RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We report the development and validation of a combined DNA/RNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform to improve the evaluation of pancreatic cysts. BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Despite a multidisciplinary approach, pancreatic cyst classification, such as a cystic precursor neoplasm, and the detection of high-grade dysplasia and early adenocarcinoma (advanced neoplasia) can be challenging. NGS of preoperative pancreatic cyst fluid improves the clinical evaluation of pancreatic cysts, but the recent identification of novel genomic alterations necessitates the creation of a comprehensive panel and the development of a genomic classifier to integrate the complex molecular results. METHODS: An updated and unique 74-gene DNA/RNA-targeted NGS panel (PancreaSeq Genomic Classifier) was created to evaluate 5 classes of genomic alterations to include gene mutations (e.g., KRAS, GNAS, etc.), gene fusions and gene expression. Further, CEA mRNA ( CEACAM5 ) was integrated into the assay using RT-qPCR. Separate multi-institutional cohorts for training (n=108) and validation (n=77) were tested, and diagnostic performance was compared to clinical, imaging, cytopathologic, and guideline data. RESULTS: Upon creation of a genomic classifier system, PancreaSeq GC yielded a 95% sensitivity and 100% specificity for a cystic precursor neoplasm, and the sensitivity and specificity for advanced neoplasia were 82% and 100%, respectively. Associated symptoms, cyst size, duct dilatation, a mural nodule, increasing cyst size, and malignant cytopathology had lower sensitivities (41-59%) and lower specificities (56-96%) for advanced neoplasia. This test also increased the sensitivity of current pancreatic cyst guidelines (IAP/Fukuoka and AGA) by >10% and maintained their inherent specificity. CONCLUSIONS: PancreaSeq GC was not only accurate in predicting pancreatic cyst type and advanced neoplasia but also improved the sensitivity of current pancreatic cyst guidelines.
Assuntos
Cisto Pancreático , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Humanos , RNA , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Cisto Pancreático/diagnóstico , Cisto Pancreático/genética , Cisto Pancreático/patologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , DNA , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms (AMNs) with disseminated disease (pseudomyxoma peritonei) are heterogeneous tumors with variable clinicopathologic behavior. Despite the development of prognostic systems, objective biomarkers are needed to stratify patients. With the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS), it remains unclear if molecular testing can improve the evaluation of disseminated AMN patients. METHODS: Targeted NGS was performed for 183 patients and correlated with clinicopathologic features to include American Joint Committee on Cancer/World Health Organization (AJCC/WHO) histologic grade, peritoneal cancer index (PCI), completeness of cytoreduction (CC) score, and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Genomic alterations were identified for 179 (98%) disseminated AMNs. Excluding mitogen-activated protein kinase genes and GNAS due to their ubiquitous nature, collective genomic alterations in TP53, SMAD4, CDKN2A, and the mTOR genes were associated with older mean age, higher AJCC/WHO histologic grade, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, regional lymph node metastasis, and lower mean PCI (p < 0.040). Patients harboring TP53, SMAD4, ATM, CDKN2A, and/or mTOR gene alterations were found to have lower OS rates of 55% at 5 years and 14% at 10 years, compared with 88% at 5 years and 88% at 10 years for patients without the aforementioned alterations (p < 0.001). Based on univariate and multivariate analyses, genomic alterations in TP53, SMAD4, ATM, CDKN2A, and/or the mTOR genes in disseminated AMNs were a negative prognostic factor for OS and independent of AJCC/WHO histologic grade, PCI, CC score, and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy treatment (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Targeted NGS improves the prognostic assessment of patients with disseminated AMNs and identifies patients who may require increased surveillance and/or aggressive management.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso , Neoplasias do Apêndice , Neoplasias Peritoneais , Pseudomixoma Peritoneal , Humanos , Pseudomixoma Peritoneal/genética , Pseudomixoma Peritoneal/terapia , Pseudomixoma Peritoneal/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso/genética , Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso/terapia , Neoplasias do Apêndice/genética , Neoplasias do Apêndice/terapia , Neoplasias Peritoneais/genética , Neoplasias Peritoneais/terapia , Neoplasias Peritoneais/patologia , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/genética , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos de CitorreduçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have found aristaless-related homeobox gene (ARX)/pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1), alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked (ATRX)/death domain-associated protein (DAXX) and alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) to be promising prognostic biomarkers for non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (NF-PanNETs). However, they have not been comprehensively evaluated, especially among small NF-PanNETs (≤2.0 cm). Moreover, their status in neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) from other sites remains unknown. DESIGN: An international cohort of 1322 NETs was evaluated by immunolabelling for ARX/PDX1 and ATRX/DAXX, and telomere-specific fluorescence in situ hybridisation for ALT. This cohort included 561 primary NF-PanNETs, 107 NF-PanNET metastases and 654 primary, non-pancreatic non-functional NETs and NET metastases. The results were correlated with numerous clinicopathological features including relapse-free survival (RFS). RESULTS: ATRX/DAXX loss and ALT were associated with several adverse prognostic findings and distant metastasis/recurrence (p<0.001). The 5-year RFS rates for patients with ATRX/DAXX-negative and ALT-positive NF-PanNETs were 40% and 42% as compared with 85% and 86% for wild-type NF-PanNETs (p<0.001 and p<0.001). Shorter 5-year RFS rates for ≤2.0 cm NF-PanNETs patients were also seen with ATRX/DAXX loss (65% vs 92%, p=0.003) and ALT (60% vs 93%, p<0.001). By multivariate analysis, ATRX/DAXX and ALT status were independent prognostic factors for RFS. Conversely, classifying NF-PanNETs by ARX/PDX1 expression did not independently correlate with RFS. Except for 4% of pulmonary carcinoids, ATRX/DAXX loss and ALT were only identified in primary (25% and 29%) and NF-PanNET metastases (62% and 71%). CONCLUSIONS: ATRX/DAXX and ALT should be considered in the prognostic evaluation of NF-PanNETs including ≤2.0 cm tumours, and are highly specific for pancreatic origin among NET metastases of unknown primary.
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Deficiência Intelectual , Tumores Neuroendócrinos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Talassemia alfa , Proteínas Correpressoras/genética , Genes Homeobox , Proteínas de Homeodomínio , Humanos , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Chaperonas Moleculares/genética , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/genética , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Telômero/genética , Telômero/patologia , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Proteína Nuclear Ligada ao X/genética , Talassemia alfa/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Risk stratification for patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is based primarily on pathologic tumor characteristics. Accurate preoperative prognostication could allow for more informed initial surgical recommendations, particularly among patients at a higher risk for distant metastasis (DM). The objective of this study was to characterize the genetic profile of DTC with DM and to validate a molecular-based risk stratification. METHODS: A case-control study design was used to analyze patients who had DTC with DM (n = 62) and a propensity matched cohort of patients who had DTC without DM after at least 5 years of follow-up using the ThyroSeq version 3 targeted next-generation sequencing assay. The results were classified into high-risk, intermediate-risk, and low-risk of aggressive disease. RESULTS: Most patients who had DTC with DM (66%) had a late-hit mutation in TERT, TP53, or PIK3CA. After propensity matching by age, tumor size, and sex, the high-risk molecular profile had strong association with DM (high-risk vs intermediate-risk: odds ratio, 25.1; 95% CI, 3.07-204.4; P < .001; high-risk vs low-risk: odds ratio, 122.5; 95% CI, 14.5-1038.4; P < .001). Overall, molecular risk categories were associated with DM risk, with a concordance index of 0.836 (95% CI, 0.759-0.913), which remained consistent after internal validation. Within the range of 5% to 10% of DM observed in DTC, the expected probability of DM would be 0.2% to 0.4% for the low-risk molecular profile, 4.7% to 9.4% for the intermediate-risk molecular profile, and 19.3% to 33.5% for the high-risk molecular profile. CONCLUSIONS: In this matched case-control study, genetic profiling using an available molecular assay provided accurate and robust risk stratification for DM in patients with DTC. The availability of preoperative prognostication may allow tailoring treatment for patients with DTC.
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Adenocarcinoma , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Humanos , Mutação , Medição de Risco , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/genética , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasms (IOPNs) of the pancreas and bile duct contain epithelial cells with numerous, large mitochondria and are cystic precursors to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), respectively. However, IOPNs do not have the genomic alterations found in other pancreatobiliary neoplasms. In fact, no recurrent genomic alterations have been described in IOPNs. PDACs without activating mutations in KRAS contain gene rearrangements, so we investigated whether IOPNs have recurrent fusions in genes. METHODS: We analyzed 20 resected pancreatic IOPNs and 3 resected biliary IOPNs using a broad RNA-based targeted sequencing panel to detect cancer-related fusion genes. Four invasive PDACs and 2 intrahepatic CCAs from the same patients as the IOPNs, were also available for analysis. Samples of pancreatic cyst fluid (n = 5, collected before surgery) and bile duct brushings (n = 2) were analyzed for translocations. For comparison, we analyzed pancreatobiliary lesions from 126 patients without IOPN (controls). RESULTS: All IOPNs evaluated were found to have recurring fusions of ATP1B1-PRKACB (n = 13), DNAJB1-PRKACA (n = 6), or ATP1B1-PRKACA (n = 4). These fusions also were found in corresponding invasive PDACs and intrahepatic CCAs, as well as in matched pancreatic cyst fluid and bile duct brushings. These gene rearrangements were absent from all 126 control pancreatobiliary lesions. CONCLUSIONS: We identified fusions in PRKACA and PRKACB genes in pancreatic and biliary IOPNs, as well as in PDACs and pancreatic cyst fluid and bile duct cells from the same patients. We did not identify these gene fusions in 126 control pancreatobiliary lesions. These fusions might be used to identify patients at risk for IOPNs and their associated invasive carcinomas.
Assuntos
Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Colangiocarcinoma/genética , Subunidades Catalíticas da Proteína Quinase Dependente de AMP Cíclico/genética , Neoplasias Intraductais Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/patologia , Ductos Biliares Intra-Hepáticos , Feminino , Fusão Gênica , Rearranjo Gênico , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP40/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cisto Pancreático/genética , Neoplasias Intraductais Pancreáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Despite improvements in imaging, serum CA19-9 and pathological evaluation, differentiating between benign and malignant bile duct strictures remains a diagnostic conundrum. Recent developments in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have opened new opportunities for early detection and management of cancers but, to date, have not been rigorously applied to biliary specimens. DESIGN: We prospectively evaluated a 28-gene NGS panel (BiliSeq) using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-obtained biliary specimens from patients with bile duct strictures. The diagnostic performance of serum CA19-9, pathological evaluation and BiliSeq was assessed on 252 patients (57 trainings and 195 validations) with 346 biliary specimens. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of BiliSeq for malignant strictures was 73% and 100%, respectively. In comparison, an elevated serum CA19-9 and pathological evaluation had sensitivities of 76% and 48%, and specificities of 69% and 99%, respectively. The combination of BiliSeq and pathological evaluation increased the sensitivity to 83% and maintained a specificity of 99%. BiliSeq improved the sensitivity of pathological evaluation for malignancy from 35% to 77% for biliary brushings and from 52% to 83% for biliary biopsies. Among patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), BiliSeq had an 83% sensitivity as compared with pathological evaluation with an 8% sensitivity. Therapeutically relevant genomic alterations were identified in 20 (8%) patients. Two patients with ERBB2-amplified cholangiocarcinoma received a trastuzumab-based regimen and had measurable clinicoradiographic response. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of BiliSeq and pathological evaluation of biliary specimens increased the detection of malignant strictures, particularly in patients with PSC. Additionally, BiliSeq identified alterations that may stratify patients for specific anticancer therapies.
Assuntos
Colangiopancreatografia Retrógrada Endoscópica/métodos , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/diagnóstico , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/genética , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/patologia , Doenças Biliares/diagnóstico , Doenças Biliares/genética , Doenças Biliares/patologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Antígeno CA-19-9/sangue , Constrição Patológica/diagnóstico , Constrição Patológica/genética , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Cirrose Hepática Biliar/diagnóstico , Cirrose Hepática Biliar/genética , Cirrose Hepática Biliar/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Manejo de Espécimes/métodos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Mutations in RAS occur in 30-50% of metastatic colorectal carcinomas (mCRCs) and correlate with resistance to anti-EGFR therapy. Consequently, mCRC biomarker guidelines state RAS mutational testing should be performed when considering EGFR inhibitor treatment. However, a small subset of mCRCs are reported to harbor RAS amplification. In order to elucidate the clinicopathologic features and anti-EGFR treatment response associated with RAS amplification, we retrospectively reviewed a large cohort of mCRC patients that underwent targeted next-generation sequencing and copy number analysis for KRAS, NRAS, HRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA. Molecular testing was performed on 1286 consecutive mCRC from 1271 patients as part of routine clinical care, and results were correlated with clinicopathologic findings, mismatch repair (MMR) status and follow-up. RAS amplification was detected in 22 (2%) mCRCs and included: KRAS, NRAS, and HRAS for 15, 5, and 2 cases, respectively (6-21 gene copies). Patients with a KRAS-amplified mCRC were more likely to report a history of inflammatory bowel disease (p < 0.001). In contrast, mutations in KRAS were associated with older patient age, right-sided colonic origin, low-grade differentiation, mucinous histology, and MMR proficiency (p ≤ 0.017). Four patients with a KRAS-amplified mCRC and no concomitant RAS/BRAF/PIK3CA mutations received EGFR inhibitor-based therapy, and none demonstrated a clinicoradiographic response. The therapeutic impact of RAS amplification was further evaluated using a separate, multi-institutional cohort of 23 patients. Eight of 23 patients with KRAS-amplified mCRC received anti-EGFR therapy and all 8 patients exhibited disease progression on treatment. Although the number of KRAS-amplified mCRCs is limited, our data suggest the clinicopathologic features associated with mCRC harboring a KRAS amplification are distinct from those associated with a KRAS mutation. However, both alterations seem to confer EGFR inhibitor resistance and, therefore, RAS testing to include copy number analyses may be of consideration in the treatment of mCRC.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/complicações , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias do Colo/complicações , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/complicações , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Neoplasias do Colo/genética , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Receptores ErbB/antagonistas & inibidores , Feminino , Amplificação de Genes , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/genética , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Panitumumabe/uso terapêutico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The identification of genetic risk factors for chronic pancreatitis, such as PRSS1, CFTR and SPINK1, provides the opportunity to define key pathologic hallmarks and etiologic-specific changes. For example, pancreata from PRSS1 and CFTR patients exhibit progressive lipomatous atrophy without significant fibrosis. Considering the pathology of SPINK1-associated pancreatitis is ill-defined, we examined the pancreata of SPINK1 patients with chronic pancreatitis. METHODS: Histologic sections after total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation and associated clinicopathologic data were collected from 28 patients with SPINK1 germline alterations. Clinical findings, germline data, anatomic anomalies and pathologic findings were descriptively evaluated. RESULTS: Patients ranged in age from 5 to 48 years (median, 21.6 years) with abdominal pain between 2 and 25 years (median, 5.8 years). Most patients were SPINK1 heterozygous and 14 (50%) had co-occurring CFTR (n = 12) and CTRC (n = 2) mutations. Other pancreatitis risk factors included anatomic anomalies (n = 9) and tobacco use (n = 1). Overall, 24 (86%) patients had additional pancreatitis-associated germline alterations, SPINK1 homozygosity, anatomic anomalies or environmental factors. Examination of pancreata revealed a sequential pattern of exocrine parenchymal loss and replacement by prominent fibrosis, dependent on the duration of abdominal pain. No malignancies were identified, but low-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia was present for 2 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Within this descriptive study, SPINK1-associated pancreatitis is characterized by parenchymal fibrosis and suggests divergent pathophysiologic mechanisms from PRSS1 and CFTR-associated pancreatitis. Moreover, SPINK1 patients frequently had additional etiologic factors that did not impact the development of pancreatic fibrosis and may implicate SPINK1 as a disease modifier gene.
Assuntos
Mutação , Pancreatite Crônica , Inibidor da Tripsina Pancreática de Kazal , Dor Abdominal , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pancreatite Crônica/genética , Inibidor da Tripsina Pancreática de Kazal/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Thyroid cancer development is driven by known point mutations or gene fusions found in â¼90% of cases, whereas driver mutations in the remaining tumors are unknown. The insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) plays an important role in cancer, yet the mechanisms of its activation in cancer cells remain poorly understood. Using whole-transcriptome and whole-genome analyses, we identified a recurrent fusion between the thyroid adenoma-associated (THADA) gene on chromosome 2 and the LOC389473 gene on chromosome 7 located 12 kb upstream of the IGF2BP3 gene. We show that THADA fusion to LOC389473 and other regions in the vicinity does not result in the formation of a chimeric protein but instead leads to strong overexpression of the full-length IGF2BP3 mRNA and protein, increased IGF2 translation and IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) signaling via PI3K and MAPK cascades, and promotion of cell proliferation, invasion, and transformation. THADA fusions and IGF2BP3 overexpression are found in â¼5% of thyroid cancers that lack any other driver mutations. We also find that strong IGF2BP3 overexpression via gene fusion, amplification, or other mechanisms occurs in 5 to 15% of several other cancer types. Finally, we provide in vitro and in vivo evidence that growth of IGF2BP3-driven cells and tumors may be blocked by IGF1R inhibition, raising the possibility that IGF2BP3 overexpression in cancer cells may predict an anti-IGF1R benefit.
Assuntos
Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Receptores de Somatomedina/genética , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/genética , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Transformação Celular Neoplásica , Feminino , Loci Gênicos , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Humanos , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like II/genética , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like II/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Biossíntese de Proteínas , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Pirazinas/farmacologia , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Receptor IGF Tipo 1 , Receptores de Somatomedina/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Somatomedina/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer among women worldwide. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized the study of cancer across research labs around the globe; however, genomic testing in clinical settings remains limited. Advances in sequencing reliability, pipeline analysis, accumulation of relevant data, and the reduction of costs are rapidly increasing the feasibility of NGS-based clinical decision making. METHODS: We report the development of MammaSeq, a breast cancer-specific NGS panel, targeting 79 genes and 1369 mutations, optimized for use in primary and metastatic breast cancer. To validate the panel, 46 solid tumors and 14 plasma circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) samples were sequenced to a mean depth of 2311× and 1820×, respectively. Variants were called using Ion Torrent Suite 4.0 and annotated with cravat CHASM. CNVKit was used to call copy number variants in the solid tumor cohort. The oncoKB Precision Oncology Database was used to identify clinically actionable variants. Droplet digital PCR was used to validate select ctDNA mutations. RESULTS: In cohorts of 46 solid tumors and 14 ctDNA samples from patients with advanced breast cancer, we identified 592 and 43 protein-coding mutations. Mutations per sample in the solid tumor cohort ranged from 1 to 128 (median 3), and the ctDNA cohort ranged from 0 to 26 (median 2.5). Copy number analysis in the solid tumor cohort identified 46 amplifications and 35 deletions. We identified 26 clinically actionable variants (levels 1-3) annotated by OncoKB, distributed across 20 out of 46 cases (40%), in the solid tumor cohort. Allele frequencies of ESR1 and FOXA1 mutations correlated with CA.27.29 levels in patient-matched blood draws. CONCLUSIONS: In solid tumor biopsies and ctDNA, MammaSeq detects clinically actionable mutations (OncoKB levels 1-3) in 22/46 (48%) solid tumors and in 4/14 (29%) of ctDNA samples. MammaSeq is a targeted panel suitable for clinically actionable mutation detection in breast cancer.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , DNA Tumoral Circulante/genética , Análise Mutacional de DNA/métodos , DNA de Neoplasias/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Antígenos Glicosídicos Associados a Tumores/sangue , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Biópsia , Mama/patologia , Neoplasias da Mama/sangue , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Receptor alfa de Estrogênio/genética , Feminino , Fator 3-alfa Nuclear de Hepatócito/genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/métodos , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Medicina de Precisão/métodos , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesAssuntos
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Humanos , Pâncreas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismoRESUMO
Despite prognostic grading and staging systems, it is a challenge to predict outcomes for patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs). Sequencing studies of PanNETs have identified alterations in death domain-associated protein (DAXX) and alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked chromatin remodeler (ATRX). In tumors, mutations in DAXX or ATRX and corresponding loss of protein expression correlate with shorter times of disease-free survival and disease-specific survival of patients. However, DAXX or ATRX proteins were lost in only 50% of distant metastases analyzed. We performed whole-exome sequencing analyses of 20 distant metastases from 20 patients with a single nonsyndrome, nonfunctional PanNET. We found distant metastases contained alterations in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) (n = 8), ATRX (n = 5), DAXX (n = 5), TSC2 (n = 3), and DEP domain containing 5 (DEPDC5) (n = 3). We found copy number loss of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) in 15 metastases (75%) and alterations in genes that regulate chromatin remodeling, including set domain containing 2 (SETD2) (n = 4), AT-rich interaction domain 1A (ARID1A) (n = 2), chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 8 (CHD8) (n = 2), and DNA methyl transferase 1 (DNMT1) (n = 2). In a separate analysis of 347 primary PanNETs, we found loss or deletion of DAXX and ATRX, disruption of SETD2 function (based on loss of H3 lysine 36 trimethylation), loss of ARID1A expression or deletions in CDKN2A in 81% of primary PanNETs with distant metastases. Among patients with loss or deletion of at least 1 of these proteins or genes, 39% survived disease-free for 5 years and 44% had disease-specific survival times of 10 years. Among patients without any of these alterations, 98% survived disease-free for 5 years and 95% had disease-specific survival times of 10 years. Therefore, primary PanNETs with loss of DAXX, ATRX, H3 lysine 36 trimethylation, ARID1A, and/or CDKN2A associate with shorter survival times of patients. Our findings indicate that alterations in chromatin-remodeling genes and CDKN2A contribute to metastasis of PanNETs.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p18/genética , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Montagem e Desmontagem da Cromatina/genética , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/mortalidade , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/patologia , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/cirurgia , Pancreatectomia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/mortalidade , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/cirurgia , Prognóstico , Sequenciamento do ExomaRESUMO
We present the generalized experimental results of performance degradation of hydrogen sensors based on metal-insulator-semiconductor field effect transistor (MISFET)with the structure Pd-Ta2O5-SiO2-Si. The n-channel MISFET elements were fabricated on silicon single chips together with temperature sensors and heater-resistors by means of conventional -technology. Two hundred cycles of responses to different hydrogen concentrations were measured during eight weeks using special measuring and temperature stabilization circuitries with a feedback loop based on the chip's thermo-sensor and heater. We show how the response parameters change during long-term tests of sensors under repeated hydrogen impacts. There were two stages of time-dependent response instability, the degradation of which depends on operating conditions, hydrogen concentrations, and time. To interpret results, we proposed the models, parameters of which were calculated using experimental data. These models can be used to predict performances of MISFET-based gas analysis devices for long-term operation.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: DNA-based testing of pancreatic cyst fluid (PCF) is a useful adjunct to the evaluation of pancreatic cysts (PCs). Mutations in KRAS/GNAS are highly specific for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) and mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs), while TP53/PIK3CA/PTEN alterations are associated with advanced neoplasia. A prospective study was performed to evaluate preoperative PCF DNA testing. DESIGN: Over 43-months, 626 PCF specimens from 595 patients were obtained by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-fine needle aspiration and assessed by targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS). Molecular results were correlated with EUS findings, ancillary studies and follow-up. A separate cohort of 159 PCF specimens was also evaluated for KRAS/GNAS mutations by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: KRAS/GNAS mutations were identified in 308 (49%) PCs, while alterations in TP53/PIK3CA/PTEN were present in 35 (6%) cases. Based on 102 (17%) patients with surgical follow-up, KRAS/GNAS mutations were detected in 56 (100%) IPMNs and 3 (30%) MCNs, and associated with 89% sensitivity and 100% specificity for a mucinous PC. In comparison, KRAS/GNAS mutations by Sanger sequencing had a 65% sensitivity and 100% specificity. By NGS, the combination of KRAS/GNAS mutations and alterations in TP53/PIK3CA/PTEN had an 89% sensitivity and 100% specificity for advanced neoplasia. Ductal dilatation, a mural nodule and malignant cytopathology had lower sensitivities (42%, 32% and 32%, respectively) and specificities (74%, 94% and 98%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to Sanger sequencing, preoperative NGS of PCF for KRAS/GNAS mutations is highly sensitive for IPMNs and specific for mucinous PCs. In addition, the combination of TP53/PIK3CA/PTEN alterations is a useful preoperative marker for advanced neoplasia.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Líquido Cístico/química , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/métodos , Cisto Pancreático/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/cirurgia , Cromograninas/genética , DNA de Neoplasias/genética , Aspiração por Agulha Fina Guiada por Ultrassom Endoscópico , Feminino , Seguimentos , Subunidades alfa Gs de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias Císticas, Mucinosas e Serosas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Císticas, Mucinosas e Serosas/genética , Neoplasias Císticas, Mucinosas e Serosas/cirurgia , Cisto Pancreático/genética , Cisto Pancreático/patologia , Cisto Pancreático/cirurgia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/cirurgia , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios , Estudos Prospectivos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Molecular tests have clinical utility for thyroid nodules with indeterminate fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology, although their performance requires further improvement. This study evaluated the analytical performance of the newly created ThyroSeq v3 test. METHODS: ThyroSeq v3 is a DNA- and RNA-based next-generation sequencing assay that analyzes 112 genes for a variety of genetic alterations, including point mutations, insertions/deletions, gene fusions, copy number alterations, and abnormal gene expression, and it uses a genomic classifier (GC) to separate malignant lesions from benign lesions. It was validated in 238 tissue samples and 175 FNA samples with known surgical follow-up. Analytical performance studies were conducted. RESULTS: In the training tissue set of samples, ThyroSeq GC detected more than 100 genetic alterations, including BRAF, RAS, TERT, and DICER1 mutations, NTRK1/3, BRAF, and RET fusions, 22q loss, and gene expression alterations. GC cutoffs were established to distinguish cancer from benign nodules with 93.9% sensitivity, 89.4% specificity, and 92.1% accuracy. This correctly classified most papillary, follicular, and Hurthle cell lesions, medullary thyroid carcinomas, and parathyroid lesions. In the FNA validation set, the GC sensitivity was 98.0%, the specificity was 81.8%, and the accuracy was 90.9%. Analytical accuracy studies demonstrated a minimal required nucleic acid input of 2.5 ng, a 12% minimal acceptable tumor content, and reproducible test results under variable stress conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The ThyroSeq v3 GC analyzes 5 different classes of molecular alterations and provides high accuracy for detecting all common types of thyroid cancer and parathyroid lesions. The analytical sensitivity, specificity, and robustness of the test have been successfully validated and indicate its suitability for clinical use. Cancer 2018;124:1682-90. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Neoplasias das Paratireoides/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico , Biópsia por Agulha Fina , Análise Mutacional de DNA/métodos , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Seguimentos , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/métodos , Humanos , Glândulas Paratireoides/patologia , Neoplasias das Paratireoides/genética , Neoplasias das Paratireoides/patologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/genética , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide/genética , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Parathyroid glands can mimic thyroid follicular lesions on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and can lead to unnecessary or incorrect surgery. Newer molecular panel tests using next-generation sequencing (NGS) include analysis of cell type-specific gene expression profiles such as parathyroid. The study aim is to determine the frequency and clinical implications of parathyroid tissue identification by molecular testing in cytologically indeterminate "thyroid" lesions. METHODS: Molecular analysis of indeterminate thyroid FNA specimens is obtained routinely and relies on amplification-based NGS inclusive of PTH-specific expression profiles. For this study, we retrospectively examined the clinical data and management of patients with molecular results positive for PTH expression from May 2014 until May 2016. RESULTS: Among 4765 consecutive patients with indeterminate cytology for a presumed thyroid nodule, NGS instead indicated a parathyroid lesion in 20 patients (0.42%). The clinical data of 15 patients were available, and the subsequent clinical management was altered in 93% (14/15 patients), including five (33%) eucalcemic patients who could avoid unnecessary surgery. Primary hyperparathyroidism was not suspected in seven patients until the molecular analysis results, and primary hyperparathyroidism was diagnosed in one (14%). During parathyroid exploration, most patients (6/8, 75%) required concurrent thyroidectomy or lobectomy, but thyroid preservation was still possible in two patients. A parathyroid gland was histologically confirmed in 89%. CONCLUSIONS: In 0.42% of patients with indeterminate cytology results, next-generation molecular results will indicate the presence of a parathyroid lesion. When this occurs, it is accurate and can robustly impact clinical management (93%).
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Análise Mutacional de DNA , Achados Incidentais , Doenças das Paratireoides/diagnóstico , Glândulas Paratireoides/patologia , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Biópsia por Agulha Fina/métodos , Análise Mutacional de DNA/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário/cirurgia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças das Paratireoides/patologia , Período Pré-Operatório , Estudos Retrospectivos , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/cirurgia , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide/cirurgia , Tireoidectomia , Procedimentos DesnecessáriosRESUMO
Esophageal epidermoid metaplasia is a rare condition that involves the proximal-to-middle third of the esophagus. It is sharply demarcated and defined histologically by epithelial hyperplasia, a prominent granular cell layer, and superficial hyperorthokeratosis. In addition, preliminary studies have suggested an association between esophageal epidermoid metaplasia and esophageal squamous neoplasia (squamous dysplasia and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma). To further characterize esophageal epidermoid metaplasia and better define its relationship to squamous neoplasia of the esophagus, we performed targeted next-generation sequencing on uninvolved esophageal squamous mucosa and matching esophageal epidermoid metaplasia specimens from 18 patients. Further, we evaluated both synchronous and metachronous high-grade squamous dysplasia/esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by next-generation sequencing from 5 of the 18 (28%) patients, and compared these findings to corresponding esophageal epidermoid metaplasia specimens. Targeted next-generation sequencing revealed 12 of 18 (67%) esophageal epidermoid metaplasia specimens' harbored alterations in genes often associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The most frequently mutated genes consisted of TP53 (n=10), PIK3CA (n=2), EGFR (n=2), MYCN (n=1), HRAS (n=1), and the TERT promoter (n=1). Sequencing of synchronous and metachronous high-grade squamous dysplasia/esophageal squamous cell carcinoma identified shared genetic alterations with corresponding esophageal epidermoid metaplasia specimens that suggests a clonal relationship between these entities. In addition, the presence of a TP53 mutation in esophageal epidermoid metaplasia specimens correlated with concurrent or progression to high-grade squamous dysplasia/esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. No genetic alterations were detected in uninvolved esophageal squamous mucosa. On the basis of these findings, we conclude esophageal epidermoid metaplasia is a precursor to in situ and invasive esophageal squamous neoplasia. Further, the detection of TP53 mutations in esophageal epidermoid metaplasia specimens may serve as an early detection biomarker for high-grade squamous dysplasia/esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Neoplasias Esofágicas/genética , Neoplasias Esofágicas/patologia , Esôfago/patologia , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/genética , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/patologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doenças do Esôfago/genética , Doenças do Esôfago/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago , Feminino , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Masculino , Metaplasia/genética , Metaplasia/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Primary bladder adenocarcinoma is a rare and aggressive tumor with poor clinical outcomes and no standard of care therapy. Molecular biology of this tumor is unknown due to the lack of comprehensive molecular profiling studies. The study aimed to identify genomic alterations of clinical and therapeutic significance using next-generation sequencing and compare genomic profile of primary bladder adenocarcinoma with that of high-grade urothelial carcinoma and colorectal adenocarcinoma. A cohort of 15 well-characterized primary bladder adenocarcinoma was subjected to targeted next-generation sequencing for the identification of mutations and copy-number changes in 51 cancer-related genes. Genomic profiles of 25 HGUCs and 25 colorectal adenocarcinomas using next-generation sequencing of 50 genes were compared with primary bladder adenocarcinoma. Genomic profiles were visualized using JavaScript library D3.js. A striking finding was the distinct lack of genomic alterations across the 51 genes assessed in mucinous subtype of primary bladder adenocarcinoma. Eleven of 15 primary bladder adenocarcinoma harbored at least one genomic alteration in TP53, KRAS, PIK3CA, CTNNB1, APC, TERT, FBXW7, IDH2 and RB1, many of which are novel findings and of potential therapeutic significance. CTNNB1 and APC mutations were restricted to enteric subtype only. While genomic alterations of primary bladder adenocarcinoma showed substantial overlap with colorectal adenocarcinoma, FGFR3 and HRAS mutations and APC, CTNNB1 and IDH2 alterations were mutually exclusive between primary bladder adenocarcinoma and high-grade urothelial carcinoma. These alterations affecting the MAP kinase, PI3K/Akt, Wnt, IDH (metabolic) and Tp53/Rb1 signaling pathways may provide the opportunity for defining targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Adenocarcinoma/genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/métodos , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/genética , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia is a rare thyroid neoplasm of uncertain pathogenesis that resembles salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinoma. This multi-institutional study characterizes the clinicopathologic and molecular features of this tumor by utilizing next-generation sequencing to assess common mutations and gene fusions involved in thyroid carcinogenesis as well as fluorescence in-situ hybridization for MAML2 translocations typical of salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Nine cases (6 females and 3 males, mean age: 59 years, range 30-77 years) were identified. All cases were comprised of nests and strands of tumor cells with both squamous and mucinous differentiation embedded in a fibrohyaline stroma with an inflammatory infiltrate replete with eosinophils. All cases were p63 positive, thyroglobulin negative and showed variable expression of TTF-1. All nine cases were negative for MAML2 rearrangements. Five cases successfully tested by next-generation sequencing (ThyroSeq v.2 assay) were negative for mutations and translocations commonly involved in thyroid carcinogenesis. NTRK1 showed overexpression but no evidence of translocation. On follow-up, one patient died of persistent disease, whereas one of four remaining patients with available follow-up (mean: 7.3 years, range 4-11 years) demonstrated recurrence at 4 years. Thus, we show that sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia appears molecularly and morphologically distinct from follicular and C-cell-derived thyroid tumors as well as from salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The overall and recurrence-free survival for these patients may be lower than for other well-differentiated thyroid cancers.