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INTRODUCTION: Drawings of the human form have a history almost as old as mankind itself. However, illustrations of the human spine as seen with the vertebral column were not seen until much later. This paper reviews some of the early European depictions of the human vertebral column from the twelfth (e.g., Fünfbilderserie "Bone-Man": 1152 A.D.) and thirteenth (e.g., Ashmole 1292) centuries. Man's understanding of his body has evolved over hundreds of years. CONCLUSIONS: This glimpse into our past and early drawings of the human spine illustrate how this particular anatomical structure was perceived almost a millennium ago and would not be structurally correct renditions until Leonardo da Vinci in the fifteenth century.
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Ilustração Médica/história , Coluna Vertebral/anatomia & histologia , Europa (Continente) , História Medieval , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This exploratory study aimed to increase understanding of the experiences of families of people with intellectual disabilities when noticing and raising concerns in services. A qualitative design was employed. METHODS: Seven participants (all female) were recruited through local and national voluntary agencies; five were mothers of people with intellectual disabilities, one was the aunt and one the sister. Participants took part in semi-structured interviews centred on their experiences of noticing and raising concerns, these were recorded and transcribed. The data were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA; Smith, 1996). RESULTS: The data were grouped into three superordinate themes: the nature and importance of concerns, relationships between familes and staff and the process of raising concerns. A key and surprising finding was the importance of "the little things." CONCLUSIONS: This research highlights important implications for services such as the need to simplify the process of raising concerns, attend to the relationship with families and ensure advocacy services are identified for those without family.
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Deficiência Intelectual , Relações Profissional-Família , Família , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Instituições ResidenciaisRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Chiari I malformation can be due to a multitude of etiologies such as craniosynostosis or hydrocephalus. A posterior fossa extra-axial cyst (PFEAC) appears to be an extremely rare cause of this form of hindbrain herniation. CASE REPORT: Herein, we report a case of PFEAC that presented with no Chiari I malformation and then presented months later with a significant Chiari I malformation. Following shunt placement of a PFEAC, striking reversal of the Chiari malformation as well as reconstitution of the cerebellum was noted. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with PFEAC might develop a Chiari I malformation and this might be treated with shunting of the PFEAC alone.
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Malformação de Arnold-Chiari/etiologia , Malformação de Arnold-Chiari/cirurgia , Encefalopatias/complicações , Cistos/complicações , Encefalopatias/cirurgia , Cerebelo/patologia , Derivações do Líquido Cefalorraquidiano , Pré-Escolar , Fossa Craniana Posterior/patologia , Fossa Craniana Posterior/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocefalia/etiologia , Hidrocefalia/cirurgiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: The purpose of this review is to comprehensively review the foramina of Luschka in regard to their discovery, embryology, anatomy, and surgical relevance. METHODS: This subject review of the foramina of Luschka was composed after conducting a thorough review of the available literature on this topic using PubMed and other primary sources. RESULTS: The foramina of Luschka are paired apertures located in the lateral recesses of the fourth ventricle, within the posterior cranial fossa. The foramina of Luschka are of importance clinically as their blockage can disrupt the flow of cerebrospinal fluid leading to the development of hydrocephalus. These apertures were first described by the German anatomist Hubert von Luschka in the nineteenth century. These foramina are thought to emerge at around the 26th week of development. The apertures project into the cerebellopontine angle at the lateral border of the pontomedullary sulcus. CONCLUSION: The foramina of Luschka may be surgically manipulated for the excision of tumors involving the fourth ventricle and surrounding structures and accessed for cochlear nucleus stimulation.
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Quarto Ventrículo/anatomia & histologia , Neurologia/história , Quarto Ventrículo/cirurgia , História do Século XIX , HumanosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, Jansen type (JMD), is a rare form of endochondral ossification resulting in short limbs and dwarfism. CASE REPORT: A child presented with JMD and was found to have involvement of the cervical spine. Conservative treatment was given to the patient who at the long-term follow-up continues to have no neurological findings or cervical spine instability. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this case represents the first report of involvement of the superior cervical spine in a patient with JMD. Clinicians should be aware of this potential albeit rare finding.
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Anormalidades Múltiplas , Vértebras Cervicais/anormalidades , Lâmina de Crescimento/anormalidades , Base do Crânio/anormalidades , Nanismo , Humanos , Lactente , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Osteocondrodisplasias/classificação , Osteocondrodisplasias/diagnóstico por imagem , Síndrome , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder, the number one cause of disability and affects up to 15% of the population. The aim of this review is to present a brief synopsis of the various biochemical imbalances thought to contribute to depression, aspects of anatomy possibly implicated in depression, and treatments related to targeting these specific locales. Multiple neurotransmitters and parts of the brain are involved with the disorder of depression. Although an exact etiology for depression has not been found in most cases, various treatments, medicinal, psychiatric and surgical, exist for this disabling disease. An improved knowledge of anatomical sites involved in patients with depression will help in future treatment modalities. Clin. Anat. 30:44-49, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Encéfalo/patologia , Depressão/etiologia , Depressão/patologia , Depressão/terapia , HumanosRESUMO
In 1922, Paul Hecker, a French physician and Head of Anatomy at the Medical College of Strasbourg, published a sentinel thesis on the ligaments of the craniocervical junction based on a study of comparative anatomy. Unfortunately, this dissertation has been lost to history and until now, was unavailable in the English language. Herein, we present a translation of Hecker's work with an update in its nomenclature, which with modern imaging capabilities of the craniocervical junction is germane and timely. Clin. Anat. 30:322-329, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Anatomia Comparada/história , Articulação Atlantoaxial/anatomia & histologia , Articulação Atlantoccipital/anatomia & histologia , Ligamentos Articulares/anatomia & histologia , Vértebras Cervicais/anatomia & histologia , História do Século XX , Humanos , TraduçõesRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The development of our current understanding of the autonomic nervous system has a rich history with many international contributors. CONCLUSIONS: Although our thoughts of an autonomic nervous system arose with the Greeks, the evolution and final understanding of this neural network would not be fully realized until centuries later. Therefore, our current knowledge of this system is based on hundreds of years of hypotheses and testing and was contributed to by many historic figures.
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Sistema Nervoso Autônomo , Neurologia/história , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História Antiga , História MedievalRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The history of the study of the autonomic nervous system is rich. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, scientists were beginning to more firmly grasp the reality of this part of the human nervous system. CONCLUSIONS: The evolution of our understanding of the autonomic nervous system has a rich history. Our current understanding is based on centuries of research and trial and error.
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Sistema Nervoso Autônomo , Neurologia/história , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , HumanosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Juxtapositional tumors of the spinal nerve roots have been noted to not only interact with the roots at various vertebral levels, but also differ among patients. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to elucidate the potential for variation among the relationships of the meningeal layers at different nerve levels. METHODS: In 20 unembalmed adult cadavers and five fetal specimens, the spinal nerve roots from the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions were harvested with their associated meningeal layers and subjected to microdissection, histological analysis, or radiological imaging using 9.4-T MRI. RESULTS: As the nerve rootlets passed from the cord, they received their root sheath covering from the pia. After crossing the subarachnoid space to reach the apertures in the dura, they received two additional looser sheaths, an outer from the dura and an inner from the arachnoid. The pia mater always ended proximal to the arachnoid, and the pia and arachnoid layers extended more distally along the roots with caudal descent. Although the dorsal and ventral roots generally exited through separate dural openings, a single dural opening was also observed, often in the lower spinal regions. Thin intradural septations almost always separated the dorsal and ventral rootlets. The left and right sides frequently differed within individuals. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of our study, variations of the meninges surrounding the spinal nerve roots are common, but themes do exist. Such data support surgical observations of the different interactions between tumors in these regions with surrounding neural tissues.