Recent evidence for anatomic endoscopic enucleation of the prostate (AEEP) in patients with benign prostatic obstruction on antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Due to demographic changes in today's society, the number of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is increasing. Similarly, the proportion of patients with cardiovascular risk factors undergoing antiplatelet (AP) or anticoagulation (AC) therapy is growing as well. METHODS: This review discusses the current literature on various techniques used for anatomic endoscopic enucleation of the prostate (AEEP) in patients on AC/AP therapy. RESULTS: The large number of energy sources used for AEEP makes it difficult to compare them. Overall, fewer bleeding-associated complications arise in patients under AP compared to AC or bridging therapy with low molecular weight heparin. However, perioperatively both AP and AC therapy lead to a higher risk of bleeding complications compared to patients not taking anticoagulants. CONCLUSIONS: The literature shows that AEEP is possible and efficacious in patients under AC/AP therapy, with only slight differences compared to patients not taking AC/AP drugs, on a short and long-term basis. Nevertheless, the sparse data, the retrospective nature of many studies and the inclusion of prostate sizes between 50 and 110 ml only, make it difficult to come to strong conclusions.

Rectal perforation after aquablation of the prostate: lessons learned the hard way.

INTRODUCTION: Transurethral resection of the prostate and open prostatectomy have been the standard of care for the surgical treatment of benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) over decades. New emerging techniques for the surgical management of BPO have been currently introduced, but might be associated with new, unusual complications. METHODS: We herewith report on two patients with a rectal perforation after aquablation treatment of BPO. RESULTS: In the first case, the diagnosis was made 2 days after the aquablation procedure due to unspecific postoperative symptoms. A complex combined open/endoscopic repair of the defect was carried out thereafter. As a consequence, a rectoscopy was routinely performed since then following each aquablation procedure. In the second case, intraoperative rectoscopy after uneventful aquablation revealed the rectal perforation. The perforation was clipped immediately with an over the scope-clip by colonoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: These two cases of a rectal perforation after aquablation of the prostate demonstrate an unusual complication and its complex management. Diagnostic delay complicates its treatment. Therefore, immediate rectoscopy should be performed routinely after the aquablation procedure.

Reasons to go for thulium-based anatomical endoscopic enucleation of the prostate.

PURPOSE: To summarize the current evidence and the reasons to go for thulium-based anatomical endoscopic enucleation of the prostate (AEEP). METHODS: This review discusses the available literature on thulium-based AEEP. RESULTS: Thulium lasers operate at a wavelength between 1940 and 2013 nm. This wavelength, which has a low penetration depth in water, allows to perform smooth cuts in the prostatic tissue and allows urologists to perform various procedures: resection, vaporization, enucleation, or vapoenucleation of the prostate. Depending on the type of thulium laser, it can be used either in a continuous, or pulsed mode. CONCLUSION: In recent years, an increasing amount of evidence has described the thulium laser as a minimally invasive and size-independent treatment option for benign prostatic enlargement with excellent long-term results.

Aquablation of the prostate: single-center results of a non-selected, consecutive patient cohort.

PURPOSE: Aquablation of the prostate using the AquaBeam™ system promises equivalent functional outcomes, reduced learning curve, and improved sexual function compared to transurethral prostate resection as shown in prospective randomized trials. This prospective cohort study aims to evaluate if published results can be transferred into the clinical routine in a non-selected patient collective. METHODS: This study includes all patients treated between September 2017 and June 2018 with Aquablation of the prostate. Patients have been evaluated prospectively for the perioperative course and early follow-up. Besides voiding parameter and symptom score, TRUS-volume change, ejaculatory function, and adverse events have been recorded. RESULTS: 118 consecutive patients have been treated in the given time. Aquablation could be carried out successfully in all patients. IPSS, QoL, Qmax, and PVR improved significantly after the procedure and continued to improve during 3-month follow-up. Mean OR time was 20 min, TRUS volume decreased by 65%, and 73% of the patients retained antegrade ejaculation. Thirteen adverse events (> Clavien-Dindo I) occurred in 10 patients. CONCLUSION: The surgical ablation of the prostate using Aquablation achieved significant and immediate improvement of functional voiding parameters Qmax and PVR as well as symptomatic improvement of IPSS and QoL. Aquablation seems to be safe and effective with a low perioperative complication profile even in a non-selected group of patients.

Safety and efficacy using a low-powered holmium laser for enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP): 12-month results from a prospective low-power HoLEP series.

PURPOSE: To analyze the 12-month outcomes of low-powered holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (LP-HoLEP) for patients with symptomatic benign prostatic obstruction (BPO). METHODS: A total of 54 patients with symptomatic BPO were treated with LP-HoLEP. All patients were treated by two experienced LP-HoLEP surgeons. A 50-W Ho:YAG laser was used at 39.6-W (2.2 J, 18 Hz). All patients were assessed preoperatively by International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL), maximum flow rate (Qmax), post-void residual urine (PVR), PSA, and whole prostate volume measurement by transrectal ultrasound. The patients were reassessed at 1-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up. The complications were classified according to the modified Clavien classification system. Patient data were expressed as median (interquartile range) or numbers (%). RESULTS: The median age was 72.5 (67-77.25) years and the median preoperative prostate volume 74.5 (45-110) ml. 12 (22.2%) patients were treated with ongoing anticoagulant treatment. The median operative time was 65 (41-81) min and the enucleation efficiency 1.11 (0.82-1.79) g/min, respectively. Clavien 1 (11.1%), Clavien 2 (3.7%), Clavien 3a (3.7%), and Clavien 3b (5.5%) complications occurred. At 6-month follow-up, median prostate volume (74.5 vs. 15.5 ml) and PSA (4.03 vs. 0.54 µg/l) had improved significantly compared to baseline (p ≤ 0.009). At 12-month follow-up, Qmax (12 vs. 29.3 ml/s), PVR (155 vs. 11.15 ml), IPSS (22 vs. 6) and QoL (5 vs. 1) had improved significantly (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: LP-HoLEP is technically feasible, safe and effective for the treatment of symptomatic BPO. For experienced surgeons, power is less relevant than technique.

Thulium vapoenucleation of the prostate versus holmium laser enucleation of the prostate for the treatment of large volume prostates: preliminary 6-month safety and efficacy results of a prospective randomized trial.

PURPOSE: We compared the perioperative and postoperative characteristics of thulium vapoenucleation and holmium laser enucleation of the prostate for the treatment of large volume benign prostatic hyperplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 94 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and a median prostate size of 80 (IQR 46.75-100) cc were either randomized to thulium vapoenucleation or holmium laser enucleation of the prostate. Patients were assessed preoperatively, 1 and 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The median operative time was 60 (IQR 41-79) min without significant differences between the groups. There were no significant differences between the groups regarding catheter time [2 (IQR 2-2) days] and postoperative stay [2 (IQR 2-3) days]. Clavien 1 (13.8%), 2 (3.2%), 3a (2.1%), and Clavien 3b (4.3%) complications occurred without significant differences between the groups. At 6-month follow-up, median maximum flow rate (10.7 vs. 25.9 ml/s), post-void residual urine (100 vs. 6.5 ml), I-PSS (20 vs. 5), quality of life (4 vs. 1), PSA (4.14 vs. 0.71 µg/l), and prostate volume (80 vs. 16 ml) had improved significantly (p < 0.001) compared to baseline without significant differences between the groups. Median PSA decrease was 79.7% (58.8-90.6%) and prostate volume reduction was 74.5% (68.57-87.63%) without differences between the groups. The reoperation rate was zero at 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Thulium vapoenucleation and holmium laser enucleation of the prostate are safe and effective procedures for the treatment of large volume benign prostatic hyperplasia. Both procedures give satisfactory micturition improvement with low morbidity and sufficient prostate volume reduction at 6-month follow-up.

[Endoscopic enucleation of the prostate: a short term trend or a new treatment standard?]

Endoscopic enucleation of the prostate (EEP) techniques such as HoLEP (holmium laser enucleation of the prostate), ThuLEP (thulium laser enucleation of the prostate) and electroenucleation (mono- or bipolar) are highly effective and safe. They have been endorsed by the latest version of the European Association of Urology guidelines as an alternative to not only open adenomectomy but also transurethral resection of the prostate (EAU Guidelines on Treatment of Non-neurogenic Male LUTS 2018). Therefore, many urologists face the possibility of replacing the treatments of BPH. In this article, we analyze the history of EEP techniques, both their pros and cons and, what are they today - just a popular trend or a new standard procedure for the surgical treatment of BPH?

Five-year outcomes of thulium vapoenucleation of the prostate for symptomatic benign prostatic obstruction.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the 5-year outcomes of thulium vapoenucleation of the prostate (ThuVEP) in patients with benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) retrospectively. METHODS: Five-hundred patients were treated with ThuVEP between January 2007 and January 2010 at our institution. Patients were reassessed 1 and 5-years after ThuVEP with International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Quality of Life (QoL), urinary peak flow (Qmax), postvoid residual volume (PVR), PSA and prostate volume. Patient data were expressed as median (interquartile range). RESULTS: One-hundred and thirty-one patients completed the 5-year follow-up. According to preoperative prostate volume, patients were divided into two groups: group A (<60 ml, n = 80) and B (≥60 ml, n = 51). IPSS, QoL, Qmax, and PVR improved significantly at discharge and continued to do so during 5-year follow-up (p ≤ 0.001). At 1-year follow-up, prostate volume had decreased significantly (50 vs. 13 mL, p < 0.001) corresponding to a prostate volume reduction of 80.8%. PSA was significantly reduced at 5-year (0.72 µg/l) follow-up compared to preoperative PSA (3.39 µg/l, p ≤ 0.001). PSA-reduction (total 77.1%) at 5-year follow-up was significantly different between group A (70.2%) and B (83.5%) (p ≤ 0.006). IPSS was significantly lower in group B than in A (2.5 vs. 6, p < 0.001) at 5-year follow-up. Bladder neck contractures (n = 4) and urethral strictures (n = 4) occurred in 3.1% of the patients each. Three patients (2.3%) were re-treated for regrowth of prostatic tissue. CONCLUSIONS: ThuVEP is a durable procedure with regard to micturition improvement and PSA-reduction. The reintervention rate after ThuVEP was low during long-term follow-up.

Prospective assessment of perioperative course in 2648 patients after surgical treatment of benign prostatic obstruction.

PURPOSE: TUR-prostate (TUR-P) is considered the reference method for surgical treatment of benign prostatic obstruction (BPO); Greenlight laser photoselective vaporization (PVP) and thulium laser vapoenucleation (ThuVEP) have also been established as treatments of BPO. Objective of this prospective observation was to compare a large numbers of patients treated in everyday routine. METHODS: This prospective multicentre data collection assesses morbidity and perioperative course of consecutive men treated with BPO-related transurethral surgery between 2011 and 2014 in a German metropolis area with TUR-P, PVP or ThuVEP. RESULTS: Two thousand six hundred and forty-eight patients have been treated in the time period. All treatment options achieved immediate improvement of voiding parameters. Multivariate analyses proved shorter hospital stay after laser treatments as compared to resection (p < 0.001). In terms of hospital stay, the advantage of ThuVEP compared to TUR-P increased with prostate volume (p < 0.001). Patients with ongoing anticoagulation or bridging had prolonged hospital stay (p < 0.001). Overall adverse events were least frequent in PVP (p 0.016), as were Clavien 3b events (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment of BPO is effective and safe independent of the surgical procedure. Volume reduction is most effective in ThuVEP; PVP has the lowest rate of severe complications. Laser treatment is associated with shorter hospital stay. Surgery under ongoing anticoagulation prolonged the post-operative hospital stay.

Update on the current evidence for Tm:YAG vapoenucleation of the prostate 2014.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the current role of thulium vapoenucleation of the prostate (ThuVEP) for the treatment of benign prostatic obstruction (BPO). METHODS: A Medline search for randomized trials, case series, and comparative studies being published since the initial description of the ThuVEP procedure (2009-2014) was performed to assess the safety, the perioperative morbidity, the efficacy, and the durability of the technique. RESULTS: A total of 14 peer-reviewed original articles, seven case series [level of evidence (LOE) 4] and seven comparative studies (LOE 3b), have been identified. ThuVEP has been shown to be a size-independent, safe, efficacious, and durable procedure for the treatment of BPO in large, prospective, and retrospective series (LOE 4/3b). The feasibility and safety of the ThuVEP procedure has also been confirmed in patients at high cardiopulmonary risk on oral anticoagulants (LOE 4). It has also been demonstrated that the erectile function is not impaired by the ThuVEP procedure (LOE 4). However, published ThuVEP series are from very few centers of excellence not exceeding a LOE of 3b. Randomized controlled trials comparing ThuVEP with standard procedures for the treatment of BPO, namely transurethral resection of the prostate, open prostatectomy, or holmium laser enucleation of the prostate, have not been published so far. CONCLUSIONS: ThuVEP appears to be a size-independent, safe, efficacious, and durable procedure for the treatment of BPO (LOE 4/3b). Multicentric PRT are however needed to define the current role of ThuVEP in the armamentarium of minimally invasive transurethral surgery of the prostate.

Long-term outcome following Thulium VapoEnucleation of the prostate.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate Thulium VapoEnucleation of the prostate (ThuVEP) for patients with symptomatic benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) with long-term follow-up. METHODS: A prospective analysis of 124 patients who underwent ThuVEP between January 2007 and July 2008 at our institution was done. ThuVEP was carried out using the 70-Watt 2-µm continuous wave Tm:YAG laser. Patient demographic, perioperative complications, and follow-up data were analysed. RESULTS: The median (interquartile range) preoperative prostate volume was 58.5 (45-70.75) cc. The median operation and enucleation time were 74 (60-100) and 32.54 (25.62-37.52) min, respectively. The median catheter time and postoperative hospital stay were 2 (2-2) and 4 (3-5) days, respectively. Nine (7.3 %) patients required a second-look operation in the immediate postoperative course (failed morcellation = 2, clot retention = 3, and residual adenoma = 4). Two patients needed blood transfusions (1.6 %) postoperatively. At 12-month follow-up, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL), maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), and postvoiding residual urine (PVR) improved significantly in comparison with preoperative assessment (p < 0.001). A significant decrease of median PSA (4.7 vs. 0.92 µg/l) was seen at one-year follow-up (p < 0.001). At the 48-month follow-up mark, Qmax, PVR, IPSS, and QoL still differed significantly from baseline (p < 0.001). Bladder neck contractures and urethral strictures each developed in 1.6 and 0.8 % of the patients during follow-up. None of the patients were re-treated during follow-up for recurrent prostatic tissue. CONCLUSIONS: ThuVEP is a safe, efficacious, and durable procedure for the treatment of BPO. The incidence of late complications with ThuVEP was low.

[Hydrocele]. / Hydrozele.

The hydrocele is overall a rare condition in urology. A differentiation between primary and secondary hydrocele is essential for further treatment. A primary hydrocele with a patent vaginal process tends to spontaneously regress in the first 2 years of life in newborns. If treatment is necessary, open as well as laparoscopic methods are available with good results. The treatment of scrotal pathologies, especially secondary hydrocele, often poses a challenge in the clinical practice. Despite the benign nature, supposedly simple surgical techniques and good chances of healing, postoperative complications are frequent. In comparison to open surgery, sclerotherapy provides a good alternative for the treatment of secondary hydrocele.

[Update on ureteral reconstruction 2024]. / Update Harnleiterrekonstruktion 2024.

Ureteral strictures can occur along the entire course of the ureter and have many different causes. Factors involved in the development include, among other things, congenital anomalies, iatrogenic injuries during endoscopic as well as open or minimally invasive visceral surgical, gynecological, and urological procedures as well as prior radiation therapy. Planning treatment for ureteral strictures requires a detailed assessment of stricture and patient characteristics. Given the various options for ureteral reconstruction, various methods must be considered for each patient. Short-segment proximal strictures and strictures at the pyeloureteral junction are typically surgically managed with Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty. End-to-end anastomosis can be performed for short-segment proximal and middle ureteral strictures. Distal strictures are treated with ureteroneocystostomy and are often combined with a Boari and/or Psoas Hitch flap. Particularly, the treatment of long-segment strictures in the proximal and middle ureter remain a surgical challenge. The use of bowel interposition is an established treatment option for this, offering good functional results but also potential associated complications. Robot-assisted surgery is increasingly becoming a minimally invasive treatment alternative to reduce hospital stays and optimize postoperative recovery. However, open surgical ureteral reconstruction remains an established procedure, especially after multiple previous abdominal operations.

[Urinary diversion in old patients (80+ years)]. / Harnableitung beim alten Patienten (80+).

With increasing life expectancy there is also an increased need for the management of older (≥ 80 years) patients with the diagnosis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Radical cystectomy with urinary diversion is the state of the art treatment (with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, as long as the patient is fit enough). Choosing the best urinary diversion with respect to morbidity compared to functionality and quality of life remains a challenge in these patients. Physical age alone is not decisive for making a decision. A thorough preoperative assessment of medical features, physical and cognitive impairments is more important. Older patients are generally provided with an ileal conduit as an incontinent urinary diversion, as the intervention involves reduced operating times and complexity compared to continent urinary diversions; however, in the case of good health status with an adequate life expectancy and sufficient compliance, continent diversions may be considered even in aged candidates. In the case of multimorbid patients with a high perioperative risk, ureterostomy with permanent ureteric stents is an important alternative. Most importantly, a thorough preoperative counselling enables patients to reach an informed decision.

Evaluation of the learning curve for Thulium VapoEnucleation of the prostate (ThuVEP) using a mentor-based approach.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the learning curve of Thulium:YAG VapoEnucleation of the prostate (ThuVEP) for patients with symptomatic benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) prospectively. METHODS: ThuVEP was performed using the 120 Watt 2 µm continuous wave Thulium:YAG laser. ThuVEP was done by a resident without experience in transurethral prostate surgery (A, n = 32), an experienced endourologist (B, n = 32), and an experienced surgeon in ThuVEP (C, n = 32), who served as the mentor for A/B. Patients were divided into consecutive subgroups of 8 patients to assess the impact of the learning curve on procedure outcome. Patient demographic, perioperative, and 12-month follow-up data were analysed. RESULTS: ThuVEP was successfully completed in all patients. Enucleation efficiency (g/min) differed significantly between surgeon A (0.48 ± 0.3), B (0.7 ± 0.36), and C (1.4 ± 0.67) (p ≤ 0.001). Enucleation efficiency correlated significantly with the weight of resected tissue in surgeon A (r = 0.88), B (r = 0.73), and C (r = 0.79) (p < 0.001). ThuVEP was performed by surgeon A and B with reasonable enucleation, morcellation, and overall operation efficiency after 8-16 procedures. At 12-month follow-up, 68 (71 %) patients were available for review. IPSS, QoL, Qmax, PVR, PSA, and prostate volume improved significantly at follow-up (p ≤ 0.023). Mean PSA/prostate volume reduction was 81.95/74.5, 80.7/79.4, and 87.6/75.9 % in surgeon A, B, and C, respectively. Urethral stricture and bladder neck contracture developed 2 (A = 1, B = 1; 2.1 %) patients and 1 (C, 1 %) patient each, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: ThuVEP can be performed with reasonable efficiency even during the initial learning course of the surgeon when closely mentored. Previous experience in the field of endourology is beneficial.

[Skin manifestations of the external male genitals]. / Hauterscheinungen des männlichen Genitals.

The urological examination includes the inspection of the external male genitals. Harmless normal variants, such as heterotopic sebaceous glands and pearly penile papules must be differentiated from malignant and infectious manifestations. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus is a frequent connective tissue disease that can lead to functional impairments and an associated high level of suffering for those affected. Both conservative and invasive treatment options are available. Sexually transmitted diseases, such as syphilis, are gaining increasing importance in routine clinical and daily practice due to the increasing incidence in recent years. An early diagnosis and treatment of malignant neoplasms, such as Queyrat's erythroplasia can be carried out by routine inspection of the genital skin.

[Processing of medical products in the urological practice]. / Aufbereitung von Medizinprodukten in der urologischen Praxis.

The reprocessing of medical products is an important topic both in urological practices and in hospitals. The complexity is caused by the increasing variety of medical instruments and also by the increasing demands on the legally required quality of the reprocessing. The Robert Koch Institute (RKI) and the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM) have published recommendations for the processing of MD and last updated them in 2012. This article summarizes the legal framework for the reprocessing of medical devices, how medical devices are categorized before the appropriate procedure for reprocessing can be selected and the various steps in the reprocessing. A special focus is placed on medical products that are typically found in urological practices or outpatient departments and are processed there. Furthermore, the necessity of validating the processing method and the required training (expertise) of the personnel are discussed.

[New treatment concepts for colonic injury after percutaneous nephrolithotomy]. / Neues Therapiekonzept der Darmverletzung nach perkutaner Nephrolitholapaxie.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has become the gold standard for the treatment of large kidney stones > 2 cm and stones in the lower calyces > 1.5 cm. Despite the miniaturization of instruments and the greater expertise of urologists, serious complications can still occur. One of the most dangerous complications is intestinal perforation. Current database analyses report colonic injury in 0.3-0.8% of all cases. These injuries can be treated with either conservative management with long-term drainage and parenteral nutrition, or an exploratory laparotomy with primary closure or creation of a colostomy becomes necessary. We present the case of a 53-year-old woman who underwent left-sided PCNL for a single kidney stone. After removal of the nephrostomy, feces leaked from the puncture channel. After literature research and an interdisciplinary case presentation, the decision was made in favor of an undescribed therapy concept for colon injury after PCNL. After taking laxatives, a colonoscopy was performed. The entry and exit points of the puncture were identified and were both treated with an OTSC® clip (InMedi, Langenhagen, Germany). Immediately after the intervention stool leakage via the puncture channel stopped and the patient was allowed to eat normally. A control sonography on the third day revealed minimal fluid retention in the retroperitoneum which did not require treatment. The patient was then discharged symptom-free.

[Transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT)]. / Transurethrale Resektion von Blasentumoren (TUR-B).

Transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) is the standard of care for the diagnostics and primary treatment of bladder tumors. These are removed by fragmentation using loop diathermy. The resection area is coagulated for hemostasis. An important aspect is always a complete resection with an adequate amount of detrusor muscle in the specimen. Postoperative intravesical instillation of single-shot chemotherapy has been proven to reduce recurrence rates. Methods for improved tumor visualization (particularly photodynamic diagnostics) are used to enhance tumor detection rates particularly in multifocal tumors or carcinoma in situ (CIS). Thus, recurrence and progression rates can be reduced. Depending on the histological examination of the TURBT specimen, follow-up treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder tumors are adjuvant instillation treatment using chemotherapy or Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), second look TURBT and early cystectomy or for muscle invasive bladder tumors, radical cystectomy or (oncologically subordinate) trimodal treatment with renewed TURBT, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are indicated. Possible complications of TURBT include bleeding with bladder tamponade, extraperitoneal or intraperitoneal bladder perforation and infections of the urogenital tract.

[Safety and efficacy of en bloc vs. conventional transurethral resection of bladder tumors: a meta-analysis and systematic review]. / Sicherheit und Effizienz der en bloc vs. konventionellen transurethralen Resektion von Blasentumoren: eine Metaanalyse und systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: En bloc tumor resection of bladder tumors (ERBT) is a novel alternative procedure to conventional resection of bladder tumor (cTURBT), which might help to address common problems of the standard method, such as inadequate detrusor muscle in specimens, high re-resection rates and high recurrence rates. OBJECTIVE: To analyze current data on ERBT in efficacy and safety compared to cTURBT. DATA SOURCES: PubMed. STUDY SELECTION: Two independent authors identified trials based on keywords and inclusion criteria. A third author was consulted in case of discrepancies. Screening keywords: ERBT, en bloc transurethral resection of bladder tumor, TURBT en bloc. A meta-analysis of 13 studies was performed. The effect size was estimated based on odds ratios and mean differences including their corresponding two-sided 95% confidence intervals. DATA SYNTHESIS: The analyzed studies comprised a homogenous collective in terms of tumor size, tumor multiplicity and tumor stage. Operation time did not significantly differ between the methods. Differences were observed in hospitalization and catheterization time in favor of ERBT. Reported complications did not show clear differences. There was significantly more detrusor muscle in the specimens in the ERBT group. No significant differences were found in recurrence up to 2 years of follow-up. CONCLUSION: ERBT is a safe alternative to conventional TURBT with promising features regarding effective resection of detrusor muscle. More standardized data on recurrence rates, different resection modalities and resection margin results are needed.