Initial surveillance in men with marker negative clinical stage IIA non-seminomatous germ cell tumours.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether extended surveillance with repeated computed tomography (CT) scans for patients with clinical stage IIA (CS IIA; <2 cm abdominal node involvement) and negative markers (Mk-) non-seminomatous germ cell tumours (NSGCTs) can identify those with true CS I. To assess the rate of benign lymph nodes, teratoma, and viable cancer in retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) histopathology for patients with CS IIA Mk- NSGCT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Observational prospective population-based study of patients diagnosed 2008-2019 with CS IIA Mk- NSGCT in the Swedish and Norwegian Testicular Cancer Group (SWENOTECA) registry. Patients were managed with surveillance, with CT scans, and tumour markers every sixth week for a maximum of 18 weeks. Patients with radiological regression were treated as CS I, if progression with chemotherapy, and remaining CS IIA Mk- disease with RPLND. The end-point was the number and percentage of patients down-staged to CS I on surveillance and rate of RPLND histopathology presented as benign, teratoma, or viable cancer. RESULTS: Overall, 126 patients with CS IIA Mk- NSGCT were included but 41 received therapy upfront. After surveillance for a median (range) of 6 (6-18) weeks, 23/85 (27%) patients were in true CS I and four (5%) progressed. Of the remaining 58 patients with lasting CS IIA Mk- NSGCT, 16 received chemotherapy and 42 underwent RPLND. The RPLND histopathology revealed benign lymph nodes in 11 (26%), teratoma in two (6%), and viable cancer in 29 (70%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Surveillance with repeated CT scans can identify patients in true CS I, thus avoiding overtreatment. The RPLND histopathology in patients with CS IIA Mk- NSGCT had a high rate of cancer and a low rate of teratoma.

Association of physical activity with overall mortality among long-term testicular cancer survivors: A longitudinal study.

Physical activity (PA) has been associated with reduced mortality among cancer survivors, but no study has focused on testicular cancer survivors (TCSs). We aimed to investigate the association of PA measured twice during survivorship with overall mortality in TCSs. TCSs treated during 1980 to 1994 participated in a nationwide longitudinal survey between 1998 to 2002 (S1: n = 1392) and 2007 to 2009 (S2: n = 1011). PA was self-reported by asking for the average hours per week of leisure-time PA in the past year. Responses were converted into metabolic equivalent task hours/week (MET-h/wk) and participants were categorized into: Inactives (0 MET-h/wk), Low-Actives (2-6 MET-h/wk), Actives (10-18 MET-h/wk) and High-Actives (20-48 MET-h/wk). Mortality from S1 and S2, respectively, was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox proportional hazards models until the End of Study (December 31, 2020). Mean age at S1 was 45 years (SD 10.2). Nineteen percent (n = 268) of TCSs died between S1 and EoS, with 138 dying after S2. Compared to Inactives at S1, the mortality risk among Actives was 51% lower (HR 0.49, 95% CI: 0.29-0.84) with no further mortality reduction among High-Actives. At S2, the mortality risk was at least 60% lower among the Actives, High-Actives and even the Low-Actives compared to the Inactives. Persistent Actives (≥10 MET-h/wk at S1 and S2) had a 51% lower mortality risk compared to Persistent Inactives (<10 MET-h/wk at S1 and S2; HR 0.49, 95% CI: 0.30-0.82). During long-term survivorship after TC treatment, regular and maintained PA were associated with an overall mortality risk reduction of at least 50%.

Validation of a prediction model for post-chemotherapy fibrosis in nonseminoma patients.

OBJECTIVE: To validate Vergouwe's prediction model using the Swedish and Norwegian Testicular Cancer Group (SWENOTECA) RETROP database and to define its clinical utility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Vergouwe's prediction model for benign histopathology in post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (PC-RPLND) uses the following variables: presence of teratoma in orchiectomy specimen; pre-chemotherapy level of alpha-fetoprotein; ß-Human chorionic gonadotropin and lactate dehydrogenase; and lymph node size pre- and post-chemotherapy. Our validation cohort consisted of patients included in RETROP, a prospective population-based database of patients in Sweden and Norway with metastatic nonseminoma, who underwent PC-RPLND in the period 2007-2014. Discrimination and calibration analyses were used to validate Vergouwe's prediction model results. Calibration plots were created and a Hosmer-Lemeshow test was calculated. Clinical utility, expressed as opt-out net benefit (NBopt-out ), was analysed using decision curve analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 284 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 130 (46%) had benign histology after PC-RPLND. Discrimination analysis showed good reproducibility, with an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.82 (95% confidence interval 0.77-0.87) compared to Vergouwe's prediction model (AUC between 0.77 and 0.84). Calibration was acceptable with no recalibration. Using a prediction threshold of 70% for benign histopathology, NBopt-out was 0.098. Using the model and this threshold, 61 patients would have been spared surgery. However, only 51 of 61 were correctly classified as benign. CONCLUSIONS: The model was externally validated with good reproducibility. In a clinical setting, the model may identify patients with a high chance of benign histopathology, thereby sparing patients of surgery. However, meticulous follow-up is required.

Continuing increased risk of second cancer in long-term testicular cancer survivors after treatment in the cisplatin era.

Using complete information on total treatment burden, this population-based study aimed to investigate second cancer (SC) risk in testicular cancer survivors (TCS) treated in the cisplatin era. The Cancer Registry of Norway identified 5,625 1-year TCS diagnosed 1980-2009. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated to evaluate the total and site-specific incidence of SC compared to the general population. Cox regression analyses evaluated the effect of treatment on the risk of SC. After a median observation time of 16.6 years, 572 TCS developed 651 nongerm cell SCs. The SC risk was increased after surgery only (SIR 1.28), with site-specific increased risks of thyroid cancer (SIR 4.95) and melanoma (SIR 1.94). After chemotherapy (CT), we observed 2.0- to 3.7-fold increased risks for cancers of the small intestine, bladder, kidney and lung. There was a 1.6- to 2.1-fold increased risk of SC after ≥2 cycles of cisplatin-based CT. Radiotherapy (RT) was associated with 1.5- to 4.4-fold increased risks for cancers of the stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas, lung, kidney and bladder. After combined CT and RT, increased risks emerged for hematological malignancies (SIR 3.23). TCS treated in the cisplatin era have an increased risk of developing SC, in particular after treatment with cisplatin-based CT and/or RT.

Thromboembolic events after high-intensity training during cisplatin-based chemotherapy for testicular cancer: Case reports and review of the literature.

The randomized "Testicular cancer and Aerobic and Strength Training trial" (TAST-trial) aimed to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cardiorespiratory fitness during cisplatin-based chemotherapy (CBCT) for testicular cancer (TC). Here, we report on an unexpected high number of thromboembolic (TE) events among patients randomized to the intervention arm, and on a review of the literature on TE events in TC patients undergoing CBCT. Patients aged 18 to 60 years with a diagnosis of metastatic germ cell TC, planned for 3 to 4 CBCT cycles, were randomized to a 9 to 12 weeks exercise intervention, or to a single lifestyle counseling session. The exercise intervention included two weekly HIIT sessions, each with 2 to 4 intervals of 2 to 4 minutes at 85% to 95% of peak heart rate. The study was prematurely discontinued after inclusion of 19 of the planned 94 patients, with nine patients randomized to the intervention arm and 10 to the control arm. Three patients in the intervention arm developed TE complications; two with pulmonary embolism and one with myocardial infarction. All three patients had clinical stage IIA TC. No TE complications were observed among patients in the control arm. Our observations indicate that high-intensity aerobic training during CBCT might increase the risk of TE events in TC patients, leading to premature closure of the TAST-trial.

Primary Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection as Treatment for Low-volume Metastatic Seminoma in a Population-based Cohort: The Swedish Norwegian Testicular Cancer Group Experience.

Background and objective: There is an unmet need to avoid long-term morbidity associated with standard cytotoxic treatment for low-volume metastatic seminoma. Our aim was to assess the oncological efficacy and surgical safety of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) as treatment in a population-based cohort of metastatic seminoma patients with limited retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. Methods: Sixty-two seminoma patients in Norway and Sweden were included in the cohort from 2019 to 2022. Patients with lymphadenopathy ≤3 cm, having primary clinical stage (CS) IIA/B or CS I with a relapse, were operated with uni- or bilateral template RPLND, open or robot assisted. The outcome measures included surgical complications as per Clavien-Dindo, and Kaplan-Meier survival estimates for 24-mo progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Key findings and limitations: In the cohort, 33 (53%) had CS I with a relapse during surveillance, six (10%) CS I with a relapse following adjuvant chemotherapy, and 23 (37%) initial CS IIA/B. Metastatic seminoma was verified in 58 patients (94%) with a median largest diameter of 18 mm (interquartile range [IQR] 13-24). Robot-assisted RPLND was performed in 40 patients (65%). Clavien-Dindo III complications were observed in three patients (5%); no grade ≥IV complications occurred. Eighteen patients (29%) received adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery. The median follow-up was 23 mo (IQR 16-30), and recurrence occurred in six patients (10%) after a median of 8 mo (IQR 4-14). PFS was 90% (95% confidence interval: 0.86-1) and OS was 100% at 24 mo. Conclusions and clinical implications: RPLND as primary treatment is an option for selected low-stage seminomas with a limited burden of disease, showing low complications and low relapse rates, with the potential to reduce long-term morbidity. Patient summary: In seminoma patients with limited metastatic spread, surgery is a treatment option offering an alternative to chemotherapy or radiation. This paper covers the first 62 patients operated in Norway and Sweden.

Unilateral or Bilateral Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection in Nonseminoma Patients with Postchemotherapy Residual Tumour? Results from RETROP, a Population-based Mapping Study by the Swedish Norwegian Testicular Cancer Group.

BACKGROUND: The distribution of retroperitoneal lymph node metastases for patients with nonseminoma and a residual tumour of 10-49 mm in a population-based setting is unknown. This information is needed to justify selection of patients for a unilateral template resection. OBJECTIVE: To describe the location of retroperitoneal metastases and recurrences in patients with nonseminoma germ cell tumour (NSGCT) with a residual tumour of 10-49 mm. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: RETROP is a population-based prospective observational mapping study of 213 patients in Sweden and Norway with a retroperitoneal residual tumour of 10-49 mm who underwent postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for metastatic NSGCT during 2007-2014 with median follow-up of 100 mo. Patients were classified according to the testis primary tumour and the distribution of unilateral or bilateral lymph node metastases (with reference to the aorta) present on pre- and/or postchemotherapy computed tomography (CT) scans. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The distribution and rate of teratoma or cancer in unilateral or bilateral retroperitoneal fields and the location and rate of retroperitoneal recurrence were measured. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: In total, 65% of the patients had unilateral retroperitoneal lymph node metastases (RLNMs) on CT scans. Patients with unilateral RLNMs had a low risk of contralateral teratoma or cancer (1.6% for right- and 2.6% for left-sided NSGCT) or retroperitoneal recurrence (0% for right- and 4% for left-sided NSGCT). A weakness of the study is that the pathology specimen could not be fully designated to one specific area for some of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Men with postchemotherapy residual disease of 10-49 mm and unilateral metastases on pre- and postchemotherapy CT scans have a low risk of contralateral disease and should be considered for a unilateral template resection. PATIENT SUMMARY: The surgeon can use computed tomography (CT) scans in deciding on the extent of lymph node dissection in patients with testicular cancer.

Thromboembolic Events During Treatment with Cisplatin-based Chemotherapy in Metastatic Testicular Germ-cell Cancer 2000-2014: A Population-based Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Cisplatin-based chemotherapy (CBCT) in testicular cancer (TC) is associated with elevated venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk, but trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of thromboprophylaxis are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the arterial thromboembolism (ATE) and VTE incidence and risk factors during first-line CBCT for metastatic TC, and the effect of thromboprophylaxis on VTE and bleeding. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: In a population-based study, 506 men administered first-line CBCT during 2000-2014 at three university hospitals in Norway were included. Clinical variables were retrieved from medical records. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Patients with ATE and VTE diagnosed at initiation of or during CBCT until 3 mo after completion were registered. Age-adjusted logistic regression was performed to identify possible VTE risk factors. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Overall, 69 men (13.6%) were diagnosed with 70 thromboembolic events. Twelve men (2.4%) experienced ATE. Overall, 58 men (11.5%) experienced VTE, of whom 13 (2.6%) were prevalent at CBCT initiation, while 45 (8.9%) were diagnosed with incident VTE. Age-adjusted logistic regression identified retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis >5 cm (odds ratio [OR] 1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-3.91), central venous access (OR 2.84, 95% CI 1.46-5.50), and elevated C-reactive protein (>5 mg/l; OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.12-5.07) as incident VTE risk factors. Thromboprophylaxis (n = 84) did not influence the risk of VTE (VTE incidence with or without prophylaxis 13% vs 8%, p = 0.16). The incidence of bleeding events was significantly higher among those who received thromboprophylaxis than among those without thromboprophylaxis (14.5% vs 1.1%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We found a high rate of thromboembolism incidence of 13.6%. Thromboprophylaxis did not decrease the risk of VTE but was associated with an increased risk of bleeding. PATIENT SUMMARY: We found a high rate of thromboembolism (13.6%) during cisplatin-based chemotherapy for metastatic testicular cancer. Prophylactic treatment against thromboses did not reduce the thrombosis frequency, but it resulted in a high incidence of bleeding events.

Metachronous Contralateral Testicular Cancer in the Cisplatin Era: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: It is hypothesized that cisplatin-based chemotherapy (CBCT) reduces the occurrence of metachronous contralateral (second) germ cell testicular cancer (TC). However, studies including treatment details are lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the second TC risk, emphasizing the impact of previous TC treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Based on the Cancer Registry of Norway, 5,620 men were diagnosed with first TC between 1980 and 2009. Treatment data regarding TC were retrieved from medical records. Cumulative incidences of second TC were estimated, and standardized incidence ratios were calculated. The effect of treatment intensity was investigated using Cox proportional hazard regression. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 18.0 years, during which 218 men were diagnosed with a second TC after median 6.2 years. Overall, the 20-year crude cumulative incidence was 4.0% (95% CI, 3.5 to 4.6), with lower incidence after chemotherapy (CT) (3.2%; 95% CI, 2.5 to 4.0) than after surgery only (5.4%; 95% CI, 4.2 to 6.8). The second TC incidence was also lower for those age ≥ 30 years (2.8%; 95% CI, 2.3 to 3.4) at first TC diagnosis than those age < 30 years (6.0%; 95% CI, 5.0 to 7.1). Overall, the second TC risk was 13-fold higher compared with the risk of developing TC in the general male population (standardized incidence ratio, 13.1; 95% CI, 11.5 to 15.0). With surgery only as reference, treatment with CT significantly reduced the second TC risk (hazard ratio [HR], 0.55). For each additional CBCT cycle administered, the second TC risk decreased significantly after three, four, and more than four cycles (HRs, 0.53, 0.41, and 0.21, respectively). CONCLUSION: Age at first TC diagnosis and treatment intensity influenced the second TC risk, with significantly reduced risks after more than two CBCT cycles.

Testicular Cancer in the Cisplatin Era: Causes of Death and Mortality Rates in a Population-Based Cohort.

PURPOSE: Using complete information regarding testicular cancer (TC) treatment burden, this study aimed to investigate cause-specific non-TC mortality with impact on previous treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy (PBCT) or radiotherapy (RT). METHODS: Overall, 5,707 men identified by the Cancer Registry of Norway diagnosed with TC from 1980 to 2009 were included in this population-based cohort study. By linking data with the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry, standardized mortality ratios (SMRs), absolute excess risks (AERs; [(observed number of deaths - expected number of deaths)/person-years of observation] ×10,000), and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 18.7 years, during which non-TC death was registered for 665 (12%) men. Overall excess non-TC mortality was 23% (SMR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.33; AER, 11.14) compared with the general population, with increased risks after PBCT (SMR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.43; AER, 7.68) and RT (SMR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.43; AER, 19.55). The highest non-TC mortality was observed in those < 20 years at TC diagnosis (SMR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.32 to 3.90; AER, 14.42). The most important cause of death was non-TC second cancer with an overall SMR of 1.53 (95% CI, 1.35 to 1.73; AER, 7.94), with increased risks after PBCT and RT. Overall noncancer mortality was increased by 15% (SMR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.27; AER, 4.71). Excess suicides appeared after PBCT (SMR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.01 to 2.69; AER, 1.39). Compared with surgery, increased non-TC mortality appeared after 3 (HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 0.91 to 2.39), 4 (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.99), and more than four (HR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.25 to 3.35) cisplatin-based chemotherapy cycles after > 10 years of follow-up. CONCLUSION: TC treatment with PBCT or RT is associated with a significant excess risk of non-TC mortality, and increased risks emerged after more than two cisplatin-based chemotherapy cycles after > 10 years of follow-up.

Surgical Complications in Postchemotherapy Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection for Nonseminoma Germ Cell Tumour: A Population-based Study from the Swedish Norwegian Testicular Cancer Group.

BACKGROUND: Reports on perioperative complications after postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (PC-RPLND) for nonseminoma germ cell tumour (NSGCT) are from experienced single centres, with a lack of population-based studies. OBJECTIVE: To assess the complications of bilateral and unilateral PC-RPLND. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A prospective, population-based, observational multicentre study included all patients with NSGCT who underwent PC-RPLND in Norway and Sweden during 2007-2014. Of a total of 318 patients, 87 underwent bilateral PC-RPLND and 231 underwent unilateral PC-RPLND. The median follow-up was 6 yr. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Bilateral and unilateral PC-RPLND were compared for the outcomes of intra- and postoperative complications (graded by Clavien-Dindo) and retrograde ejaculation (with or without nerve-sparing surgery). Complications were reported as absolute counts and percentages. The χ2 test was used for comparisons. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: The incidence of intraoperative complications was higher for bilateral PC-RPLND than for unilateral PC-RPLND (14% vs 4.3%, p = 0.003), with ureteral injury as the most frequent reported complication (2% of the patients). Postoperative complications were more common after bilateral than after unilateral PC-RPLND (45% vs 25%, p = 0.001) with Clavien ≥3b reported in 8.3% and 2.2%, respectively (p = 0.009). Lymphatic leakage was the most common complication occurring in 11% of the patients. Retrograde ejaculation occurred more frequently after bilateral than after unilateral surgery (59% vs 32%, p < 0.001). Limitations of the study include reporting of retrograde ejaculation, which was based on a chart review. CONCLUSIONS: Intra- and postoperative complications including retrograde ejaculation are more frequent after bilateral PC-RPLND than after unilateral PC-RPLND. PATIENT SUMMARY: Lymph node dissection in patients with testicular cancer puts them at risk of complications. In this study, we present the complications after lymph node dissection.

Hypercoagulability in patients with haematological neoplasia: no apparent initiation by tissue factor.

Patients with haematological malignancies carry increased risk of venous thrombosis (VT). However, the mechanisms that link these malignancies to activated coagulation have not been fully identified. Since anti-haemostatic agents are studied in clinical trials for their potential to prolong survival in cancer patients, a detailed characterisation of haemostatic markers in cancer subtypes is needed. Hence, in this study, we measured the plasma concentrations and mRNA expression in blood mononuclear cells of haemostatic parameters in 93 patients with haematological neoplasias (acute myeloid leukaemia, chronic lymphatic leukaemia, multiple myeloma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) before start and after completion of cancer therapy. At diagnosis we found activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis, especially in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. This hypercoagulation was not associated with increased levels of tissue factor (TF) or factor VII (fVII) antigen or mRNA, or levels of activated fVII. In conclusion we found a hypercoagulable state in patients with haematological malignancy that did not seem to be initiated by TF.

Alterations in regulators of the extracellular matrix in non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

Bone marrow angiogenesis is increased in non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). Compounds affecting extracellular matrix (ECM) may modify angiogenesis. Here we investigated ECM regulators in 48 unselected NHL patients compared with 35 controls. Untreated patients had elevated (P < 0.05) serum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) 1, while MMP-2, TIMP-2 and syndecan-1 were not significantly different from controls. MMP-9 mRNA was significantly up-regulated in blood mononuclear cells, while mRNA expressions of the other ECM regulators were unaltered. We found strong correlations between mRNA expressions of both vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 2, and MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. After therapy, serum MMP-2 increased while MMP-9 decreased (P < 0.05), the others being unchanged. Several compounds affecting ECM may be involved in angiogenic activity in NHL.