Dissecting the dynamic cellular transcriptional atlas of adult teleost testis development throughout the annual reproductive cycle.

Teleost testis development during the annual cycle involves dramatic changes in cellular compositions and molecular events. In this study, the testicular cells derived from adult black rockfish at distinct stages - regressed, regenerating and differentiating - were meticulously dissected via single-cell transcriptome sequencing. A continuous developmental trajectory of spermatogenic cells, from spermatogonia to spermatids, was delineated, elucidating the molecular events involved in spermatogenesis. Subsequently, the dynamic regulation of gene expression associated with spermatogonia proliferation and differentiation was observed across spermatogonia subgroups and developmental stages. A bioenergetic transition from glycolysis to mitochondrial respiration of spermatogonia during the annual developmental cycle was demonstrated, and a deeper level of heterogeneity and molecular characteristics was revealed by re-clustering analysis. Additionally, the developmental trajectory of Sertoli cells was delineated, alongside the divergence of Leydig cells and macrophages. Moreover, the interaction network between testicular micro-environment somatic cells and spermatogenic cells was established. Overall, our study provides detailed information on both germ and somatic cells within teleost testes during the annual reproductive cycle, which lays the foundation for spermatogenesis regulation and germplasm preservation of endangered species.

Deciphering dynamic interactions between spermatozoa and the ovarian microenvironment through integrated multi-omics approaches in viviparous Sebastes schlegelii.

The ovarian microenvironment plays a crucial role in ensuring the reproductive success of viviparous teleosts. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the interaction between spermatozoa and the ovarian microenvironment has remained elusive. This study aimed to contribute to a better understanding of this process in black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) using integrated multi-omics approaches. The results demonstrated significant upregulation of ovarian complement-related proteins and pattern recognition receptors, along with remodeling of glycans on the surface of spermatozoa at the early spermatozoa-storage stage (1 month after mating). As spermatozoa were stored over time, ovarian complement proteins were progressively repressed by tryptophan and hippurate, indicating a remarkable adaptation of spermatozoa to the ovarian microenvironment. Before fertilization, a notable upregulation of cellular junction proteins was observed. The study revealed that spermatozoa bind to ZPB2a protein through GSTM3 and that ZPB2a promotes spermatozoa survival and movement in a GSTM3-dependent manner. These findings shed light on a key mechanism that influences the dynamics of spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract, providing valuable insights into the molecular networks regulating spermatozoa adaptation and survival in species with internal fertilization.

Demonstrating Path-Independent Anyonic Braiding on a Modular Superconducting Quantum Processor.

Anyons, exotic quasiparticles in two-dimensional space exhibiting nontrivial exchange statistics, play a crucial role in universal topological quantum computing. One notable proposal to manifest the fractional statistics of anyons is the toric code model; however, scaling up its size through quantum simulation poses a serious challenge because of its highly entangled ground state. In this Letter, we demonstrate that a modular superconducting quantum processor enables hardware-pragmatic implementation of the toric code model. Through in-parallel control across separate modules, we generate a 10-qubit toric code ground state in four steps and realize six distinct braiding paths to benchmark the performance of anyonic statistics. The path independence of the anyonic braiding statistics is verified by correlation measurements in an efficient and scalable fashion. Our modular approach, serving as a hardware embodiment of the toric code model, offers a promising avenue toward scalable simulation of topological phases, paving the way for quantum simulation in a distributed fashion.

Exploring the underlying mechanisms of enteritis impact on golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) through multi-omics analysis.

Enteritis posed a significant health challenge to golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) populations. In this research, a comprehensive multi-omics strategy was implemented to elucidate the pathogenesis of enteritis by comparing both healthy and affected golden pompano. Histologically, enteritis was characterized by villi adhesion and increased clustering after inflammation. Analysis of the intestinal microbiota revealed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the abundance of specific bacterial strains, including Photobacterium and Salinivibrio, in diseased fish compared to the healthy group. Metabolomic analysis identified 5479 altered metabolites, with significant impacts on terpenoid and polyketide metabolism, as well as lipid metabolism (P < 0.05). Additionally, the concentrations of several compounds such as calcitetrol, vitamin D2, arachidonic acid, and linoleic acid were significantly reduced in the intestines of diseased fish post-enteritis (P < 0.05), with the detection of harmful substances such as Efonidipine. In transcriptomic profiling, enteritis induced 68 upregulated and 73 downregulated genes, predominantly affecting steroid hormone receptor activity (P < 0.05). KEGG pathway enrichment analysis highlighted upregulation of SQLE and CYP51 in steroidogenesis, while the HSV-1 associated MHC1 gene exhibited significant downregulation. Integration of multi-omics results suggested a potential pathogenic mechanism: enteritis may have resulted from concurrent infection of harmful bacteria, specifically Photobacterium and Salinivibrio, along with HSV-1. Efonidipine production within the intestinal tract may have blocked certain calcium ion channels, leading to downregulation of MHC1 gene expression and reduced extracellular immune recognition. Upregulation of SQLE and CYP51 genes stimulated steroid hormone synthesis within cells, which, upon binding to G protein-coupled receptors, influenced calcium ion transport, inhibited immune activation reactions, and further reduced intracellular synthesis of anti-inflammatory substances like arachidonic acid. Ultimately, this cascade led to inflammation progression, weakened intestinal peristalsis, and villi adhesion. This study utilized multi-level omics detection to investigate the pathological symptoms of enteritis and proposed a plausible pathogenic mechanism, providing innovative insights into enteritis verification and treatment in offshore cage culture of golden pompano.

An analysis of differences in Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales in different regions: a multicenter cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) in different regions of Henan Province to provide evidence for the targeted prevention and treatment of CRE. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. CRE screening was conducted in the ICUs of 78 hospitals in Henan Province, China, on March 10, 2021. The patients were divided into provincial capital hospitals and nonprovincial capital hospitals for comparative analysis. RESULTS: This study involved 1009 patients in total, of whom 241 were CRE-positive patients, 92 were in the provincial capital hospital and 149 were in the nonprovincial capital hospital. Provincial capital hospitals had a higher rate of CRE positivity, and there was a significant difference in the rate of CRE positivity between the two groups. The body temperature; immunosuppressed state; transfer from the ICU to other hospitals; and use of enemas, arterial catheters, carbapenems, or tigecycline at the provincial capital hospital were greater than those at the nonprovincial capital hospital (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the distribution of carbapenemase strains or enzymes between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The detection rate of CRE was significantly greater in provincial capital hospitals than in nonprovincial capital hospitals. The source of the patients, invasive procedures, and use of advanced antibiotics may account for the differences. Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-KPN) was the most prevalent strain. Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) was the predominant carbapenemase enzyme. The distributions of carbapenemase strains and enzymes were similar in different regions.

A novel mitochondria-related gene signature in esophageal carcinoma: prognostic, immune, and therapeutic features.

Esophageal carcinoma (ESCA) is a common and lethal malignant tumor worldwide. The mitochondrial biomarkers were useful in finding significant prognostic gene modules associated with ESCA owing to the role of mitochondria in tumorigenesis and progression. In the present work, we obtained the transcriptome expression profiles and corresponding clinical information of ESCA from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Differential expressed genes (DEGs) were overlapped with 2030 mitochondria-related genes to get mitochondria-related DEGs. The univariate cox regression, Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression, and multivariate cox regression were sequentially used to define the risk scoring model for mitochondria-related DEGs, and its prognostic value was verified in the external datasets GSE53624. Based on the risk score, ESCA patients were divided into high- and low-risk groups. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were performed to further investigate the difference between low- and high-risk groups at the gene pathway level. CIBERSORT was used to evaluate immune cell infiltration. The mutation difference between high- and low-risk groups was compared by using the R package "Maftools". Cellminer was used to assess the association between the risk scoring model and drug sensitivity. As the most important outcome of the study, a 6-gene risk scoring model (APOOL, HIGD1A, MAOB, BCAP31, SLC44A2, and CHPT1) was constructed from 306 mitochondria-related DEGs. Pathways including the "hippo signaling pathway" and "cell-cell junction" were enriched in the DEGs between high and low groups. According to CIBERSORT, samples with high-risk scores demonstrated a higher abundance of CD4+ T cells, NK cells, M0 and M2 macrophages, and a lower abundance of M1 macrophages. The immune cell marker genes were correlated with the risk score. In mutation analysis, the mutation rate of TP53 was significantly different between the high- and low-risk groups. Drugs with a strong correlation with the risk model were selected. In conclusion, we focused on the role of mitochondria-related genes in cancer development and proposed a prognostic signature for individualized integrative assessment.

circFLNA promotes intestinal injury during abdominal sepsis through Fas-mediated apoptosis pathway by sponging miR-766-3p.

BACKGROUND: Intra-abdominal infections are the second most common cause of sepsis in the intensive care unit. Intestinal epithelial injury due to abdominal sepsis results in a variety of pathological changes, such as intestinal bacteria and toxins entering the blood, leading to persistent systemic inflammation and multiple organ dysfunction. The increased apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells induced by sepsis further exacerbates the progression of sepsis. Although several studies have revealed that circRNAs are involved in intestinal epithelial injury in sepsis, few studies have identified the roles of circRNAs in intestinal epithelial apoptosis. METHODS: We used laser capture microdissection to obtain purified epithelial cells located in intestinal crypts from four patients with abdominal sepsis induced by intestinal perforation and four samples from age and sex-matched non-septic patients. Microarray analysis of circRNAs was conducted to assess differentially expressed circRNAs between patients with and without sepsis. Lastly, in vitro and in vivo assays were performed to study the mechanism of circFLNA in intestinal epithelial apoptosis during sepsis. RESULTS: circFLNA was upregulated in the intestinal epithelium after abdominal sepsis induced by intestinal perforation. Inhibition of miR-766-3p impaired si-circFLNA-mediated inhibition of apoptosis and inflammation factor levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated HIEC-6 cells. circFLNA aggravated apoptosis and inflammation through the Fas-mediated apoptosis pathway in both LPS-treated HIEC-6 cells and a mouse cecal ligation and puncture model. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that circFLNA promotes intestinal injury in abdominal sepsis through the Fas-mediated apoptosis pathway by sponging miR-766-3p. The circFLNA/miR-766-3p/Fas axis has potential as a novel therapeutic target for treating intestinal injury in sepsis.

Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Streptococcus iniae in Trachinotus ovatus Based on Multienzyme Isothermal Rapid Amplification.

Infectious diseases caused by Streptococcus iniae lead to massive death of fish, compose a serious threat to the global aquaculture industry, and constitute a risk to humans who deal with raw fish. In order to realize the early diagnosis of S. iniae, and control the outbreak and spread of disease, it is of great significance to establish fast, sensitive, and convenient detection methods for S. iniae. In the present study, two methods of real-time MIRA (multienzyme isothermal rapid amplification, MIRA) and MIRA-LFD (combining MIRA with lateral flow dipsticks (LFD)) for the simA gene of S. iniae were established, which could complete amplification at a constant temperature of 42 °C within 20 min. Real-time MIRA and MIRA-LFD assays showed high sensitivity (97 fg/µL or 7.6 × 102 CFU/mL), which were consistent with the sensitivity of real-time PCR and 10 times higher than that of PCR with strong specificity, repeatability simplicity, and rapidity for S. iniae originating from Trachinotus ovatus. In summary, real-time MIRA and MIRA-LFD provide effective ways for early diagnosis of S. iniae in aquaculture, especially for units in poor conditions.

Scalable Method for Eliminating Residual ZZ Interaction between Superconducting Qubits.

Unwanted ZZ interaction is a quantum-mechanical crosstalk phenomenon which correlates qubit dynamics and is ubiquitous in superconducting qubit systems. It adversely affects the quality of quantum operations and can be detrimental in scalable quantum information processing. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate a practically extensible approach for complete cancellation of residual ZZ interaction between fixed-frequency transmon qubits, which are known for long coherence and simple control. We apply to the intermediate coupler that connects the qubits a weak microwave drive at a properly chosen frequency in order to noninvasively induce an ac Stark shift for ZZ cancellation. We verify the cancellation performance by measuring vanishing two-qubit entangling phases and ZZ correlations. In addition, we implement a randomized benchmarking experiment to extract the idling gate fidelity which shows good agreement with the coherence limit, demonstrating the effectiveness of ZZ cancellation. Our method allows independent addressability of each qubit-qubit connection and is applicable to both nontunable and tunable couplers, promising better compatibility with future large-scale quantum processors.

Paraconexibacter antarcticus sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from Antarctic tundra soil.

A Gram-negative, non-motile, aerobic bacterium, named 02-257T, was isolated from Antarctic soil. The cells are surrounded by relatively thin capsules and were catalase-positive and oxidase-negative cocci. Growth of strain 02-257T was observed at 4-35 °C (optimum, 28-30 °C), pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 6.0) and with 0-1.5% NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Strain 02-257 showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Paraconexibacter algicola Seoho-28T (95.06 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 02-257T is a member of a novel species belonging to the clade formed by members of the genus Paraconexibacter in the family Paraconexibacteraceae. The DNA G+C content was 72.9 mol%. Strain 02-257T contained C16 : 0-iso (23.0 %), C18  :  1 ω9c (13.8 %), C16 : 0 (12.5 %) and C17 : 1 ω9c-iso (10.8 %) as major cellular fatty acids and menaquinone MK-7(H4) was detected as the only isoprenoid quinone. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositole mannoside, phosphatidylinositole dimannoside, unidentified phosphoglycolipid, unidentified aminophospholipid, two unidentified phospholipids, three unidentified aminolipids and six unidentified lipids were the major polar lipids. meso-Diaminopimelic acids were the diagnostic diamino acids in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain 02-257T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paraconexibacter, for which the name Paraconexibacter antarcticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 02-257T (=CCTCC AB 2021030T=KCTC 49619T).

Pedobacter mucosus sp. nov., isolated from a soil sample of glacier foreland in Austre Lovénbreen, Arctic.

A rod-shaped, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and aerobic bacterium, designated Q8-18T, was isolated from soil of glacier foreland in Austre Lovénbreen, Arctic, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain Q8-18T grew optimally at 20 °C, pH 5.0-8.0 and in the presence of 0-1.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain Q8-18T belonged to the family Sphingobacteriaceae. Strain Q8-18T showed the highest sequence similarity to Pedobacter mendelii CCM 8685T (96.8%), Pedobacter lithocola CCM 8691T (96.8%), Pedobacter roseus CL-GP80T (96.7%), Pedobacter changchengzhani E01020T (96.7%), Pedobacter alluvionis DSM 19624T (96.6%), Pedobacter jejuensis THG-DR3T (96.3%), Pedobacter ginsengiterrae DCY49T (95.9%) and Pedobacter jamesrossensis CCM 8689T (95.9%). A whole genome-level comparison of strain Q8-18T with P. roseus CL-GP80T, P. changchengzhani E01020T, P. alluvionis DSM 19624T and Pedobacter heparinus LMG 10339T revealed average nucleotide identity values of 77.0, 76.0, 77.0 and 70.4%, respectively. The only respiratory isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone-7. The polar lipid profile of strain Q8-18T was found to contain one phosphatidylethanolamine, eight unidentified aminolipids, one aminophospholipids and five unidentified lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 35.4 mol%. The main fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c), iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, a novel species of the genus Pedobacter, Pedobacter mucosus sp. nov., is proposed, with the type strain Q8-18T (=CCTCC AB 2020009T=KCTC 82636T).

Expression Analysis of ZPB2a and Its Regulatory Role in Sperm-Binding in Viviparous Teleost Black Rockfish.

Black rockfish is a viviparous teleost whose sperm could be stored in the female ovary for five months. We previously proposed that zona pellucida (ZP) proteins of black rockfish play a similar sperm-binding role as in mammals. In this study, SsZPB2a and SsZPB2c were identified as the most similar genes with human ZPA, ZPB1 and ZPB2 by Blastp method. Immunohistochemistry showed that ovary-specific SsZPB2a was initially expressed in the cytoplasm of oocytes at stage III. Then it gradually transferred to the region close to the cell membrane and zona pellucida of oocytes at stage IV. The most obvious protein signal was observed at the zona pellucida region of oocytes at stage V. Furthermore, we found that the recombinant prokaryotic proteins rSsZPB2a and rSsZPB2c could bind with the posterior end of sperm head and rSsZPB2a was able to facilitate the sperm survival in vitro. After knocking down Sszpb2a in ovarian tissues cultivated in vitro, the expressions of sperm-specific genes were down-regulated (p < 0.05). These results illustrated the regulatory role of ZP protein to the sperm in viviparous teleost for the first time, which could advance our understanding about the biological function of ZP proteins in the teleost.

Effects of Cryopreservation on Sperm with Cryodiluent in Viviparous Black Rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii).

Black rockfish is an economically important fish in East Asia. Little mention has been paid to the sperm cryopreservation in black rockfish. In this study, the optimal cryodiluent was selected from 48 combinations by detecting various sperm parameters. Transcriptome and methylome analysis were further performed to explore the molecular mechanism of inevitable cryoinjuries. The results showed that cryopreservation had negative effects on the viability, DNA integrity, mitochondrial activity, total ATPase and LDH of sperm even with optimal cryodiluent (FBS + 15% Gly). Transcriptome and methylome analysis revealed that the expression of 179 genes and methylation of 1266 genes were affected by cryopreservation. These genes were enriched in GO terms of death, G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway, response to external stimulus and KEGG pathways of phospholipase D signaling pathway and xenobiotic and carbohydrate metabolism pathways. The role of PIK3CA and CCNA2 were highlighted in the protein-protein interaction network, and the sperm quality-related imprinted gene mest was identified among the 7 overlapping genes between transcriptome and methylome. Overall, the cryodiluent for black rockfish sperm was optimized, providing a feasible method for cryopreservation. The transcriptome and methylome data further demonstrated the underlying molecular mechanisms of cryoinjuries, proving clues for improvement of cryopreservation method of black rockfish.

Dyadobacter sandarakinus sp. nov., isolated from Arctic tundra soil, and emended descriptions of Dyadobacter alkalitolerans, Dyadobacter koreensis and Dyadobacter psychrophilus.

Strain Q3-56T, isolated from Arctic tundra soil, was found to be a Gram-stain-negative, yellow-pigmented, oxidase- and catalase-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and aerobic bacterium. Strain Q3-56T grew optimally at pH 7.0 and 28 °C. The strain could tolerate up to 1 % (w/v) NaCl with optimum growth in the absence of NaCl. The strain was not sensitive to oxacillin and ceftazidime. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain Q3-56T belonged to the genus Dyadobacter. Strain Q3-56T showed the highest sequence similarities to Dyadobacter luticola T17T (96.58 %), Dyadobacter ginsengisoli Gsoil 043T (96.50 %), Dyadobacter flavalbus NS28T (96.43 %) and Dyadobacter bucti QTA69T (96.43 %). The predominant respiratory isoprenoid quinone was identified as MK-7, The polar lipid profile of strain Q3-56T was found to contain one phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminolipids, three unidentified lipids and one unidentified phospholipid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 49.1 mol%. The main fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1 ω7c/C16 : 1 ω6c), iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1 ω5c and iso-C16 : 1 3-OH. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, a novel species of the genus Dyadobacter, Dyadobacter sandarakinus sp. nov., is proposed, with the type strain Q3-56T (=CCTCC AB 2019271T=KCTC 72739T). Emended descriptions of Dyadobacter alkalitolerans, Dyadobacter koreensis and Dyadobacter psychrophilus are also provided.

Design of a side-hole-assisted weakly coupled rectangular ring-core multimode fiber for mode-division-multiplexing networks.

We present a side-hole-assisted weakly coupled polarization-maintaining rectangular ring-core multimode fiber supporting 68 eigenmodes. The rectangular ring-core and side-hole structures are introduced to effectively split eigenmodes. The impact of parameters on mode utilization rate η and mode number is evaluated at the wavelength of 1550 nm. We also analyze bending loss and broadband performance of the entire C band, including neff, Δneff, Aeff, nonlinearity, and differential mode delay. By optimizing the design parameters, the 68 eigenmodes are completely separated with Δneff between adjacent modes larger than 10-4 over the whole C band. The designed fiber can be used for eigenmode-division multiplexing networks to improve transmission capacity and spectral utilization.

Vanishing quantum oscillations in Dirac semimetal ZrTe5.

One of the characteristics of topological materials is their nontrivial Berry phase. Experimental determination of this phase largely relies on a phase analysis of quantum oscillations. We study the angular dependence of the oscillations in a Dirac material [Formula: see text] and observe a striking spin-zero effect (i.e., vanishing oscillations accompanied with a phase inversion). This indicates that the Berry phase in [Formula: see text] remains nontrivial for arbitrary field direction, in contrast with previous reports. The Zeeman splitting is found to be proportional to the magnetic field based on the condition for the spin-zero effect in a Dirac band. Moreover, it is suggested that the Dirac band in [Formula: see text] is likely transformed into a line node other than Weyl points for the field directions at which the spin zero occurs. The results underline a largely overlooked spin factor when determining the Berry phase from quantum oscillations.

Roles of two cyp11 genes in sex hormone biosynthesis in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).

The P450 side-chain cleavage enzymes P450scc (Cyp11a) and 11ß-hydroxylase (Cyp11b) play important roles in sex steroid and cortisol production. Here, two duplicates of cyp11 genes were identified in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus): Pocyp11a and Pocyp11b, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis and amino acid sequence alignment revealed that Pocyp11a and Pocyp11b shared significant identity with sequences of other teleost fish species. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) results indicated that among the studied tissues, brain tissue showed the highest expression of Pocyp11a, followed by kidney and testis tissues, whereas Pocyp11b expression was highest in the testis. The expression patterns of these two genes showed sexual dimorphism, with both genes showing higher expression in the testis than in the ovary. In-situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that Pocyp11a and Pocyp11b mRNA were both detected in oocytes, spermatocytes, and Sertoli cells, indicating that they might be involved in hormone synthesis. The expression levels of Pocyp11a and Pocyp11b were significantly downregulated by treatment with 17α-methyltestosterone (17α-MT) in the testis and ovary in both in vivo and studies. In vivo studies showed that Pocyp11a and Pocyp11b transcripts were suppressed by 17ß-estradiol (E2 ) treatment in both the testis and ovary. In addition, in vitro studies showed that the expression level of Pocyp11b was decreased by treatment with E2 , whereas that of Pocyp11a was largely unaffected. Moreover, the expression levels of Pocyp11a and Pocyp11b in the testis cell line were significantly upregulated after NR0b1 and NR5a2 (p < .05) treatment. These results indicate that Pocyp11a and Pocyp11b might play important roles in sex hormone biosynthesis. Our research can assist future studies of the mechanisms of steroid biosynthesis and functional differences between cyp11a and cyp11b in Japanese flounder.

microRNA-193b protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse by targeting mastermind-like 1.

The current study aimed to explore the functions and roles of microRNA-193b (miR-193b) in the myocardium with ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and a potential therapeutic method for myocardial I/R injury. The mice were subjected to myocardial I/R with or without miR-193b pretreatment. The infarct size and myocardial enzymes were detected. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay was conducted to investigate the effect of miR-193b on cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The expression levels of miR-193b and mastermind-like 1 (MAML1) were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. The results suggested that the miR-193b expression level was significantly downregulated in the myocardium with I/R injury compared with control group. miR-193b overexpression is able to reduce infarct size and myocardial enzymes after myocardial I/R injury. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-193b could alleviate the apoptosis level after myocardial I/R injury. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that upregulated miRNA-193b alleviated myocardial I/R injury via targeting MAML1.

On the roles of the Duodenum and the Vagus nerve in learned nutrient preferences.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: In most species, including humans, food preference is primarily controlled by nutrient value. However, the gut-brain pathways involved in preference learning remain elusive. The aim of the present study, performed in C57BL6/J mice, was to characterize the roles in nutrient preference of two critical elements of gut-brain pathways, i.e. the duodenum and vagal gut innervation. METHODS: Adult wild-type C57BL6/J mice from a normal-weight cohort sustained one of the following three procedures: duodenal-jejunal bypass intestinal rerouting (DJB), total subdiaphragmatic vagotomy (SDV), or sham surgery. Mice were assessed in short-term two-bottle preference tests before and after 24 h s exposures to solutions containing one of glutamate, lipids, sodium, or glucose. RESULTS: DJB and SDV interfered in preference formation in a nutrient-specific manner: whereas normal preference learning for lipids and glutamate was disrupted by both DJB and SDV, these interventions did not alter the formation of preferences for glucose. Interestingly, sodium preferences were abrogated by DJB but not by SDV. CONCLUSIONS: Different macronutrients make use of distinct gut-brain pathways to influence food preferences, thereby mirroring nutrient-specific processes of food digestion. Specifically, whereas both vagal innervation and duodenal sensing appear critical for generating responses to fats and protein, glucose preferences recruit post-duodenal, vagal-independent pathways in pair with the control of glucose homeostasis. Overall, our data suggest that the physiological processes involved in digesting and absorbing fats, amino acids, and glucose overlap with those mediating learned preferences for each of these nutrients.