MicroRNA-17-92 Regulates the Transcription Factor E2F3b during Myogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo.

Myogenic differentiation, which occurs during muscle development, is a highly ordered process that can be regulated by E2F transcription factors. Available data show that E2F3b, but not E2F3a, is upregulated and required for myogenic differentiation. However, the regulation of E2F3b expression in myogenic differentiation is not well understood. To investigate whether E2Fb expression is controlled by miRNAs, we used bioinformatics to combine the database of microRNAs downregulated during myogenesis and those predicted to target E2F3. This identified miR-17 and miR-20a as miRNAs potentially involved in E2F3 regulation. We found that miR-17-92 controls the expression of E2F3b in C2C12 cells during myogenic differentiation. Moreover, we confirmed that miR-20a regulates the expression of E2F3b proteins in vivo using a muscle regeneration model.

Effect of oxidative stress from nanoscale TiO2 particles on a Physarum polycephalum macroplasmodium under dark conditions.

Information regarding the effect of nanoscale titanium dioxide particles (nTiO2) on the environment under dark conditions is scarce, and the effect of nTiO2 on fungi is largely unknown. Due to its huge size and high sensitivity to external stimuli, the slime mold fungi cell, Physarum polycephalum macroplasmodium, was utilized as a novel subject for the toxicity investigations in the present study, and oxidative stress from nTiO2 on the macroplasmodium was assessed under dark conditions. Short exposure (2-3 h) caused an intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) imbalance, and an anti-oxidative mechanism was activated from intermediate doses of nTiO2 (5-18 mg/mL). At long exposure times (~3 days), relatively low doses of nTiO2 (≤9 mg/mL) stimulated the growth of macroplasmodium and oxidative stress without DNA damage, whereas higher doses of nTiO2 (≥15 mg/mL) led to growth inhibition, significant DNA oxidative damage, and activation of the DNA single-strand repairing system. Although DNA oxidative damage was decreased to the same level as the control group by the supplementation of the anti-oxidant vitamin C, growth of the macroplasmodium failed to be completely restored. We inferred that nTiO2 induced a complicated toxicity effect on P. polycephalum in addition to DNA oxidative damage. Taken as a whole, the present study implied the probability of using P. polycephalum macroplasmodium for toxicity studies at the single-cell level, indicating that nTiO2 could induce oxidative stress or damage in P. polycephalum even under dark conditions and suggesting that the release of nTiO2 could lead to a growth imbalance of slime molds in the environment.