Stemless Shoulder Arthroplasty.

Stemless humeral components for shoulder arthroplasty represent the fourth generation of modern prosthetic shoulder implants. Because of their metaphyseal fixation, the implantation technique is rather straightforward and preserves the humeral canal from violation. Substantial benefits have been highlighted with such a design, including less perioperative morbidity, independence from the proximal humeral anatomy, preservation of bone stock, ease of potential revision surgeries, and limited risk of complex periprosthetic fractures. Initially conceived to better re-create the center of rotation of the humeral head in anatomic arthroplasties, their use has been successfully extended to reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Provided that contraindications are respected (eg, poor proximal humeral bone quality, proximal humerus fractures, patients who are elderly and/or overweight), short-term and midterm functional outcomes as well as postoperative complications appear to be similar to those of traditional stemmed implants, without increased risk of loosening of the humeral component.

Low healing rates and moderate functional outcome after arthroscopic superior capsular reconstruction using a porcine xenograft.

PURPOSE: In the absence of arthropathy, symptomatic massive irreparable rotator cuff tears contribute to a therapeutic challenge for orthopedic surgeons. The concept of superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) was introduced as an option for these challenging cases. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the clinical outcome scores when using a decellularized porcine xenograft and to evaluate the graft healing and incorporation. METHODS: A multicentric retrospective study of consecutive SCR's performed between 2016 and 2019 by four surgeons in four centers. Preoperative and postoperative Constant score, Subjective shoulder value (SSV) and Visual analog scale for pain (VAS) were recorded. Graft healing was evaluated by ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS: A total of 28 shoulders were retrospectively analyzed with an average follow-up of 24 ± 9 months. One infection and four revisions (14%) to reversed shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) were reported at the final follow-up. The absolute Constant score showed a moderate, but significant improvement from 40 ± 12 to 57 ± 20 (P = 0.001). A significant improvement in pain scores was observed (P < 0.001). For patients undergoing SCR as a primary surgery, an average postoperative Constant score of 62 ± 16 was observed. This was in contrast to 43 ± 22 for patients who underwent SCR after failed rotator cuff repair. Although a strong trend in absolute differences was observed in regard to the Constant score, they did not reach statistical significance. For all other recorded outcome scores, a significant difference was reported between these groups. Graft healing was observed in (7/22) 30% of the patients. In the case of graft incorporation, an absolute constant score of 70 ± 9 was observed compared to 48 ± 21 in the graft failure group (P = 0.003). All cases with graft healing were considered to have a successful clinical outcome. This compared to only (7/15) 47% in the case of graft failure. CONCLUSIONS: In these series, SCR with a dermal xenograft successfully alleviated pain, but provided only a moderate improvement in functional outcome. In the case of graft healing, satisfactory clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction were observed. The present study indicates the benefit of performing SCR as a primary surgery, yet warns against using SCR as a salvage option for failed rotator cuff repair. In this group, the use of dermal xenografts is limited by the low healing rates and high complication rate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV. Retrospective case series, treatment study.

Allograft and autograft provide similar retear rates for the management of large and massive rotator cuff tears: a review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Currently, autografts and allografts are largely used to treat large or massive rotator cuff tear (RCT), without any evidence in favour of one graft or the other. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of retear of autograft and allograft in the treatment of large or massive posterosuperior RCT. METHOD: The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were followed to perform this systematic review and meta-analysis of the results in the literature as well as the presentation of results. A search of the literature was performed in the electronic databases MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. The quality of the included studies was evaluated according to the MINORS (Methodological Index for Nonrandomized Studies) score. Inclusion criteria were studies in English evaluating clinical and radiological results of surgical treatment with autograft or allograft for large or massive RCT since 2008. The main criterion was the retear rate of the graft assessed on MRI or US scan at 1-year minimum follow-up. Partial tear were classified as "tear". RESULTS: The overall retear rate was 23.6% (15.5-32.7) at a mean follow-up of 18.4 ± 7.8 (12-36) months. There was no significant difference between the two kinds of graft, with a retear rate of 27.0% (15.4-40.2) and 20.9% (9.9-34.2) with autograft and allograft respectively (n.s.). Similar improvements of functional scores (+ 28.8 to 38.4 points for the Constant score, + 33.6 to 38.4 points for the ASES, and - 4.0 to - 4.1 points for pain-VAS) were reported in the two groups after at 27.2 ± 11.1 (12-48) months. The rate of complications except retear was 1.8% (0.2, 3.7) with autograft and 0.5% (0.8, 1.8) with allograft (n.s.). CONCLUSION: The use of autograft and allograft for the treatment of large or massive RCT leads to similar retear rate and clinical outcomes at short to medium terms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

Use of a locking stem for reverse shoulder arthroplasty is a rare but reliable option.

INTRODUCTION: RSA is widely used in the treatment of complex trauma or degenerative changes of the shoulder. Strong primary fixation of the stem is necessary to prevent any loosening of the stem and subsequent revision. Presently, cement fixation or press-fit fixation are two options for humeral fixation, though each has its own limitations and risks. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the effectiveness of an alternative option involving a distal screw interlocking system for fixation of the humeral stem from initial implantation. METHODS: We performed a retrospective multicenter study of patients implanted with the Humelock Reversed® stem RSA that can be locked with distal humeral screws in cases of operative poor press fit or to modulate the lengthening of the arm via prosthetic humeral height. Seventy-two patients with a minimum two year follow-up were included, 13 for acute trauma, 42 for degenerative changes, and 17 for revision surgery. RESULTS: No difference was seen in radiological or clinical results for patients with or without interlocking screw primary stabilization. For non-trauma patients, the mean raw Constant score improved significantly from 31 (± 12) to 71 (± 12). For trauma patients, the mean raw Constant score for trauma (63.4) was significantly lower than for non-trauma cases (72.1) (p < 0.001). Analysis of the filling ratio demonstrated that interlocking screws were not used for lower filling ratios and that midterm fixation of the stem is not negatively impacted by distal interlocking screw fixation. DISCUSSION: Even if use of a distal interlocking screw fixation system is rare, it can be useful for patients with poor quality fixation of stemmed RSA. CONCLUSION: Use of an interlocking screw system to stabilize the stem in RSA provides good immediate and midterm stability of the implant allowing for clinical and radiological outcomes comparable to those obtained with press-fit fixation alone.

Impact of Collagen Crosslinking on Dislocated Human Shoulder Capsules-Effect on Structural and Mechanical Properties.

Classical treatments of shoulder instability are associated with recurrence. To determine whether the modification of the capsule properties may be an alternative procedure, the effect of crosslinking treatment on the structure and mechanical properties of diseased human shoulder capsules was investigated. Joint capsules harvested from patients during shoulder surgery (n = 5) were treated or not with UV and/or riboflavin (0.1%, 1.0% and 2.5%). The structure and the mechanical properties of the capsules were determined by atomic force microscopy. The effect of treatments on cell death was investigated. Collagen fibrils were well-aligned and adjacent to each other with a D-periodicity of 66.9 ± 3.2 nm and a diameter of 71.8 ± 15.4 nm in control untreated capsules. No effect of treatments was observed on the organization of the collagen fibrils nor on their intrinsic characteristics, including D-periodicity or their mean diameter. The treatments also did not induce cell death. In contrast, UV + 2.5% riboflavin induced capsule stiffness, as revealed by the increased Young's modulus values (p < 0.0001 for each patient). Our results showed that the crosslinking procedure changed the biomechanics of diseased capsules, while keeping their structural organisation unchanged at the single fibril level. The UV/riboflavin crosslinking procedure may be a promising way to preserve the functions of collagen-based tissues and tune their elasticity for clinically relevant treatments.

Editorial Commentary: A Functional Capsule, Not the Type of Bone Graft, Determines Outcome After Shoulder Stabilization in Cases of Anterior Glenoid Bone Deficiency.

Many clinical results of surgical treatment of recurrent anterior shoulder instability confirm the importance of anterior bone grafting of the glenoid defect. Some studies even propose to perform a graft, even when there is no bony defect. Short- and middle-term studies report comparable results between bone grafting and Latarjet procedure. But one of the main questions that still remains is the quality and efficiency of the capsule. If Latarjet is the gold standard in anterior shoulder stabilization with very good results at very long follow-up, it is probably because the capsule is replaced by the conjoint tendon. Because Latarjet is a difficult surgery and has some complexes and/or challenging complications and because it is a nonanatomic procedure, there is a true place for anterior bone grafting. This anterior grafting under arthroscopy provides excellent results, but it is mandatory to be sure that the shoulder capsule is working. Clinical, functional, and imaging studies of this capsule need to be performed for a better understanding of the unstable shoulder function and treatment.

Impact of Remplissage on Global Shoulder Outcome: A Long-Term Comparative Study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the global function of patients treated by arthroscopic shoulder stabilization with or without remplissage at a minimum of 10 years of follow-up. MATERIALS: The inclusion criteria were existence of a recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation, with or without a Hill-Sachs lesion. The exclusion criteria were prior shoulder stabilization surgery and patients with a glenoid lesion that had been stabilized using the Latarjet procedure. Included patients with a Hill-Sachs lesion underwent surgical remplissage, and the others had Bankart repair only. The main criterion for failure was recurrence of instability or apprehension. The Rowe score and the Walch-Duplay score were used to assess shoulder function before surgery and 10 years afterward, in clinical reviews or telephone interviews. RESULTS: Seventy-nine patients underwent surgical Bankart repair with or without remplissage between November 2004 and January 2008 and were followed up for a mean duration of 128 months (range, 120-150); 12 patients were lost to follow-up, and 39 patients had Bankart stabilization only: the mean Instability Severity Index Score was 2.3 (range, 0-6). Three patients had recurrence with new dislocation, and 8 patients had apprehension. The Rowe score progressed from 54.3 (range, 25-65) to 83.8 (range, 70-100; P < .01), and the Walch-Duplay score rose from 46.8 (range, 25-75) to 85.6 (range 70-100; P < .01). Twenty-eight patients had arthroscopic Bankart repair + remplissage; the mean Instability Severity Index Score was 1.8 (range, 1-4). There was no recurrence, and no patient had apprehension. The Rowe score progressed from 51.8 (range, 20-65) to 92.3 (range, 70-100; P < .01), and the Walch-Duplay score rose from 58.7 (range, 30-75) to 91.4 (range, 70-100; P < .01). Functional scores in the second group were statistically significant better than in the first one. CONCLUSIONS: Bankart repair combined with remplissage seems to be an effective method for restoring joint stability in patients with recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation with an associated Hill-Sachs lesion at a minimum of 10 years of follow-up. This technique appears to deliver better functional results than Bankart repair only, showing better scores for mobility and stability in the remplissage group. Limitations (pain and restriction of motion) reported in literature at short-term follow-up for this technical procedure do not seem to be anymore an issue at long-term follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective comparative study.

Learning Curves in the Arthroscopic Latarjet Procedure: A Multicenter Analysis of the First 25 Cases of 5 International Surgeons.

PURPOSE: To analyze the learning curves of 5 experienced, fellowship-trained shoulder surgeons and their respective 25 first arthroscopic Latarjet cases in regard to surgical time, graft placement, complication rates, and recurrent instability. METHODS: The first 25 arthroscopic Latarjet procedures of 5 surgeons were retrospectively analyzed in an international multicenter setting, and thus 125 patients were included in this study. The surgical time, intraoperative and postoperative events out of the ordinary, and graft positioning were examined. RESULTS: The 125 patients consisted of 16 women (12.8%) and 109 men (87.2%). In 81.6% (n = 102), surgery was undertaken as a first-line procedure, whereas 18.4% (n = 23) were revisions. Surgical time decreased significantly from an average of 123.8 minutes (range 70 to 210) to 92.6 minutes (range 50 to 160) from the first 5 cases to the last 5 cases of each surgeon within a period of <2 years. Overall, 22 events in 21 patients requiring additional treatment were reported (17.6%). Five (4%) were unlikely to affect final outcome and did not require revision surgery. Twelve (9.6%) required revision surgery that was not trauma related yet was prone to affect outcomes. Five events were trauma-related (4%), 4 requiring revision surgery and 1 treated conservatively. Overall, 6 patients (4.8%) had recurrent shoulder instability, 3 as a result of a traumatic event. Conventional radiology showed the bone-block in ideal positioning in 93 cases (74.4%), flush with the glenoid in a true anteroposterior view. In 3 cases (2.4%), it was considered too high, 15 too low (12%), 5 too lateral (4%), and 15 too medial (12%). Some patients had combinations of the above. CONCLUSION: This analysis shows that surgical time in arthroscopic Latarjet can be significantly reduced after only 20 cases. However, complication rates did not decrease over this time. The authors believe that the arthroscopic Latarjet is a challenging yet viable technique to treat anterior shoulder instability, achieving results equal to the open technique with advantages of the arthroscopic setting. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective cohort study.

Arthroscopic Latarjet Techniques: Graft and Fixation Positioning Assessed With 2-Dimensional Computed Tomography Is Not Equivalent With Standard Open Technique.

PURPOSE: To analyze graft and fixation (screw and EndoButton) positioning after the arthroscopic Latarjet technique with 2-dimensional computed tomography (CT) and to compare it with the open technique. METHODS: We performed a retrospective multicenter study (March 2013 to June 2014). The inclusion criteria included patients with recurrent anterior instability treated with the Latarjet procedure. The exclusion criterion was the absence of a postoperative CT scan. The positions of the hardware, the positions of the grafts in the axial and sagittal planes, and the dispersion of values (variability) were compared. RESULTS: The study included 208 patients (79 treated with open technique, 87 treated with arthroscopic Latarjet technique with screw fixation [arthro-screw], and 42 treated with arthroscopic Latarjet technique with EndoButton fixation [arthro-EndoButton]). The angulation of the screws was different in the open group versus the arthro-screw group (superior, 10.3° ± 0.7° vs 16.9° ± 1.0° [P < .001]; inferior, 10.3° ± 0.8° vs 15.7° ± 0.9° [P < .0001]). The angulation of the EndoButtons was 5.7° ± 0.5°; this was different from that of open inferior screws (P = .003). In the axial plane (level of equator), the arthroscopic techniques resulted in lateral positions (arthro-screw, 1.5 ± 0.3 mm lateral [P < .001]; arthro-EndoButton, 0 ± 0.3 mm lateral [P < .0001]) versus the open technique (0.9 ± 0.2 mm medial). At the level of 25% of the glenoid height, the arthroscopic techniques resulted in lateral positions (arthro-screw, 0.3 ± 0.3 mm lateral [P < .001]); (arthro-EndoButton, 0.7 ± 0.3 mm lateral [P < .0001]) versus the open technique (1.0 ± 0.2 mm medial). Higher variability was observed in the arthro-screw group. In the sagittal plane, the arthro-screw technique resulted in higher positions (55% ± 3% of graft below equator) and the arthro-EndoButton technique resulted in lower positions (82% ± 3%, P < .0001) versus the open technique (71% ± 2%). Variability was not different. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the position of the fixation devices and position of the bone graft with the arthroscopic techniques are statistically significantly different from those with the open technique with 2-dimensional CT assessment. In the sagittal plane, the arthro-screw technique provides the highest positions, and the arthro-EndoButton technique, the lowest. Overall, the mean position of the bone block with the open Latarjet technique in the axial plane is slightly medial to the joint line, as recommended. Conversely, with the arthroscopic techniques, the bone grafts are more lateral with a slight overhang. The main differences are observed in the dispersion of the values (more extreme positions) with the arthro-screw technique, given the acknowledged limitations. Despite the statistical significance, the clinical significance of these differences is yet unknown. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective comparative study.

Diagnosis of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome after a first shoulder dislocation.

BACKGROUND: Shoulder dislocation is often the first symptom of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). Whether it occurs in early-onset EDS is unknown. In most cases, surgical failure leads to the diagnosis. We aimed to determine whether clinical symptoms can signal the presence of EDS at a first dislocation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, we analyzed clinical and radiologic data for 27 patients with EDS and shoulder instability and a control population of 40 consecutive non-EDS patients undergoing surgery for an unstable shoulder. Data were collected on gender, age, single or bilateral disease, general hyperlaxity, shoulder hyperlaxity, number of dislocations or subluxations, nontraumatic onset, and pain specificity. Nerve and vascular injuries, joint disorders, and family history were recorded, and radiologic data were reported. RESULTS: Age <14 years, female sex, bilateral disorder, and general hyperlaxity were significantly more frequent in patients with EDS and a first dislocation than in those without EDS. Painless dislocation with pain after dislocation and concomitant nerve injury were more frequent in affected patients, as were hemostasis disorders and a family history of joint hyperlaxity. Bone lesions were not seen on radiographs. Only the hyperlaxity sign (external rotation >85°) did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSION: After a first dislocation in a young girl with global hyperlaxity but not necessarily shoulder hyperlaxity, painless atraumatic dislocation with pain after reduction can suggest EDS.

A Prospective Comparative Study of Arthroscopic Versus Mini-Open Latarjet Procedure With a Minimum 2-Year Follow-up.

PURPOSE: To compare postoperative pain during the first postoperative week and the position of the coracoid bone block at the anterior aspect of the glenoid after the arthroscopic and the mini-open Latarjet procedure. The secondary purpose was to assess functional results and recurrence after at least 2 years of follow-up. METHODS: This comparative prospective study included patients who underwent a Latarjet-Bristow procedure for anterior shoulder instability in 2012. The Latarjet procedure was performed by a mini-open approach (G1) in one center and by an arthroscopic approach (G2) in the other. The main evaluation criterion was average shoulder pain during the first postoperative week assessed by the patient on a standard 10-cm visual analog scale (0-10). Secondary criteria were consumption of analgesics during the first week, the position of the coracoid bone block on radiograph and computed tomography scan at the 3-month follow-up and clinical outcomes (Western Ontario Score Index and new surgery) after at least 2 years of follow-up. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients were included, 22 G1 and 36 G2, 13 women and 45 men, mean age 26.9 ± 7.7 years. The mean follow-up was 29.8 ± 4.4 months. There was significantly less pain in the arthroscopic Latarjet group than in the mini-open group during the first postoperative week (2.5 ± 1.4 vs 1.2 ± 1.2, P = .002) with comparable consumption of analgesics (P > .05). The arthroscopic Latarjet procedure resulted in a more lateral coracoid bone block (P = .04) and a better equatorial position than the mini-open technique (P = .02). Three patients underwent revision surgery (1 recurrence [2.8%], 1 block fracture, 1 screw ablation) in the arthroscopic group, none in the mini-open group (P = .54). At the final follow-up, the Western Ontario Score Index score was good in all patients (G1: 78.5 ± 7.5% vs G2: 82.3 ± 7%, P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: This prospective comparative study showed that the arthroscopic Latarjet procedure was significantly less painful than the mini-open procedure during the first postoperative week. The clinical outcomes were comparable after at least 2 years of follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, prospective comparative study.

Arthroscopic Subacromial Spacer Implantation in Patients With Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Clinical and Radiographic Results of 39 Retrospectives Cases.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcome of a biodegradable subacromial spacer in the treatment of massive irreparable rotator cuff tear. METHODS: Between January 2011 and December 2014, all shoulders with symptomatic massive irreparable rotator cuff tears treated at our institution with arthroscopic implantation of a biodegradable subacromial spacer followed for at least 1 year were included in our series. Patients with osteoarthritis ≥ grade 3 in the Hamada classification were excluded. Outcome measures included pre- and postoperative, range of motion, Constant score, acromiohumeral distance, and Hamada classification on anteroposterior and lateral radiographs. RESULTS: Thirty-nine consecutive shoulders (37 patients) met the inclusion criteria. The mean age of patients was 69.8 (53-84) years. At the last follow-up (mean 32.8 ± 12.4 months), range of motion was significantly increased for all patients in anterior elevation (from 130° to 160°, P = .02), abduction (from 100° to 160°, P = .01), and external rotation (from 30° to 45°, P = .0001). The mean Constant score was also significantly (P < .001) improved from 44.8 (±15.2) preoperatively to 76.0 (±17.1) at the last follow-up. The mean acromiohumeral distance significantly (P = .002) decreased from 8.2 mm (±3.4) to 6.2 mm (±3.1) at the last follow-up. The Hamada score progressed of 1 radiographic stage in 4 shoulders (15%) and progressed of 3 stages in 2 (4%), whereas the other 32 shoulders remained stable. No intra- or postoperative complications were found except for 1 patient who required a revision for spacer migration. CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopic implantation of a subacromial spacer for irreparable rotator cuff tear leads to significant improvement in shoulder function at a minimum of 1 year postoperatively. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic case series; treatment study.

The split portal: Description of a new accessory posterior portal for arthroscopic shoulder instability procedures.

PURPOSE: Open approach to the posterior shoulder during bone block for posterior shoulder instability is challenging. Anatomical study was performed to identify landmarks of a portal, avoiding soft tissue damage, between the infraspinatus (IS) and teres minor (TM) muscles and distant from the supra-scapular nerve (SSN) for arthroscopic shoulder bone block. METHODS: Eight fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulder specimens were used. The arthroscope was introduced through the soft point (SP). A guide wire was placed through the SP, in the rotator interval direction. A posterior open dissection exposed the split between the IS and TM. A new guide wire was placed into the split, parallel to the first wire, to locate the new posterior arthroscopic approach. Ten distances were measured to define the safe position. RESULTS: The mean values were: SP to split IS-TM: 2 ± 0.2 (2-2.8); spinal bone to split IS-TM: 5 ± 0.5 (3-6.2); split IS-TM to posterior glenoid 6 o'clock: 1.3 ± 0.3 (0.6-1.6), 9 o'clock: 1.5 ± 0.3 (1-1.9), and 12 o'clock: 2 ± 0.1 (2.1-2.4); SSN to posterior glenoid 6 o'clock: 2.4 ± 0.2 (2.1-2.6), 9 o'clock: 1.7 ± 0.1 (1.5-1.8), and 12 o'clock: 1.5 ± 0.3 (1.2-2.1); and SSN to split IS-TM: 2 ± 0.3 (1.2-2.1). CONCLUSION: This preliminary anatomical study described a posterior arthroscopic portal located 2 cm under the SP, parallel to the SP portal direction, and finishing between 7 and 8 o'clock at the posterior rim of the glenoid. For arthroscopic shoulder bone block, this portal can avoid muscle and SSN lesions.

Abrasive properties of braided polyblend sutures in cuff tendon repair: an in vitro biomechanical study exploring regular and tape sutures.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the abrasive properties of different suture materials (tape or regular) on the infraspinatus tendon of sheep. METHODS: Four types of sutures were compared: FiberWire (Arthex, Naples FL), FiberTape (Arthrex), Orthocord (DePuy Mitek, Raynham, MA) and ForceFiber (Tornier, Bloomington, MN). Each suture (n = 10) was cycled with a filxed load of 10 N and an alternating motion of the suture through sheep infraspinatus tendon, with an excursion of 30 mm. The migration of the suture as it cut through the tissue was measured at intervals of 5 cycles, up to failure or a total of 50 cycles, or a tendon tear greater than 13 mm. RESULTS: ForceFiber and Orthocord sutures showed a significantly (P < .05) lower amount of abrasion compared with FiberWire and FiberTape: The mean cutting rate (defined as the size of the defect at the end of the test divided by 50 when this number of cycles was reached, or as 13 mm divided by the number of cycles to reach this value when the test was stopped before 50 cycles) was, respectively, 0.04 mm/cycle, 0.12 mm/cycle, 0.11 mm/cycle, 0.32 mm/cycle, and 0.25 mm/cycle. The defect size at 15 cycles was, respectively, 5.7 mm, 5.6 mm, 9.4 mm, 7.7 mm, and 7.4 mm. Although no statistical significance was found, sutures shaped in a tape form (FiberTape) were less aggressive on the tendon than the corresponding sutures in regular form (FiberWire). CONCLUSIONS: This study found increased abrasive effects of FiberWire and FiberTape compared with ForceFiber and Orthocord sutures. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Currently, surgeons have a large choice of suture materials. Knowledge of biomechanical characteristics of different braided polyblend suture materials could help surgeons decide which suture to use for rotator cuff tears.

A cadaveric study of the posterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament of the shoulder and its dynamic behaviour in different arm positions.

Purpose: The inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL) is composed of three parts: the anterior branch or band (AB), the axillary pouch and the posterior band (PB). The latter has rarely been studied. We aim to describe the PB of the IGHL and its dynamic behaviour in different arm positions. Methods: Twelve fresh cadaveric shoulders were used and the two bands (AB and PB) of the IGHL were dissected and isolated, taking away all muscle, ligaments and capsule. Characteristics of the bands were studied in five positions: maximum external rotation (ER1), abduction (ABD), internal rotation (IR), ABD external rotation (ER2) and anterior elevation-adduction-IR (Hawkins-Kennedy test position). Progressive and randomized sectioning of the bands and capsule with a scalpel was performed to study its impact on mobility and translation of the glenohumeral joint. Results: The bands that tensioned first were in ER1, the AB at 97 ± 9° (80-110); in ER2, the AB at 81 ± 19° (30-100); in IR, the PB at 64 ± 9° (50-80); and in ABD, the PB at 87 ± 10° (70-105). Isolated sectioning of the AB had no effect on ABD, whilst isolated sectioning of the PB allowed greater ABD. In ER2, the AB limited anterior translation. After sectioning the AB, anterior translation remained limited by the PB, which wrapped around the humeral head and locked the joint by pressing the two joint surfaces tightly together. In Hawkins-Kennedy position anterior elevation-adduction-IR, the AB is the first constraint and the posterior translation was limited by the PB alone only in four cases. Conclusions: When the IGHL is isolated, ligament limitation of glenohumeral ABD seems to be uniquely dependent on the PB. In the Hawkins and Kennedy position, the AB is the first constraint. In the case of an isolated lesion to the AB, the PB participates in anterior stabilization of the shoulder by wrapping around the humeral head that cannot dislocate. These findings confirm the role of the PB in glenohumeral joint stability. Level of Evidence: Level IV.

High Rates of Return to Play and Low Recurrence Rate After Arthroscopic Latarjet Procedure for Anterior Shoulder Instability in Rugby Players.

Purpose: To analyze the rate of return to play, changes in athletic level, and recurrence rate and to report subjective outcomes in a series of rugby players with anterior shoulder instability who underwent an arthroscopic Latarjet procedure. Methods: A multicenter retrospective study done in 2 centers on rugby players who were operated on between January 2011 and December 2020 was performed. Rugby players who underwent arthroscopic Latarjet procedure for anterior shoulder stabilization with a minimum follow-up period of 2 years were included. Rugby players were grouped according to their competitive level in their country (recreational, regional, national, and international). Data collected included return to sport after surgery, time to return to rugby, athletic level before and after surgery, patient satisfaction, and subjective scores. Recurrence and apprehension rates were also evaluated. Results: A total of 73 subjects were included. Mean age at time of surgery was 23 ± 5 years. Mean duration of follow-up was 5 ± 2.6 years. Eighty-four percent of rugby players returned to rugby within a mean period of 6.6 months. Initial athletic level was a significant factor (P = .012) for not returning to sport, with 67% of patients who initially played at a recreational level not returning to rugby and 33% of patients who initially played at a regional league level not returning. All national and international players returned to play. Of the 12 non-returning rugby players, only 30% did not return because of their shoulder. Mean Subjective Shoulder Value was 90 ± 9%. Recurrence rate was 7%. Conclusions: Arthroscopic Latarjet procedure proved its efficacy in managing recurrent anterior shoulder instability in rugby players. Return to play was achieved in almost all cases, with low recurrence rates. Despite high global return to the same level of sport, the higher the level of competition, the harder it is for rugby players to resume sport at the same level. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic case series.

Multidirectional instability of the shoulder: a systematic review with a novel classification.

Purpose: A variety of instabilities are grouped under multidirectional instability (MDI) of the shoulder. This makes understanding its diagnostic process, presentation and treatment difficult due to lack of evidence-based consensus. This review aims to propose a novel classification for subtypes of MDI. Methods: A systematic search was performed on PubMed Medline and Embase. A combination of the following 'MeSH' and 'non-MesH' search terms were used: (1) Glenohumeral joint[tiab] OR Glenohumeral[tiab] OR Shoulder[tiab] OR Shoulder joint[tiab] OR Shoulder[MeSH] OR Shoulder joint[MeSH], (2) Multidirectional[tiab], (3) Instability[tiab] OR Joint instability[MeSH]. Sixty-eight publications which met our criteria were included. Results: There was a high degree of heterogeneity in the definition of MDI. Thirty-one studies (46%) included a trauma etiology in the definition, while 23 studies (34%) did not. Twenty-five studies (37%) excluded patients with labral or bony injuries. Only 15 (22%) studies defined MDI as a global instability (instability in all directions), while 28 (41%) studies considered MDI to be instability in two directions, of which one had to include the inferior direction. Six (9%) studies included the presence of global ligamentous laxity as part of the definition. To improve scientific accuracy, the authors propose a novel AB classification which considers traumatic etiology and the presence of hyperlaxity when subdividing MDI. Conclusion: MDI is defined as symptomatic instability of the shoulder joint in two or more directions. A comprehensive classification system that considers predisposing trauma and the presence of hyperlaxity can provide a more precise assessment of the various existing subtypes of MDI. Level of Evidence: III.

Short term results of anatomic stemless shoulder replacement with peripheral neck fixation.

Background: Most of the current stemless implants are using a central neck fixation design. Easytech Stemless replacements (FX Solutions®, Viriat, France) were developed promoting the idea of peripheral fixation of the stemless implant. The aim of this study was to analyze clinical and radiological results of this stemless TSA implanted for osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: A retrospective study of patients who received TSA with the Easytech® Anatomical Shoulder System (FX Solutions®, Viriat, France) for OA was completed at five clinical sites. Preoperative and minimum 2 year follow-up Constant Scores and X-rays were evaluated. Two independent orthopedic surgeons analyzed X-rays to assess anatomy reconstruction and component migration. Revisions and serious adverse effects were reviewed. Results: 129 patients were analyzed with an average follow-up of 37.47 months (24-54). Seven patients had a revision surgery and one of these resulted in the removal of the Anchor Base. The postoperative Constant Scores showed significant improvement with a mean raw Constant Score of 73.78 (38.0-100.0, mean increase 40.96, P < .0001) and mean adjusted Constant Score of 99.14 (42.20-133.30, mean increase 55.68, P < .0001). Radiographic review demonstrated that no modification of the center of rotation (COR) at minimum 24 months was greater than 3 mm and in comparison to preoperative radiographs, restoration of COR was lateralized in 25% of the cases, medialized in 61.5% and 13.5% had no change in COR. The mean value of the cervico-diaphyseal angle was 130.2° (114; 149) at 3 weeks and 129.9° (113.5; 144.0) at 2 years, demonstrating no significant difference (P = .16). 36 patients (35%) had calcar remodeling. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression found no significant factor, which was associated with the variation of the cervico-diaphyseal angle over time, center of rotation, calcar remodeling, or final Constant Score. The Walch B2 and C glenoid subset of patients (n = 13) had overall survival rate of 90.9% [95% CI 75.4-100.0] vs. 98.0% [95% CI 95.3-100.0] in other glenoid types (P < .01). Walch B2/C patients were 4.44 [95% CI 1.13, 17.6] times more likely to have a Constant Score <85 (P = .03). Conclusions: The peripheral fixation of the Easytech® Anatomical Shoulder System for OA provides excellent clinical results and imaging stability at minimum two year follow-up. Elderly age, gender and BMI do not affect the stability.

Mid-Term to Long-Term Follow-Up of Stemless Anatomic Total Shoulder Arthroplasty.

Background: The purpose was to report mid-term to long-term clinical outcomes in a multicentre series of patients who received stemless total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). The hypothesis was that stemless TSA would be a safe and effective treatment with satisfactory clinical outcomes. Methods: Authors retrospectively reviewed records of 62 stemless TSAs implanted between March 2013 and December 2014. Six were excluded because they had fractures or muscular impairment, which left 56: primary osteoarthritis (n = 49), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 4), avascular necrosis (n = 1), or glenoid dysplasia (n = 2). Outcomes were absolute Constant Score (CS), age-/sex-adjusted CS, and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score. Proportions of patients that achieved substantial clinical benefits for absolute CS and ASES scores were determined. Results: Of the 56 patients, 8 (14%) died (unrelated to TSA), 5 (9%) were lost to follow-up, and 2 (4%) refused participation. One patient was reoperated for infection with implant removal (excluded from analysis), and one for periprosthetic fracture without implant removal. At 7.6 ± 0.5 years (range 6.8-9.3), the remaining 40 patients, aged 71.0 ± 8.5 years, achieved net improvements of 40.7 ± 15.8 (CS), 62%±23% (age-/sex-adjusted CS), and 59.7 ± 16.4 (ASES). Of patients with complete absolute CS (n = 37) and ASES score (n = 28), respectively, 33 (89%) and 27 (96%) achieved substantial clinical benefits. Conclusions: Stemless TSA yields improvements in functional outcomes at mid-term to long-term that exceed the substantial clinical benefits of the absolute CS and ASES score at a mean follow-up of 7.6 years. Although the findings of this study revealed low complications and revision rates, more studies are needed to confirm long-term benefits of stemless TSA. Level of evidence: IV, case series.

Mid- to long-term clinical outcomes after press-fit short stem reverse shoulder arthroplasty.

Background: To date, a limited number of studies report mid- to long-term outcomes of press-fit short stem shoulder arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to report and analyze mid- to long-term outcomes in a series of patients that received press-fit short stem reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). The hypothesis was that press-fit short stem RSA would be a safe and effective treatment with satisfactory mid- to long-term outcomes. Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of 60 patients that received RSA using press-fit uncemented short humeral stems by two surgeons between March 2014 and December 2015. The absolute Constant Score (CS), age-/sex-adjusted CS, and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score were recorded preoperatively and postoperatively at a minimum follow-up of 6 years. The proportions of patients that achieved a satisfactory outcome after RSA were based on the substantial clinical benefit, as proposed for the absolute CS (net improvement ≥19.1). Results: Of the initial cohort of 60 patients, 9 (15%) died of causes unrelated to RSA, 5 (8%) were revised with partial implant removal, and 4 (7%) were lost to follow-up. This left a final cohort of 42 patients (70%) with complete postoperative CS (absolute and age-/sex-adjusted) and ASES scores at a mean follow-up of 6.7 ± 0.5 years (range, 6.1-7.8). Of the final cohort, 11 (18%) had complications, of which 9 (15%) were treated conservatively, and 2 (3%) required reoperations without implant removal. Net improvements in functional outcomes were 34.7 ± 21.2 for the absolute CS, 54% ± 32% for the age-/sex-adjusted CS, and postoperative ASES scores were 87.9 ± 13.7. Of the 29 patients who had complete records for absolute CS, 22 (76%) received a substantial clinical benefit (net improvement ≥19.1). Conclusions: Mean net improvements of absolute CS exceeded the substantial clinical benefit after press-fit short stem RSA at a follow-up of 6.1 to 8.6 years. While 5 patients (8%) experienced postoperative instability, none had fracture sequelae, which indicates that offset or angular adjustments may be required even in patients with normal bony anatomy. Press-fit short stem RSA is a safe and effective treatment with satisfactory mid- to long-term outcomes, with no stem revisions for aseptic reasons, which compares favorably to the literature that reports high rates of osteolysis and subsequent stem loosening.