[POLYMORPHISM OF ALFA-AMYLASE AND CONJUGATION IN COMMON WHEAT ENZYME TYPES WITH QUANTITATIVE TRAITS OF PLANTS].

Using polymorphism of alpha-amylase in the winter common wheat studied inheritance isoenzymes and its conjugation enzyme types with germinating grain on the "vine", grain productivity, plant height and time of ear formation. It is shown that the polymorphism isoenzyme of alpha-amylase wheat is limited by the presence of different loci whose products are similar in electrophoretic parameters. In this regard, one component of the enzyme can be controlling at one or two or three genes. Identification of a locus controlling alpha-amylase isoenzyme in the fast moving part of the electrophoretogram, designated as α-Amy-B7. Determine the distance of the locus to factor α-Amy-B6.

[Characteristics of alpha-amylase isozymes in cytologenetically different wheat cultivars].

The isoenzyme composition of alpha-amylase is studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in Tris-glycine (pH 8.3) system in wheat cultivars with different genome composition. We show that durum wheat (Triticum durum, 2n=4x=28, BBAA) lacks the isoenzymes encoded by 6D and 7D chromosomes that are present in common wheat zymograms (Triticum aestivum, 2n=6x=42, BBAADD). A similar pattern is observed in a synthetic allohexaploid carrying the BBAA genomes of wheat and the HchHch genome of barley (Hordeum chilense). Our method of electrophoresis fails to reveal additional variants of alpha-amylase encoded by the barley genome, although C-banding analysis confirms the genomic structure BBAAHChHCh of this allopolyploid. The electrophoretic spectrum of the spring common wheat cultivar Dobrynya with the wheat-Agropyron translocation 7DL-7AiL contains all of the alpha-amylase isoenzymes typical for common wheat (2n=6x=42, BBAADD) except for the zymotype encoded by the long arm of chromosome 7D. This observation confirms the results of cytogenetic analysis that identified a 7DL-7AiL translocation in this cultivar. No additional alpha-amylase isoenzymes encoded by Agropyron chromosome have been observed. Our data indicate that analysis of wheat-alien hybrids or introgressive forms should be carried out using a complex of different methods.

[Use of the common winter wheat homozygous population for genetic analysis of beta-amylase and evaluation of its aggregation ability].

We investigated a self-pollinated homozygous population of common winter wheat, F(-> ∞) 24/04 x Odesskaya krasnokolosaya, for variants of beta-amylase and the aggregation ability of the protein complex of weevil via disulfide bonds. It was found that variation in the electrophoretic types of this enzyme was due to four isoenzymes. Two of them (a and b) are doubled and controlled by separate loci with independent inheritance. Isoenzyme c was due to three dominant factors, and four loci were responsible for d. Analysis of the number of -S-S-bonds of five genotypes, which were harvested in 2013 and differed in the types of beta-amylase, showed that some of them were significantly different from others in this indicator. In general, the samples were grouped by the type of this enzyme, forming the following continuous series with respect to aggregation ability: I ≥ B ≥ F ≥ D ≥ G or 59.13 ± 3.18 ≥ 56.65 ± 2.46 ≥ 52.54 ± 2.24 ≥ 50.16 ± 1.67 ≥ 48.63 ± 6.25 of cond. units. Significant differences were observed for this property between groups B > D and I > D. Therefore, genotypes having types I and B have a positive influence on the rheological properties of dough.

[Genetic control of protein synthesis of white lupine (Lupinus albus L.) seeds].

Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the glycine-acetic acid system (pH 3.2), variants of proteins of white-lupine seeds were revealed. The study of conglutin polymorphism in the culture of the autogamous population F(--> infinity) (var. Dega) revealed two loci, Con A and Con B, which control protein synthesis. The loci were situated in the same linkage group within a distance of 11.48 +/- 3.4% of recombination. Natural selection in favor ofgenotypes that contain Con A1 Con B2 alleles is proposed. It is established that conglutins A and B (CON A and CON B) contain cysteine residues, which form intermolecular disulfide bonds between peptides.

[Genetic control of several alpha-amylase isozymes in winter hexaploid wheat].

alpha-Amylase isozymes were detected via electrophoretic separation in a Tris-glycine polyacrylamide gel system (pH 8.4). Three chromosome 6B loci controlling the alpha-amylase isozyme composition were identified by studying the grain alpha-amylase patterns in an F --> infinity self-pollinating population of winter common wheat (Donskoi Mayak). The loci were found to take the following order in the long arm of chromosome 6B: cen.-alpha-Amy-B3-alpha-Amy-B6-alpha-Amy-B1-.

[The ß-amylase polymorphism of winter common wheat grains].

The polymorphism of winter common wheat with respect to ß-amylase isoenzymes has been analyzed using electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel (PAAG) buffered with a Tris-glycine system (pH 8.3). Seven ß-amylase isoenzymes have been found in wheat cultivars and the breeding stock. Isoenzymes A, B, and C are the most frequent in Russian and Ukrainian cultivars (51.7 4.7, 30.7 3.8, and 11.9 2.5%, respectively). Two alleles of the ß-Amy-D1 locus of the long arm of chromosome 4D have been identified. The substrate-enzyme affine effect can be used to locate the zones of activity of this enzyme by means of staining for proteins. It has been determined that ß-amylase zymotypes may play a role in the aggregating capacity of the grain protein complex via the formation of S-S bonds.

[Specific aspects of detection of peroxidase isozymes and their genetic control in barley].

Identical specimens were separated by electrophoresis in two gels to detect and fix peroxidase isozymes. Both gels were stained by Coomassie brilliant blue for detecting proteins. One gel was previously incubated for detecting peroxidase activity. The differences in electrophoretic patterns between the gels indicate the zones of peroxidase activity. It has been shown that locus Prx 6H, controlling a low-mobility grain peroxidase (PRX 6H), is localized to barley chromosome 6. Two loci, Alb 4H and Alb 7H, controlling the biosyntheses of water-soluble proteins of barley endosperm, were localized to chromosomes 4 and 7. It has been demonstrated that barley culture is polymorphic at multiple molecular forms of peroxidase.

[Revealing hereditary variation of winter hardiness in cereals]. / Vyiavlenie nasledstvennoi izmenchivosti zernovykh po zimostoikosti.

A set of cereal crops and differentiating cultivars was shown to be of utility for identifying the major abiotic factors that limit the survival of winter crops in the cold season of a particular year. With this approach, the season was identified (1997-1998, Belgorod) when the survival of cereals depended on the tolerance to anaerobiosis rather than on the frost resistance. Differentiation of common wheat cultivars with respect to this property was attributed to a locus designated Win1 (Winter hardiness 1) and localized 3.2-5.8% recombination away from the B1 (awnlessness) gene. Winter barley (cultivar Odesskii 165) displayed the highest tolerance to anaerobiosis in the cold season; low and intermediate tolerance was established for winter durum wheat (cultivar Alyi Parus) and winter common wheat, respectively. Frost resistance and winter hardiness type 1 proved to be determined by different genetic systems, which showed no statistical association. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations of frost resistance in the field (1996-1997, Belgorod) with productivity, sedimentation index, plant height, and vegetation period in wheat. Statistical analysis associated frost resistance with gliadin-coding alleles of homeologous chromosomes 1 and 6 of the A, B, and D wheat genomes.

[Selective value and gene geography of the alleles of Barley beta- amylase locus Bmy1]. / Selektivnaia tsennost' i genogeografiia allelei beta-amilaznogo lokusaBmy1 u iachmenia.

Polymorphism for locus Bmy 1 was studied in 406 cultivars of spring barley, 189 of which were regionalized in the former Soviet Union between 1929 and 1990. Three alleles were detected: Bmy 1 Ar, Bmy 1 Br, and Bmy 1 Al. The frequencies of these alleles were 35.59, 60.46, and 3.45%, respectively. In contrast to Bmy 1 Ar, the allele Bmy 1 Br was shown to correlate with an increase in the amylolytic activity of malt. Barley plants differing in the Bmy 1 alleles were found to differ in seed productivity. Allele Bmy 1 Ar was shown to prevail in cultivars from the northern regions of the former Soviet Union, in which its frequency exceeds 50%. Toward the south, its frequency gradually decreases to 14-17%. Conversely, the frequency of allele Bmy 1 Br increases from 38.6% (north) to 85.7% (south). The pattern of allele distribution depends on the following factors: temperature pattern during the growing season, moisture supply, and climate continentality.