The Early Psychosis Screener (EPS): Item development and qualitative validation.

A panel of experts assembled and analyzed a comprehensive item bank from which a highly sensitive and specific early psychosis screener could be developed. Twenty well-established assessments relating to the prodromal stage, early psychosis, and psychosis were identified. Using DSM-5 criteria, we identified the core concepts represented by each of the items in each of the assessments. These granular core concepts were converted into a uniform set of 490 self-report items using a Likert scale and a 'past 30days' time frame. Partial redundancy was allowed to assure adequate concept coverage. A panel of experts and TeleSage staff rated these items and eliminated 189 items, resulting in 301 items. The items were subjected to five rounds of cognitive interviewing with 16 individuals at clinically high risk for psychosis and 26 community mental health center patients. After each round, the expert panel iteratively reviewed, rated, revised, added, or deleted items to maximize clarity and centrality to the concept. As a result of the interviews, 36 items were revised, 52 items were added, and 205 items were deleted. By the last round of cognitive interviewing, all of the items were clearly understood by all participants. In future work, responses to the final set of 148 items and machine learning techniques will be used to quantitatively identify the subset of items that will best predict clinical high-risk status and conversion.

The influence of metacontrast masking on detection and spatial-choice judgments: an apparent distinction between automatic and attentive response mechanisms.

Several studies of metacontrast masking in the 1960s apparently showed that the latency of simple detection responses was uninfluenced by the phenomenal dimming of the target induced by the mask. More recent studies using more suitable methodologies have clearly shown that such is not the case for situations in which the masking is a monotonically decreasing function of stimulus onset asynchrony. Experiment 1 investigated this issue for the situation in which masking is a U-shaped function of stimulus onset asynchrony. Contrary to the results obtained in monotonic masking situations, simple detection responses were not slowed by the masking. Experiment 2 demonstrated that although detection responses are not slowed in the U-shaped masking situation, spatial-choice judgments are. Experiments 3 and 4 indicated that this masking effect on spatial-choice reaction time is lost relatively rapidly with practice. However, changing the stimulus-response assignments reinstates the effect. The experiments suggest that for the situation in which U-shaped masking functions are obtained, responses that require attention (spatial-choice judgments early in practice or after stimulus-response relationships have been switched) are influenced by the metacontrast-induced phenomenal dimming, whereas responses that are automatic (i.e., detection responses; practiced spatial-choice judgments with consistent stimulus-response mappings) are not.