication in the outpatient setting using a facilitation tool: a preliminary study.

QUALITY PROBLEM: Patients often do not fully understand medical information discussed during office visits. This can result in lack of adherence to recommended treatment plans and poorer health outcomes. CHOICE OF SOLUTION: We developed and implemented a program utilizing an encounter form, which provides structure to the medical interaction and facilitates bidirectional communication and informed decision-making. IMPLEMENTATION: We conducted a prospective quality improvement intervention at a large tertiary-care academic medical center utilizing the encounter form and studied the effect on patient satisfaction, understanding and confidence in communicating with physicians. The intervention included 108 patients seen by seven physicians in five sub-specialties. EVALUATION: Ninety-eight percent of patients were extremely satisfied (77%) or somewhat satisfied (21%) with the program. Ninety-six percent of patients reported being involved in decisions about their care and treatments as well as high levels of understanding of medical information that was discussed during visit. Sixty-nine percent of patients reported that they shared the encounter form with their families and friends. Patients' self-confidence in communicating with their doctors increased from a score of 8.1 to 8.7 post-intervention (P-value = 0.0018). When comparing pre- and post-intervention experiences, only 38% of patients felt that their problems and questions were adequately addressed by other physicians' pre-intervention, compared with 94% post-intervention. LESSONS LEARNED: We introduced a program to enhance physician-patient communication and found that patients were highly satisfied, more informed and more actively involved in their care. This approach may be an easily generalizable approach to improving physician-patient communication at outpatient visits.

Effect of institution-wide policy of colonoscopy withdrawal time > or = 7 minutes on polyp detection.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Practice guidelines recommend that endoscopists spend at least 7 minutes examining the colonic mucosa during colonoscopy withdrawal to optimize polyp yield. The aim of this study was to determine if the implementation of an institution-wide policy of colonoscopy withdrawal time > or = 7 minutes was associated with an increase in colon polyp detection. METHODS: All 42 endoscopists at our institute were asked to attain a colonoscopy withdrawal time of at least 7 minutes. Compliance with 7-minute withdrawal time was recorded for all nontherapeutic colonoscopies. Polyp detection ratio (number of polyps detected divided by number of colonoscopies performed) was computed. Regression models were used to assess the association between compliance with 7-minute withdrawal time and polyp detection. RESULTS: During the study period, 23,910 colonoscopies were performed. The average age of patients was 56.8 years, and 54% were female. Colon cancer screening or surveillance was the indication for 42.5% of colonoscopies. At the beginning of the study, the polyp detection ratio was 0.48. Compliance with 7-minute withdrawal time for nontherapeutic procedures increased from 65% at the beginning of the initiative to almost 100%. However, no increase in polyp detection ratio was noted over the same period for all polyps (slope, 0.0006; P = .45) or for polyps 1-5 mm (slope, 0.001; P = .26), 6-9 mm (slope, 0.002; P = .43), or > or = 10 mm (slope, 0.006; P = .13). No association was detected when only colonoscopies performed for screening or surveillance were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: An institution-wide policy of colonoscopy withdrawal time > or = 7 minutes had no effect on colon polyp detection.

Semistructured interviews regarding patients' perceptions of Choosing Wisely and shared decision-making: an Australian study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine how patients perceive shared decision-making regarding CT scan referral and use of the five Choosing Wisely questions with their general practitioner (GP). DESIGN: This is a qualitative exploratory study using semistructured interviews. SETTING: This study was conducted in a large metropolitan public healthcare organisation in urban Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Following purposive sampling, 20 patients and 2 carers participated. Patient participants aged 18 years or older were eligible if they were attending the healthcare organisation for a CT scan and referred by their GP. Carers/family were eligible to participate when they were in the role of an unpaid carer and were aged 18 years or older. Participants were required to speak English sufficiently to provide informed consent. Participants with cognitive impairment were excluded. FINDINGS: Eighteen interviews were conducted with the patient only. Two interviews were conducted with the patient and the patient's carer. Fourteen participants were female. Five themes resulted from the thematic analysis: (1) needing to know, (2) questioning doctors is not necessary, (3) discussing scans is not required, (4) uncertainty about questioning and (5) valuing the Choosing Wisely questions. Participants reported that they presented to their GP with a health problem that they needed to understand and address. Participants accepted their GPs decision to prescribe a CT scan to identify the nature of their problem. They reported ambivalence about engaging in shared decision-making with their doctor, although many participants reported valuing the Choosing Wisely questions. CONCLUSIONS: Shared decision-making is an important principle underpinning Choosing Wisely. Practice implementation requires understanding patients' motivations to engage in shared decision-making with a focus on attitudes, beliefs, knowledge and emotions. Systems-level support and education for healthcare practitioners in effective communication is important. However, this needs to emphasise communication with patients who have varying degrees of motivation to engage in shared decision-making and Choosing Wisely.

Early Experiences After Adopting a Quality Improvement Portfolio Into the Academic Advancement Process.

PROBLEM: Academic medical centers (AMCs) and their academic departments are increasingly assuming leadership in the education, science, and implementation of quality improvement (QI) and patient safety efforts. Fostering, recognizing, and promoting faculty leading these efforts is challenging using traditional academic metrics for advancement. APPROACH: The authors adapted a nationally developed QI portfolio, adopted it into their own department's advancement process in 2012, and tracked its utilization and impact over the first two years of implementation. OUTCOMES: Sixty-seven QI portfolios were submitted with 100% of faculty receiving their requested academic advancement. Women represented 60% of the submitted portfolios, while the Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Hospital Medicine accounted for 60% of the submissions. The remaining 40% were from faculty in 10 different specialty divisions. Faculty attitudes about the QI portfolio were overwhelmingly positive, with 83% agreeing that it "was an effective tool for helping to better recognize faculty contributions in QI work" and 85% agreeing that it "was an effective tool for elevating the importance of QI work in our department." NEXT STEPS: The QI portfolio was one part of a broader effort to create opportunities to recognize and support faculty involved in improvement work. Further adapting the tool to ensure that it complements-rather than duplicates-other elements of the advancement process is critical for continued utilization by faculty. This will also drive desired dissemination to other departments locally and other AMCs nationally who are similarly committed to cultivating faculty career paths in systems improvement.

Improving the Ambulatory Patient Experience Within an Academic Department of Medicine.

Academic departments of medicine (ADOM) can provide an important vehicle to drive the sharing and dissemination of best practices in clinical care delivery. With the increased focus on improving the patient experience, particularly in the ambulatory setting, ADOM also should lead efforts to cultivate improvements in this arena. To address this need, the study ADOM established a Patient Experience Working Group (PEWG) that brought together physician and nonphysician leaders, set improvement goals, and created a structure for sharing and learning. Since initiation, the PEWG has implemented more than 20 performance improvement initiatives, which have resulted in measured positive changes at both the local practice settings and department-wide. Striking the right balance between top-down governance, bottom-up innovation and ownership, and shared goal setting was a key to success. This model is one that could easily be adopted by other ADOM in their own efforts to improve the patient experience.

Enculturation of unsafe attitudes and behaviors: student perceptions of safety culture.

PURPOSE: Safety culture may exert an important influence on the adoption and learning of patient safety practices by learners at clinical training sites. This study assessed students' perceptions of safety culture and identified curricular gaps in patient safety training. METHOD: A total of 170 fourth-year medical students at the University of California, San Francisco, were asked to complete a modified version of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture in 2011. Students responded on the basis of either their third-year internal medicine or surgery clerkship experience. Responses were recorded on a five-point Likert scale. Percent positive responses were compared between the groups using a chi-square test. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-one students (71% response rate) rated "teamwork within units" and "organizational learning" highest among the survey domains; "communication openness" and "nonpunitive response to error" were rated lowest. A majority of students reported that they would not speak up when witnessing a possible adverse event (56%) and were afraid to ask questions if things did not seem right (55%). In addition, 48% of students reported feeling that mistakes were held against them. Overall, students reported a desire for additional patient safety training to enhance their educational experience. CONCLUSIONS: Assessing student perceptions of safety culture highlighted important observations from their clinical experiences and helped identify areas for curricular development to enhance patient safety. This assessment may also be a useful tool for both clerkship directors and clinical service chiefs in their respective efforts to promote safe care.

An advanced quality improvement and patient safety elective.

BACKGROUND: Practising doctors must be competent in quality improvement (QI) and patient safety (PS). Despite this need, QI and PS have yet to be fully integrated into the undergraduate medical curriculum. Furthermore, there are few resources available for motivated senior medical students to receive advanced training prior to starting residency. To address these needs, we piloted an elective in QI/PS for senior medical students. METHODS: We measured changes in knowledge, attitude and QI/PS skills with before and after surveys and skill assessments. Post-elective measures included an assessment of reaction to the curriculum and an assessment of a QI project proposal. RESULTS: Six students participated in two 2-week electives. Mean knowledge test scores improved after the elective [mean score (SD)]: before, 7.3 (1.4), versus after, 8.2 (0.4); p = 0.19. There were improvements in confidence in all aspects queried, and this was significant in six of the seven confidence questions. Students had high motivation for future QI/PS involvement both before and after the elective. Validated measures assessing QI/PS skills showed high levels of performance both before and after the elective. Experiential components of the elective were most highly valued. DISCUSSION: Motivated students may not have the confidence needed to effectively actuate their desire to incorporate QI/PS in their continuing training and careers. This 2-week elective significantly improved students' confidence and maintained their motivation for QI/PS work. Experiential activities may be particularly beneficial for students to learn QI/PS throughout medical school.

Perspective: a road map for academic departments to promote scholarship in quality improvement and patient safety.

The fields of quality improvement and patient safety (QI/PS) continue to grow with greater attention and awareness, increased mandates and incentives, and more research. Academic medical centers and their academic departments have a long-standing tradition for innovation and scholarship within a multifaceted mission to provide patient care, educate the next generation, and conduct research. Academic departments are well positioned to lead the science, education, and application of QI/PS efforts nationally. However, meaningful engagement of faculty and trainees to lead this work is a major barrier. Understanding and developing programs that foster QI/PS work while also promoting a scholarly focus can generate the incentives and acknowledgment to help elevate QI/PS into the academic mission. Academic departments should define and articulate a QI/PS strategy, develop individual and departmental capacity to lead scholarly QI/PS programs, streamline and support access to data, share information and improve collaboration, and recognize and elevate academic success in QI/PS. A commitment to these goals can also serve to cultivate important collaborations between academic departments and their respective medical centers, divisions, and training programs. Ultimately, the elevation of QI/PS into the academic mission can improve the quality and safety of our health care delivery systems.

HIV quality of care assessment at an academic hospital: outcomes and lessons learned.

Rapid changes in HIV treatment guidelines and antiretroviral therapy drug safety data add to the increasing complexity of caring for HIV-infected patients and amplify the need for continuous quality monitoring. The authors created an electronic HIV database of 642 patients who received care in the infectious disease (ID) and general medicine clinics in their academic center to monitor HIV clinical performance indicators. The main outcome measures of the study include process measures, including a description of how the database was constructed, and clinical outcomes, including HIV-specific quality improvement (QI) measures and primary care (PC) measures. Performance on HIV-specific QI measures was very high, but drug toxicity monitoring and PC-specific QI performance were deficient, particularly among ID specialists. Establishment of HIV QI data benchmarks as well as standards for how data will be measured and collected are needed and are the logical counterpart to treatment guidelines.

An educational intervention for providers to promote bone health in high-risk older patients.

OBJECTIVES: To design, implement, and assess an educational intervention for providers focused on osteoporosis screening and management in older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma who have been prescribed prolonged courses of oral or high-dose inhaled corticosteroids or both and are therefore at high risk for bone loss and fractures. DESIGN: One-group pretest-posttest. SETTING: Academic outpatient pulmonary practice. PARTICIPANTS: Nineteen pulmonary specialists at an academic medical center. INTERVENTION: Educational theory and a needs assessment and attitude survey guided the development of a multicomponent educational intervention. MEASUREMENTS: Change in provider behavior was assessed by auditing the electronic medical records for adherence to osteoporosis management guidelines in high-risk patients seen by participants at baseline and for 6 months after the educational intervention. Knowledge transfer and changes in attitude were assessed using pre- and posttests and surveys. RESULTS: A 19% increase in overall rate of adherence to osteoporosis management guidelines in high-risk patients was observed: 45% before intervention to 64% after intervention (n=249 patients, P=.003). Postintervention surveys and test scores also showed statistically significant gains from baseline. CONCLUSION: An educational intervention improved adherence to osteoporosis management guidelines of academic pulmonary specialists. The results of this study provide evidence for the positive effect of a multimodal educational program in altering practice behaviors.

The incidence and cost of unexpected hospital use after scheduled outpatient endoscopy.

BACKGROUND: Data on complications of gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures are limited. We evaluated prospectively the incidence and cost of hospital visits resulting from outpatient endoscopy. METHODS: We developed an electronic medical record-based system to record automatically admissions to the emergency department (ED) within 14 days after endoscopy. Physicians evaluated all reported cases for relatedness of the ED visit to the prior endoscopy based on predetermined criteria. RESULTS: We evaluated 6383 esophagogastroduodenoscopies (EGDs) and 11 632 colonoscopies (7392 for screening and surveillance). Among these, 419 ED visits and 266 hospitalizations occurred within 14 days after the procedure. One hundred thirty-four (32%) of the ED visits and 76 (29%) of the hospitalizations were procedure related, whereas 31 complications were recorded by standard physician reporting (P < .001). Procedure-related hospital visits occurred in 1.07%, 0.84%, and 0.95% of all EGDs, all colonoscopies, and screening colonoscopies, respectively. The mean costs were $1403 per ED visit and $10 123 per hospitalization based on Medicare standardized rates. Across the overall screening/surveillance colonoscopy program, these episodes added $48 per examination. CONCLUSIONS: Using a novel automated system, we observed a 1% incidence of related hospital visits within 14 days of outpatient endoscopy, 2- to 3-fold higher than recent estimates. Most events were not captured by standard reporting, and strategies for automating adverse event reporting should be developed. The cost of unexpected hospital visits postendoscopy may be significant and should be taken into account in screening or surveillance programs.

Design and measurement of quality improvement indicators in ambulatory pulmonary care: creating a "culture of quality" in an academic pulmonary division.

BACKGROUND: Quality improvement (QI) measures often are cited as goals for individual practices and medical centers and may someday form a component of reimbursement guidelines. Relatively few QI metrics relevant to ambulatory pulmonary medicine have been published. We describe the development and implementation of a QI program in an academic pulmonary division, including progress to date and lessons learned. METHODS: Metrics for the pulmonary QI Dashboard were developed based on an extensive literature review. Patients were identified through International Classification of Diseases-based billing databases, and results data were obtained from a manual and automated review of the electronic medical record. The performance of the division was monitored and presented in regular faculty meetings. Quarterly, confidential, individual scorecards gave each clinician feedback about his or her performance and compared the feedback to that of the faculty of the entire division. RESULTS: Significant improvements were found in many QI measures during a 2-year period. The number of patients with asthma who received appropriately prescribed inhaled corticosteroids increased from a baseline of 76 to 92% to 98%. Flu shot and pneumococcal vaccine administration documentation for patients with COPD increased from baseline values of 11 to 32% and 11 to 34%, respectively, to 90% and 93%, respectively. The COPD Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease pharmacotherapy guidelines adherence increased substantially for patients with all disease stages. Chest CT scan results notification documentation improved from a baseline of 67 to 76% to 98%. Comparison between baseline and QI periods yielded statistically significant increases for these indicators. CONCLUSIONS: QI measures for an ambulatory pulmonary practice can be designed, implemented, and monitored. Key components include a well-structured electronic medical record, measurable outcomes, strong QI leadership, and specific interventions, such as providing feedback through QI review meetings and individual "report cards."