[What is the source of mycelial fungi in expressed human milk?]. / Qual seria a fonte de fungos miceliais encontrados em leite humano ordenhado?

The authors characterized the genera of mycelial fungi found in samples of expressed human milk received through home collection by the Human Milk Bank of the Instituto Fernandes Figueira in Rio de Janeiro. A total of 821 samples of expressed human milk were taken randomly from bottles collected at home by the milk donors themselves and were investigated for molds, yeasts, and mesophilic microorganisms. The analyses showed the occurrence of molds and yeasts in 43 (5.2%) of the samples, with counts reaching 103CFU/ml. Some 48 strains of mycelial fungi were identified by standard laboratory techniques, including: Aspergillus Niger group (6.3%), Aspergillus sp. (4.2%), Paecilomyces sp. (12.6%), Penicillium sp. (60.4%), Rhizopus sp. (2.0%), and Syncephalastrum sp. (14.5%). The authors discuss the importance of donor hands' asepsis prior to collecting human milk.

[The management strategy of the Brazilian National Network of Human Milk Banks]. / Bases conceituais para uma estratégia de gestão: o caso da Rede Nacional de Bancos de Leite Humano.

The Brazilian National Network of Human Milk Banks (REDEBLH), with its headquarters in the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in Rio de Janeiro, is experiencing rapid growth. The Network's activity has been acknowledged by the World Health Organization and received the Sasakawa Health Award in 2001 for best public health project. One of the main challenges is to ensure continuing development of competencies to respond to the needs arising from such growth. A new strategy is being pursued to deal with the Network's management issues. This article aims to develop a conceptual framework to contribute to the elaboration of a theoretical framework for new management strategies in the REDEBLH. Using such concepts, the aim is to draw on the typology of networks described in the specialized literature to identify the institutional profile of the REDEBLH. Based on the understanding that it is necessary to identify and understand the processes occurring within networks, and after which to consider management-related issues, the study used a proposal developed for the formation of innovation networks as its analytical tool.

[Breastfeeding: a nature-culture hybrid]. / Amamentação: um híbrido natureza-cultura.

OBJECTIVE: To contribute to the creation of a new theoretical synthesis about the relationship between the biological and social dimensions of breastfeeding, categorizing it as a nature-nurture hybrid. SOURCES OF DATA: The methodological approach of the present article was based on the qualitative health research frame, and data were analyzed on the basis of dialectic-hermeneutic principles. Primary sources, comprising historical documents, books, scientific articles and medical theses written in the 19th and 20th centuries were analyzed. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: Depending on the moment in history and on the expectations that surround the act of breastfeeding, the aspects related to nature and nurture, i.e., to biology and society, sometimes separate out and sometimes intermingle. A comprehensive approach to breastfeeding makes possible to see that it had to be considered instinctive, natural and biological in order to be assimilated as a cultural habit, and thus, it is not open to any kind of questioning. On other occasions, particularly in the course of the past decade, there has been a steady tendency to supplant traditional biological reductionism, which yielded cultural interpretations that do not reduce the human being to the status of a mammal like any other. Under this point of view, breastfeeding, in addition to being biologically determined, is socially conditioned, and thus constitutes an act embedded in ideologies and determinants resulting from the concrete conditions of life. In real life, however, a process apparently so natural, so loaded with affection and emotion is, in fact, affected by the most aggressive market interests, very often presented as scientific knowledge and decked out as health provisions. CONCLUSION: Breastfeeding focused as a nature-culture hybrid symbolizes the theoretical and methodological changes in the field, especially in the late 1990s. These changes reflect a renewed appreciation of biology and a more in-depth approach to interdisciplinary processes.

[Banana peel: a possible source of infection in the treatment of nipple fissures]. / Casca de banana: uma possível fonte de infecção no tratamento de fissuras mamilares.

OBJECTIVE: To study the microbiology of banana peel being sold in the city of Rio de Janeiro, in an attempt to determine the possibility that the peel may represent a source of infection for women who use it to treat nipple fissures. METHODS: The following microorganisms were studied in 20 banana peel samples: mesophiles, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, lipolytic and proteolytic microorganisms, molds and yeasts, lactic bacteria, and coagulase-positive staphylococcus. RESULTS: The microbiological analyses revealed the occurrence of several typical groups of microorganisms, with the following distribution of positive results being detected in banana peel samples: mesophiles, 100%; total coliforms, 20%; coagulase-positive staphylococcus, 25%; molds and yeasts, 30%; proteolytic microorganisms, 70%; lipolytic microorganisms, 30%, and lactic bacteria, 95%. Fecal coliforms and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not isolated. CONCLUSION: The results show the presence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms in levels which could compromise the microbiological quality of the banana peel. Its use for the treatment of nipple fissures can initiate an infectious process.

[Contamination of expressed human milk by mycelial fungi]. / Contaminação do leite humano ordenhado por fungos miceliais.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the genera of mycelial fungi detected in expressed human milk received at the human milk bank of Instituto Fernandes Figueira after home collection. METHODS: We studied 821 expressed human milk samples randomly obtained from flasks filled by the donors at home. The possible presence of molds, yeasts and mesophilic microorganisms was investigated. A total of 48 strains of mycelial fungi were isolated from the human milk bank samples and identified through standard laboratory techniques. RESULTS: Microbiological analysis revealed the occurrence of molds and yeasts in 43 samples (5.2%), with counts reaching 10(3) CFU/ml. The following microorganisms were identified: Aspergillus niger group (6.3%), Aspergillus sp. (4.2%), Paecilomyces sp. (12.6%), Penicillium sp. (60.4%), Rhizopus sp. (2.0%), and Syncephalastrum sp. (14.5%). Four samples showed the presence of more than one mycelial fungus type. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of molds and yeasts in human milk manually expressed at home suggests that the hygiene conditions of the collection site may contaminate milk. Thus, when hospitalized premature babies receive the raw product, it is very important to observe the collection, storage and transport conditions in order to avoid the presence and consequences of contaminants increase.

Adequacy of human milk viscosity to respond to infants with dysphagia: experimental study.

UNLABELLED: Neonatal nutrition is an important subject in health in the short, medium and long term. In preterm newborns, nutrition assumes a predominant role for the child's overall development. Babies with uncoordinated swallowing or respiration may not have the necessary oral abilities to suck the mother's breast and will need to implement different feeding practices; one of them is changing the consistency of the milk offered. OBJECTIVES: Determine viscosity variations of untreated human and pasteurized milk without and with thickening to adapt the diet to the needs of dysphagic infants hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Cara Unit (NICU). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The authors altered the viscosity of natural infant powdered milk and, after thickening, determined and adopted a thickening standard for human milk. Untreated human and pasteurized milk was thickened in concentrations of 2%, 3%, 5% and 7% and the viscosity were determined every 20 minutes for a period of 60 minutes at a temperature of 37ºC. RESULTS: The infant lactose formula thickened at concentrations of 2% and 3% produced viscosities of 8.97cP and 27.73 cP, respectively. The increases were significantly different after 1 hour. Inversely, untreated human milk at 2%, 3%, 5% and 7% produced diminished viscosity over time; the changes were more accentuated in the first 20 minutes. In pasteurized human milk, the 2% concentration had no variation in viscosity, but with the 3%, 5% and 7% concentrations, there was a significant decrease in the first 20 minutes with stability observed in the subsequent times. CONCLUSION: In powdered milk, the viscosity increases over time; the viscosity in human milk diminishes. The results point out the importance not only of considering the concentration of the thickener but also the time being administered after its addition to effectively treat dysphagic infants.

Contaminação fúngica no leite humano e em sítios anatômicos de lactantes e lactentes / Fungal contamination in human milk and in the anatomic sites of breastfeeding mothers and infants

As infecções bacterianas ou fúngicas causam quadro clínico de mastite, que motiva desmame precoce. Os micro-organismos patogênicos, como leveduras do gênero Candida, quando em número elevado no intestino, podem causar disbiose. Nesta pesquisa, foram realizadas a detecção e a identificação de microbiota fúngica nas amostras de leite humano e de sítios anatômicos de mulheres e crianças atendidas pelo Banco de Leite Humano do Instituto Fernandes Figueira. A virulência dos isolados de levedura foi determinada pelos testes de atividade proteolítica. De 64 amostras analisadas, 81% foram positivas para fungos, com maior prevalência de Candida albicans (73%), seguida do complexo C. parapsilosis (15,4%). Perfis semelhantes aos verificados no total de amostras foram encontrados nas amostras de leite, nas mamas e na cavidade oral, sugerindo-se a ocorrência de associação entre a infecção cutânea da mãe e do lactente com o leite ingerido. O perfil associado à virulência dos isolados de Candida foi determinado pelo teste de produção de proteases, e 100% das amostras mostraram resultados fortemente positivos, indicando alto grau de infecciosidade. A alta prevalência de C. albicans nas amostras coletadas de mamas, no leite e na cavidade oral, é importante fator de risco à saúde de lactentes.

Adequacy of human milk viscosity to respond to infants with dysphagia: experimental study

Neonatal nutrition is an important subject in health in the short, medium and long term. In preterm newborns, nutrition assumes a predominant role for the child's overall development. Babies with uncoordinated swallowing or respiration may not have the necessary oral abilities to suck the mother's breast and will need to implement different feeding practices; one of them is changing the consistency of the milk offered. Objectives: Determine viscosity variations of untreated human and pasteurized milk without and with thickening to adapt the diet to the needs of dysphagic infants hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Cara Unit (NICU). Material and Methods: The authors altered the viscosity of natural infant powdered milk and, after thickening, determined and adopted a thickening standard for human milk. Untreated human and pasteurized milk was thickened in concentrations of 2 percent, 3 percent, 5 percent and 7 percent and the viscosity were determined every 20 minutes for a period of 60 minutes at a temperature of 37ºC. Results: The infant lactose formula thickened at concentrations of 2 percent and 3 percent produced viscosities of 8.97cP and 27.73 cP, respectively. The increases were significantly different after 1 hour. Inversely, untreated human milk at 2 percent, 3 percent, 5 percent and 7 percent produced diminished viscosity over time; the changes were more accentuated in the first 20 minutes. In pasteurized human milk, the 2 percent concentration had no variation in viscosity, but with the 3 percent, 5 percent and 7 percent concentrations, there was a significant decrease in the first 20 minutes with stability observed in the subsequent times. Conclusion: In powdered milk, the viscosity increases over time; the viscosity in human milk diminishes. The results point out the importance not only of considering the concentration of the thickener but also the time being administered after its addition to effectively treat dysphagic infants.

Ambiência - Manuseio de resíduos e material de descarte em Bancos de Leite Humano e Postos de Coleta de Leite Humano / Ambientación - Manejo de residuos y material de descarte en Bancos de Leche Humana y Centros de Recolección de Leche Humana / Ambience - Handling of waste and disposal material in Human Milk Banks and Human Milk Collection Stations

Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer as medidas para manipulação de resíduos e materiais de descarte em Bancos de Leite Humano e Postos de Coleta de Leite Humano, visando a garantia da qualidade nestes serviços e sua certificação.

Esta Norma Técnica tiene por objetivo establecer las medidas para el manejo de residuos y materiales de descarte en los Bancos de Leche Humana y Centros de Recolección de Leche Humana, con el fin de asegurar la calidad de estos servicios y su certificación.

Lavagem, preparo e esterilização de materiais / Lavado, preparación y esterilización de materiales / Washing, preparation and sterilization of materials

Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer os critérios para lavagem, preparo e esterilização de vidrarias e materiais utilizados nos processos de manipulação e controle da qualidade do leite humano ordenhado, visando a garantia da qualidade em Bancos de Leite Humano e Postos de Coleta de Leite Humano e sua certificação.

Esta Norma Técnica tiene por objetivo establecer los criterios de lavado, preparación y esterilización de la vidriería y materiales utilizados en los procesos de manipulación y control de calidad de la leche humana extraída, con el fin de asegurar la calidad en los Bancos de Leche Humana y Centros de Recolección de Leche Humana y su certificación.

Controle de termômetros / Control de los termómetros / Control of thermometers

Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer as orientações necessárias para aferição e leitura dos termômetros utilizados no controle de temperatura nos Bancos de Leite Humano e Postos de Coleta de Leite Humano, visando a garantia da qualidade nestes serviços e sua certificação.

Esta Norma Técnica tiene como objetivo establecer las orientaciones necesarias para la medición y la lectura de los termómetros utilizados en el control de la temperatura en los Bancos de Leche Humana y en los Centros de Recolección de Leche Humana, con el fin de garantizar la calidad de estos servicios y su certificación.

Controle de qualidade microbiológico - Teste simplificado para detecção de coliformes totais / Control de calidad microbiológico - Prueba simplificada para la detección de coliformes totales / Microbiological quality control - Simplified test for the detection of total coliforms

Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer as orientações necessárias para a determinação da presença de bactérias coliformes totais no leite humano ordenhado pasteurizado, visando a garantia da qualidade em Bancos de Leite Humano e sua certificação.

Esta Norma Técnica tiene por objetivo establecer las orientaciones necesarias para determinar la presencia de bacterias coliformes totales en la leche humana pasteurizada, con el fin de garantizar la calidad de los Bancos de Leche Humana y su certificación.

Controle de temperatura de refrigeradores / Control de la temperatura de los refrigeradores / Refrigerator temperature control

Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer as orientações necessárias para o controle de temperatura das geladeiras em Bancos de Leite Humano e Postos de Coleta de Leite Humano, visando a garantia da qualidade nestes serviços e sua certificação.

Esta Norma Técnica tiene como objetivo establecer las orientaciones necesarias para el control de la temperatura de los refrigeradores en los Bancos de Leche Humana y en los Centros de Recolección de Leche Humana, con el fin de asegurar la calidad de estos servicios y su certificación.

Controle de temperatura dos freezers / Control de la temperatura de los congeladores / Freezer temperature control

Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer as orientações necessárias para o controle de temperatura dos freezers em Bancos de Leite humano e Postos de Coleta de Leite Humano, visando a garantia da qualidade em Bancos de Leite Humano e sua certificação.

Esta Norma Técnica tiene como objetivo establecer las directrices necesarias para el control de la temperatura de los congeladores en los Bancos de Leche Humana y en los Centros de Recolección de Leche Humana con el fin de asegurar la calidad en los Bancos de Leche Humana y su certificación.

Estocagem do leite humano ordenhado pasteurizado / Almacenamiento de la leche humana extraída pasteurizada / Storage of pasteurized expressed human milk

Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer as condições necessárias para a estocagem do leite humano ordenhado pasteurizado, visando a garantia da qualidade em Bancos de Leite Humano e sua certificação.

Esta Norma Técnica tiene por objetivo establecer las condiciones necesarias para el almacenamiento de la leche humana extraída pasteurizada con el fin de garantizar la calidad de los Bancos de Leche Humana y su certificación.

Congelamento do leite humano ordenhado pasteurizado / Congelación de la leche humana extraída pasteurizada / Freezing pasteurized expressed human milk

Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer as condições necessárias para o congelamento do leite humano ordenhado pasteurizado, visando a garantia da qualidade em Bancos de Leite Humano e sua certificação.

Esta Norma Técnica tiene por objetivo establecer las condiciones necesarias para la congelación de la leche humana extraída pasteurizada, con el fin de garantizar la calidad de los Bancos de Leche Humana y su certificación.

Determinação do tempo de pré-aquecimento do leite humano ordenhado na pasteurização / Determinación del tiempo de precalentamiento de la leche humana extraída en la pasteurización / Determination of preheating time of expressed human milk in pasteurization

Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer a determinação do tempo de pré-aquecimento do leite humano ordenhado no processo de pasteurização, visando a garantia da qualidade em Bancos de Leite Humano e sua certificação.

Esta Norma Técnica tiene como objetivo establecer la determinación del tiempo de precalentamiento de la leche humana extraída en el proceso de pasteurización, con el fin de asegurar la calidad en los Bancos de Leche Humana y su certificación.

Pasteurização do leite humano ordenhado / Pasteurización de la leche humana extraída / Pasteurization of expressed human milk

Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer o processo de pasteurização do leite humano ordenhado, visando a garantia da qualidade em Bancos de Leite Humano e sua certificação.

Esta Norma Técnica tiene como objetivo establecer el proceso de pasteurización de la leche humana extraída para asegurar la calidad de los Bancos de Leche Humana y su certificación.

Rotulagem do leite humano ordenhado pasteurizado / Etiquetado de la leche humana extraída pasteurizada / Labeling of pasteurized expressed human milk

Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer o processo de rotulagem de recipientes ou frascos que acondicionem o leite humano ordenhado pasteurizado, visando a garantia da qualidade em Bancos de Leite Humano e sua certificação.

El objetivo de esta Norma Técnica es establecer el proceso de etiquetado de los recipientes o frascos que acondicionen leche humana extraída pasteurizada, con el fin de asegurar la calidad de los Bancos de Leche Humana y su certificación.

Acondicionamento do leite humano ordenhado cru / Acondicionamiento de la leche humana extraída cruda / Packaging of raw expressed human milk

Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer os critérios para o reenvase do leite humano ordenhado cru, visando a garantia da qualidade em Bancos de Leite Humano e sua certificação.

Esta Norma Técnica tiene como objetivo establecer los criterios para el reenvase de leche humana extraída cruda con el fin de garantizar la calidad de los Bancos de Leche Humana y su certificación.