[Infant feeding in the rural area of Chuvash Republic and Nizhny Novgorod Region].

The nature of feeding in the first year of life affects the health of the child in all subsequent periods of life. Objective - the article is devoted to the study of the state of feeding the children of the first year of life living in rural areas. The study was carried out on the basis of three children's clinics in the Chuvash Republic and the Nizhny Novgorod region by random sampling using an anonymous questionnaire of women who had children aged 1 to 2 years living in the rural areas of the Chuvash Republic and the Nizhny Novgorod Region (140 and 60 women, respectively). According to our data, the absolute majority of women surveyed (96%) wished to feed their babies for at least 1 year. All infants (100%) after birth were attached to the chest, in the first 30 minutes - 62%, in later terms - 38%. Feeding the artificial formulas before the first application to the breast was used in nutrition of 26% of newborns. Exclusive breastfeeding for less than 4 months received 23% of babies, 4-6 months - 69%, 7 months - 8% of babies. The main reason for transferring infants to mixed and artificial feeding was hypogalactia. At the age of up to 6 months for mixed feeding 49% of babies were transferred, for artificial feeding - 16%. In most cases (69%), when signs of hypogalactia appeared no weighting was carried out, an independent transfer of the child to another type of feeding was observed in the same majority (65%) of cases. The choice of the mixture was carried out by the parents independently in 65% of cases, in other cases - on the recommendation of the pediatrician. In general, in most cases (66%), adapted mixtures were used in feeding the infants, cow milk (22%), goat milk (6%), and sour milk drinks (6%) were used from unadapted products. Before the age of 3 months 5% of babies completed breastfeeding, in the age of 4-6 months - 11%, 7-9 months - 16%, 10-12 months - 5%, more than 6 months continued to be fed with breast milk 84% of babies, more than a year - 63%. The average duration of breastfeeding was 13.8±4.2 months. Half (48%) of children received vegetable puree as the first supplement, in the remaining children porridge (24%), fruit puree (20%), cottage cheese (8%) served as such. Conclusion: breastfeeding of infants in rural areas needs active support from pediatric staff.

[Prevalence and risk factors for nephrolithiasis among young rural residents].

AIM: To determine the prevalence of nephrolithiasis, assess the significance of known risk factors, and identify new risk factors for nephrolithiasis among young rural residents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 5 settlements of the Irkutsk rural district of the Irkutsk region and involved 408 inhabitants (93 men, 315 women) aged from 18 to 47 years. The selection of candidates for the study was randomized. The response of the population was 81.6%. Diagnostic evaluation included clinical examination, renal ultrasound, urinalysis and questionnaires; drinking water hardness was determined. RESULTS: The prevalence of nephrolithiasis was 10.0% (95% CI 7.1-12.9). The men-to-women ratio for the prevalence of nephrolithiasis in was 0.69. No kidney stones were found in participants younger than 20 years, but after 20 years of age, there was a statistically significant (p=0.04) trend in increasing prevalence of nephrolithiasis. Calculi were detected only in participants with acidic urine and were absent in individuals with alkaline urine (p=0.001). A higher prevalence of nephrolithiasis was found in individuals using hard water (12.5%), compared to those using water of medium hardness (1.6%) (p=0.019). The odds ratio of nephrolithiasis in persons using hard water was 8.9 (95% CI 1.2-66.6). DISCUSSION: and conclusions 1.The incidence of nephrolithiasis in the Irkutsk rural area was 10.0%, which is comparable to that in populations of Europe and North America; 2. The primary risk factors for nephrolithiasis were age, acidic urine and the hardness of drinking water, which is consistent with the data of other authors; 3. Difficulties in measuring, grading and controlling subjective risk factors for nephrolithiasis (fluid intake, diet, heredity, and past diseases) make it difficult to analyze them in cross-sectional studies and prevent direct comparison with other studies.

[Environmental pollution with fluoride compounds and their influence on children health].

Data of hygienic studies of air and soil during last 20 years have confirmed their correlating relationship with the general morbidity and a group of musculoskeletal diseases in children living in cities with the technogenic pollution of the environment. Their bones were established to grow unevenly and disproportionally, in 76% of children there have been violations in the development and growth of bones. The results of X-ray examination of hand bones in children and adolescents in the Irkutsk and Shelekhov cities are presented. Significant differences in morbidity patterns among children and adolescents including an increased incidence of musculoskeletal diseases by 5.6 in children and by 12 in adolescents have been revealed.

[Thyroid gland pathology in children population exposed to the combination of iodine deficiency and fluoride pollution of environment].

The article presents results of study of the impact of iodine deficiency and technogenic fluoride on the state of the thyroid gland in children. On the example of two districts of the city of Bratsk there were executed dynamic investigations (2002 and 2012), including the estimation of the pollution of ambient air and soil by fluorine compounds, levels of iodine intake by the body, the clinical examination of children aged from 5 to 7 years d and interviewing of their parents. In the course of the medical examination there were executed: physical examination by the pediatrician, endocrinologist, ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland, the determination both of serum hormone content by radioimmunoassay and urinary excretion offluorine and iodine. Concentrations of hydrogen fluoride and a solidfluorides in ambient air led to the accumulation offluoride ion in the soil. The iodine entering with drinking water and food, was established to provide only 37.5-50% of the daily requirement of iodine. Increased fluoride ion content in urine and milk teeth in children is associated with the concentrations of the fluorine-containing pollutants in the ambient air and soil. The fluoride pollution against the background of the natural iodine deficiency was established to increase the frequency of functional and morphological disorders of the thyroid gland in children.

[An assessment of the state of the internal organs of periodontitis patients]. / Otsenka sostoianiia vnutrennikh organov u bol'nykh parodontitom.

Analysis of the visceral status of patients with generalized periodontitis has shown that 97% of these patients suffer from visceral diseases, often multiple. The structure of visceral diseases, laboratory and immune shifts in these patients necessitate a complex approach to the treatment of periodontitis that should be regarded as a local manifestation of visceral pathology.

[Triiodothyronine reception after exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation]. / Sostoianie retseptsii triiodtironina pri deistvii ioniziruiushchego izlucheniia v malykh dozakh.

Effects of ionizing radiation in doses 0.5 and 1 Gy on triiodothyronin reception by rat peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined 3, 10, and 30 days after exposure. Binding capacity of 125-I labeled triiodothyronin by lymphocyte receptors was found to change depending on the dose of external irradiation and time elapsed since the exposure. The most marked and earliest changes in the parameters of hormonal-receptor interaction were observed after irradiation in dose 1 Gy.

[Features of triiodothyronine reception in incorporation of radioactive iodine]. / Osobennosti retseptsii triiodtironina pri inkorporatsii radioaktivnogo ioda.

Effects of incorporated 131I in combination with intake of fodder contaminated with 134,137Cs on triiodothyronin reception by peripheral blood lymphocytes in rats aged 2 and 6 months were examined. Incorporation of 131I was found to cause specific binding of the hormone, particularly marked in young animals.