Results of the c-TRAK TN trial: a clinical trial utilising ctDNA mutation tracking to detect molecular residual disease and trigger intervention in patients with moderate- and high-risk early-stage triple-negative breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Post-treatment detection of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) in early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients predicts high risk of relapse. c-TRAK TN assessed the utility of prospective ctDNA surveillance in TNBC and the activity of pembrolizumab in patients with ctDNA detected [ctDNA positive (ctDNA+)]. PATIENTS AND METHODS: c-TRAK TN, a multicentre phase II trial, with integrated prospective ctDNA surveillance by digital PCR, enrolled patients with early-stage TNBC and residual disease following neoadjuvant chemotherapy, or stage II/III with adjuvant chemotherapy. ctDNA surveillance comprised three-monthly blood sampling to 12 months (18 months if samples were missed due to coronavirus disease), and ctDNA+ patients were randomised 2 : 1 to intervention : observation. ctDNA results were blinded unless patients were allocated to intervention, when staging scans were done and those free of recurrence were offered pembrolizumab. A protocol amendment (16 September 2020) closed the observation group; all subsequent ctDNA+ patients were allocated to intervention. Co-primary endpoints were (i) ctDNA detection rate and (ii) sustained ctDNA clearance rate on pembrolizumab (NCT03145961). RESULTS: Two hundred and eight patients registered between 30 January 2018 and 06 December 2019, 185 had tumour sequenced, 171 (92.4%) had trackable mutations, and 161 entered ctDNA surveillance. Rate of ctDNA detection by 12 months was 27.3% (44/161, 95% confidence interval 20.6% to 34.9%). Seven patients relapsed without prior ctDNA detection. Forty-five patients entered the therapeutic component (intervention n = 31; observation n = 14; one observation patient was re-allocated to intervention following protocol amendment). Of patients allocated to intervention, 72% (23/32) had metastases on staging at the time of ctDNA+, and 4 patients declined pembrolizumab. Of the five patients who commenced pembrolizumab, none achieved sustained ctDNA clearance. CONCLUSIONS: c-TRAK TN is the first prospective study to assess whether ctDNA assays have clinical utility in guiding therapy in TNBC. Patients had a high rate of metastatic disease on ctDNA detection. Findings have implications for future trial design, emphasising the importance of commencing ctDNA testing early, with more sensitive and/or frequent ctDNA testing regimes.

Tucatinib versus placebo added to trastuzumab and capecitabine for patients with pretreated HER2+ metastatic breast cancer with and without brain metastases (HER2CLIMB): final overall survival analysis.

BACKGROUND: In the primary analysis of the HER2CLIMB trial, tucatinib added to trastuzumab and capecitabine significantly improved overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive (HER2+) metastatic breast cancer. We report efficacy and safety outcomes, including the final OS and safety outcomes from follow-up in HER2CLIMB. PATIENTS AND METHODS: HER2CLIMB is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with locally advanced or metastatic HER2+ breast cancer, including patients with brain metastases. Patients were randomized 2 : 1 to receive tucatinib or placebo, in combination with trastuzumab and capecitabine. After the primary analysis (median follow-up of 14 months), the protocol was amended to allow for unblinding sites to treatment assignment and cross-over from the placebo combination to the tucatinib combination. Protocol prespecified descriptive analyses of OS, PFS (by investigator assessment), and safety were carried out at ∼2 years from the last patient randomized. RESULTS: Six hundred and twelve patients enrolled in the HER2CLIMB trial. At a median OS follow-up of 29.6 months, median duration of OS was 24.7 months for the tucatinib combination group versus 19.2 months for the placebo combination group [hazard ratio (HR) for death: 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.59-0.90, P = 0.004] and OS at 2 years was 51% and 40%, respectively. HRs for OS across prespecified subgroups were consistent with the HR for the overall study population. Median duration of PFS was 7.6 months for the tucatinib combination group versus 4.9 months for the placebo combination group (HR for progression or death: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.47-0.70, P < 0.00001) and PFS at 1 year was 29% and 14%, respectively. The tucatinib combination was well tolerated with a low rate of discontinuation due to adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: With additional follow-up, the tucatinib combination provided a clinically meaningful survival benefit for patients with HER2+ metastatic breast cancer.

Effect of HER2 on prognosis and benefit from peri-operative chemotherapy in early oesophago-gastric adenocarcinoma in the MAGIC trial.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative epirubicin, cisplatin and fluorouracil (ECF) chemotherapy improves survival in operable oesophago-gastric cancer [Adjuvant Gastric Cancer Infusional Chemotherapy (MAGIC) trial HR 0.75 (0.6-0.93)]. HER2 amplification is reported to predict enhanced benefit from anthracyclines in breast cancer. We sought to define whether HER2 predicts benefit from ECF in oesophago-gastric cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Diagnostic biopsies and/or resection specimens were collected from 415 of 503 MAGIC trial patients (82.5%). HER2 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and brightfield dual in situ hybridisation (BDISH) in tissue microarrays. The prognostic and predictive impact of HER2 status was investigated. RESULTS: Concordance between HER2 over-expression (IHC3+) and amplification was 96%. Results of HER2 assessment in biopsy and resection specimens were concordant in 92.9% (145/156). HER2 positive rate (IHC3+, or IHC2+/BDISH positive) was 10.9% in the whole cohort and 10.4% in resection specimens. A further 4.0% of resections were IHC negative/BDISH positive. HER2 status was neither prognostic, nor (in pre-treatment biopsies) predicted enhanced benefit from chemotherapy [HER2 positive HR 0.74 (0.14-3.77); HER2 negative HR 0.58 (0.41-0.82), interaction P = 0.7]. However, the power of the predictive analysis was limited by the small number of HER2 positive pre-treatment biopsies. CONCLUSIONS: HER2 status is not an independent prognostic biomarker in early oesophago-gastric adenocarcinoma.

Bevacizumab with peri-operative epirubicin, cisplatin and capecitabine (ECX) in localised gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma: a safety report.

BACKGROUND: Peri-operative chemotherapy and surgery is a standard treatment of localised oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma; however, the outcomes remain poor. PATIENTS AND METHODS: ST03 is a multicentre, randomised, phase II/III study comparing peri-operative ECX with or without bevacizumab (ECX-B). The primary outcome measure of phase II (n = 200) was safety, specifically gastrointestinal (GI) perforation rates and cardiotoxicity. RESULTS: Two hundred patients were randomised between October 2007 and April 2010. Ninety-one/101 (90%) ECX and 86/99 (87%) ECX-B patients completed pre-operative chemotherapy; 7 ECX and 9 ECX-B patients stopped due to toxicity. Gastrointestinal perforations (3 ECX, 1 ECX-B), cardiac events (1 ECX, 4 ECX-B) and venous thromboembolic events (VTEs, 8 ECX, 7 ECX-B) were uncommon. Arterial thromboembolic events (ATEs, myocardial infarction (MI) or cerebrovascular accident) were more frequent with ECX-B (5 versus 1 with ECX). Delayed wound healing, anastomotic leaks and GI bleeding rates were similar. More asymptomatic left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) falls (≥15% and/or to <50%) occurred with ECX-B (21.2% versus 11.1% with ECX). Clinically significant falls (≥10% to below lower limit of normal, LLN) occurred in (15.3%) and (8.9%) respectively, with no associated cardiac failure (median 22 months follow-up). CONCLUSIONS: Addition of bevacizumab to peri-operative ECX chemotherapy is feasible with acceptable toxicity and no negative impact on surgical outcomes.

Expert UK consensus on the definition of high risk of recurrence in HER2-negative early breast cancer: A modified Delphi panel.

BACKGROUND: There is currently no standardised definition for patients at high risk of recurrence of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative early breast cancer (eBC; stages 1-3) after surgery. This modified Delphi panel aimed to establish expert UK consensus on this definition, separately considering hormone receptor (HR)-positive and triple-negative (TN) patients. METHODS: Over three consecutive rounds, results were collected from 29, 24 and 22 UK senior breast cancer oncologists and surgeons, respectively. The first round aimed to determine key risk factors in each patient subgroup; subsequent rounds aimed to establish appropriate risk thresholds. Consensus was pre-defined as ≥70% of respondents. RESULTS: Expert consensus was achieved on need to assess age, tumour size, tumour grade, number of positive lymph nodes, inflammatory breast cancer and risk prediction tools in all HER2-negative patients. There was additional agreement on use of tumour profiling tests and biomarkers in HR-positive patients, and pathologic complete response (pCR) status in TN patients. Thresholds for high recurrence risk were subsequently agreed. In HR-positive patients, these included age <35 years, tumour size >5 cm (as independent risk factors); tumour grade 3 (independently and combined with other high-risk factors); number of positive nodes ≥4 (independently) and ≥1 (combined). For TN patients, the following thresholds reached consensus, both independently and in combination with other factors: tumour size >2 cm, tumour grade 3, number of positive nodes ≥1. CONCLUSIONS: The results may be a valuable reference point to guide recurrence risk assessment and decision-making after surgery in the HER2-negative eBC population.

A Multicentre Retrospective Study of Fulvestrant Use and Efficacy in Advanced/Metastatic Breast Cancer.

AIMS: Fulvestrant is a selective oestrogen receptor (ER) degrader used in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. The study aim was to analyse demographics and outcomes of UK patients treated with fulvestrant monotherapy at nine representative centres. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records of 459 patients with locally advanced or metastatic ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer treated with fulvestrant between August 2011 and November 2018 at nine UK centres were reviewed. Data were collated on demographics, progression-free survival, overall survival and disease response at first radiological assessment following fulvestrant initiation. Patients still alive by December 2018 were censored. RESULTS: Data from 429 of the 459 patients identified were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. The median age was 69 (range 21-95) and 64% (n = 275) had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0-1. Bone was the most commonly involved metastatic site (72%, n = 306). However, 295 (69%) patients had visceral involvement. Patients had received a median 2 (range 0-5) prior lines of endocrine therapy and median 0 (range 0-6) prior chemotherapies. Fulvestrant was first-line therapy in 43 patients (10%). The median duration of treatment was 5 months (range 1-88). The median progression-free survival was 5.5 months. In 51% of 350 patients radiologically assessed, there was evidence of disease response to fulvestrant. Fifteen per cent of these had a complete/partial response. Fulvestrant was discontinued predominantly due to disease progression, with 3% discontinued solely due to adverse events. The median overall survival for the whole cohort was 22.5 months (range 0-88). CONCLUSIONS: This is one of the largest studied cohorts of breast cancer patients treated with fulvestrant. This heavily endocrine-pretreated population reflects real-life use in the UK. Within this context, our retrospective data show that patients can experience maintained disease response when treated with fulvestrant, supporting the importance of equitable availability for all UK patients.

Multimodality treatment for localized gastro-oesophageal cancer.

Surgery alone remains an international standard of care for early stage (Ia) oesophagogastric cancers. There is also international consensus that multimodality therapy is appropriate for more advanced stage operable disease, however there is marked geographical variation in standard practice. For gastric adenocarcinomas, adjuvant oral fluoropyrimidines became the standard of care in Japan after improved survival was demonstrated following resection with D2 nodal dissection, compared to surgery alone. Adjuvant chemoradiation improves survival following surgery with any level of nodal dissection compared to observation and is the accepted standard of care in the US. Similarly, perioperative triplet chemotherapy improves survival compared to surgery alone in gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas and is widely used across Europe and Australasia. For oesophageal adenocarcinoma, neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and neo-adjuvant chemoradiation are further accepted standards, widely utilized in the UK and US respectively, with similar survival benefits reported for each strategy. Patients with localized squamous cell carcinomas of the oesophagus benefit from chemoradiation, which may be delivered as a neo-adjuvant or definitive strategy, the latter avoiding surgical morbidity and mortality. Targeted agents are currently under evaluation in localized oesophagogastric cancer, with translational sub-studies attempting to define which patients may benefit from the addition of these high cost drugs.

Rechallenge with platinum plus fluoropyrimidine +/- epirubicin in patients with oesophagogastric cancer.

PURPOSE: There is no standard second-line therapy for patients with oesophagogastric cancer who progress following first-line chemotherapy for advanced disease or relapse following radical multi-modality therapy. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate survival following rechallenge with platinum plus fluoropyrimidine (PF) +/- epirubicin. METHODS: Patients treated with PF +/- epirubicin for oesophagogastric cancer at our institution were identified from the electronic prescribing database. Patients rechallenged with PF +/- epirubicin >3 months after completing initial chemotherapy were eligible. Primary endpoint was survival, calculated from day 1 of rechallenge treatment to date of death or last follow-up. Secondary endpoints were progression-free survival and response rate to PF-based re-challenge. RESULTS: Between 2000 and 2008, 950 patients treated with PF +/- epirubicin for oesophagogastric cancer were identified. 298 patients progressed or relapsed >3 months after completing chemotherapy, of whom 106 patients were rechallenged with PF-based chemotherapy. Median progression-free survival and overall survival were 5.1 and 10 months, respectively, from date of rechallenge for patients treated with initial radical intent and 3.9 and 6.6 months, respectively, in patients treated with palliative intent from diagnosis. In a survival analysis, no significant prognostic factors were identified. CONCLUSION: Selected patients with oesophagogastric cancer who relapse or progress >3 months after initial treatment with PF +/- epirubicin may benefit from re-introduction of PF-based chemotherapy.

Surgery with curative-intent in patients treated with first-line chemotherapy plus bevacizumab for metastatic colorectal cancer First BEAT and the randomised phase-III NO16966 trial.

BACKGROUND: Complete resection of metastases can result in cure for selected patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. METHODS: First BEAT evaluated the safety of bevacizumab with first-line chemotherapy in 1914 patients. Prospectively collected data from 225 patients who underwent curative-intent surgery were analysed, including an exploratory comparison of resection rate in patients treated with different regimens. NO16966 compared efficacy of oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy plus bevacizumab or placebo in 1400 patients. A retrospective analysis of resection rate was undertaken. RESULTS: In First BEAT, 225 out of 1914 patients (11.8%) underwent curative-intent surgery at median 64 days (range 42-100) after the last dose of bevacizumab. R0 resection was achieved in 173 out of 225 patients (76.9%). There were no surgery-related deaths and serious post-operative complications were uncommon, with grade 3/4 bleeding and wound-healing events reported in 0.4% and 1.8%, respectively. Resection rates were highest in patients receiving oxaliplatin-based combination chemotherapy (P=0.002), possibly confounded by patient selection. In NO16966, 44 out of 699 patients treated with bevacizumab (6.3%) and 34 out of 701 patients treated with placebo (4.9%) underwent R0 metastasectomy (P=0.24). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of serious post-operative complications in First BEAT was comparable to historical controls without bevacizumab. In NO16966, there were no statistically significant differences in resection rates or overall survival in patients treated with bevacizumab vs placebo.

A phase II trial of preoperative chemotherapy with epirubicin, cisplatin and capecitabine for patients with localised gastro-oesophageal junctional adenocarcinoma.

Preoperative cisplatin/fluorouracil is used for the treatment of localised oesophageal carcinoma. This phase II study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of administering preoperative epirubicin/cisplatin/capecitabine (ECX). Patients with stage II or III oesophageal/gastro-oesophageal junctional adenocarcinoma from one institution received 4 cycles of ECX (epirubicin 50 mg m(-2) day 1, cisplatin 60 mg m(-2) day 1, capecitabine 625 mg m(-2) b.i.d. daily) followed by surgery. The primary end point was the pathological complete response (pCR) rate based on a Simon two-stage design. Secondary end points included overall and progression-free survival (OS/PFS). Thirty-four patients were recruited: median age 60 years (range 41-81), 91% male, 97% PS 0/1, 80% T3, 68% N1. Thirty-one patients completed four ECX cycles. Grade 3/4 toxicities >or=5% included neutropenia (62%), hand-foot syndrome (15%) and nausea/vomiting (9%). Thirteen out of 28 (46%) evaluable patients responded to chemotherapy by EUS (>or=30% reduction in maximal tumour thickness). Twenty-six out of 34 (76%) patients underwent resection (R0=73%, R1=27%). Post-operatively, two patients died within 60 days of surgery. The pCR rate was 5.9% (95% CI 0-14%) in the intent-to-treat population. According to the statistical design, this prompted early study termination. However, with a median follow-up of 34 months the median OS and 1- and 2-year survival rates were 17 months, 67 and 39% respectively. Median PFS was 13 months. Of the 14 relapsed patients, 10 presented with distant metastases. Preoperative ECX is feasible and well tolerated. Although associated with a low pCR rate, survival with ECX was comparable with published studies suggesting that pCR may not correlate with satisfactory outcome from preoperative chemotherapy for localised oesophageal adenocarcinoma.

Meta-analysis of the REAL-2 and ML17032 trials: evaluating capecitabine-based combination chemotherapy and infused 5-fluorouracil-based combination chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced oesophago-gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: The REAL-2 and ML17032 trials demonstrated that the oral fluoropyrimidine, capecitabine, is noninferior to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), respectively, in advanced oesophago-gastric cancer. METHODS: Individual patient data were collected on all patients randomised within the trials (n = 1318). Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated and the log-rank test was used to compare OS and PFS between patients receiving 5-FU combinations and capecitabine combinations. Stepwise multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to calculate corrected hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for OS and PFS. Logistic regression was used for objective response rate. Forest plots with tests of heterogeneity were generated. RESULTS: OS was superior in the 654 patients treated with capecitabine combinations compared with the 664 patients treated with 5-FU combinations; HR 0.87 (95% CI 0.77-0.98, P = 0.02). Poor performance status, age <60 and metastatic disease were independent predictors of poor survival. There was no significant difference in PFS between treatment groups on multivariate analysis. Assessable patients treated with capecitabine combinations were significantly more likely to have an objective response to treatment than those treated with 5-FU combinations; odds ratio 1.38 (95% CI 1.10-1.73, P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: OS is superior in patients treated with capecitabine combinations compared with 5-FU combinations in advanced oesophago-gastric cancer.

The Impact of Systemic Therapy Beyond First-line Treatment for Advanced Cervical Cancer.

AIMS: Despite recent advances in the primary and secondary prevention of cervical cancer, a significant number of women present with or develop metastatic disease. There is currently no consensus on the standard of care for second-line systemic treatment of recurrent/metastatic cervical cancer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the second-line systemic therapy used and the associated outcomes in a single cancer centre. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of patients with cervical cancer who received one or more lines of treatment for recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer at the Royal Marsden Hospital between 2004 and 2014 was carried out. The primary objective was to establish the types of second-line systemic treatment used. Secondary end points included objective response rate, progression-free survival and overall survival after second-line therapy. RESULTS: In total, 75 patients were included in the study; 53 patients (70.7%) received second-line therapy for recurrent/metastatic disease. The most common second-line therapy was weekly paclitaxel (28.3%). Carboplatin-based chemotherapy (24.5%), targeted agent monotherapy within clinical trials (22.6%), docetaxel-based chemotherapy (13.2%), topotecan (9.4%) and gemcitabine (1.9%) were also used. The objective response rate to second-line therapy was 13.2%, which included three partial responses to carboplatin and paclitaxel, two partial responses to docetaxel-based chemotherapy, one partial response to weekly paclitaxel and one partial response to cediranib. Twenty-two patients (41.5%) achieved stable disease at 4 months. The median progression-free survival for women treated with second-line therapy was 3.2 months (95% confidence interval 2.1-4.3) and median overall survival was 9.3 months (95% confidence interval 6.4-12.5). Thirty-nine per cent of patients received third-line therapy. CONCLUSION: Seventy per cent of patients treated with first-line systemic therapy for recurrent/metastatic cervical cancer subsequently received second-line treatment but response rates were poor. There remains no standard of care for second-line systemic therapy for advanced cervical cancer. Patients should be considered for clinical trials whenever feasible, including novel targeted agents and immunotherapy.

Febrile neutropaenia and chemotherapy discontinuation in women aged 70 years or older receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer.

AIMS: Low rates of adjuvant chemotherapy use are frequently reported in older women with early breast cancer. One of the reasons for this may be the risk of febrile neutropaenia or the perception that older patients will probably not complete the chemotherapy course prescribed. There are no data regarding these adverse outcomes in routine clinical practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We identified 128 patients aged 70 years or over who received neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer in seven UK cancer centres between 2006 and 2012. Data were collected regarding standard clinical and pathological variables and treatment toxicity and outcomes. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients (19%) had an episode of febrile neutropaenia. Overall, 27 patients (21%) did not complete their planned therapy. Chemotherapy discontinuation was more common in those patients with an episode of febrile neutropaenia (46% versus 16%, P = 0.004). Thirty patients (23%) were admitted with chemotherapy-related complications. There were no treatment-related deaths. CONCLUSIONS: The rates of febrile neutropaenia and treatment discontinuation are high in women aged 70 years or over receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Close attention should be paid to the choice or regimen and the use of supportive therapies in this patient population.

Biomarker analysis in oesophagogastric cancer: Results from the REAL3 and TransMAGIC trials.

BACKGROUND: REAL3 (Randomised ECF for Advanced or Locally advanced oesophagogastric cancer 3) was a phase II/III trial designed to evaluate the addition of panitumumab (P) to epirubicin, oxaliplatin and capecitabine (EOC) in untreated advanced oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma, or undifferentiated carcinoma. MAGIC (MRC Adjuvant Gastric Infusional Chemotherapy) was a phase III study which demonstrated that peri-operative epirubicin, cisplatin and infused 5-fluorouracil (ECF) improved survival in early oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Analysis of response rate (RR; the primary end-point of phase II) and biomarkers in the first 200 patients randomised to EOC or modified dose (m) EOC+P in REAL3 was pre-planned to determine if molecular selection for the on-going study was indicated. KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutations and PTEN expression were assessed in pre-treatment biopsies and results correlated with response to mEOC+P. Association between these biomarkers and overall survival (OS) was assessed in MAGIC patients to determine any prognostic effect. RESULTS: RR was 52% to mEOC+P, 48% to EOC. Results from 175 assessable biopsies: mutations in KRAS (5.7%), BRAF (0%), PIK3CA (2.5%) and loss of PTEN expression (15.0%). None of the biomarkers evaluated predicted resistance to mEOC+P. In MAGIC, mutations in KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA and loss of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) were found in 6.3%, 1.0%, 5.0% and 10.9%, respectively, and were not associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS: The RR of 52% in REAL3 with mEOC+P met pre-defined criteria to continue accrual to phase III. The frequency of the mutations was too low to exclude any prognostic or predictive effect.

Second primary malignancies after treatment for malignant lymphoma.

To determine the incidence and possible causes of second primary malignancies after treatment for Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL and NHL). A cohort of 3764 consecutive patients diagnosed with HL or NHL between January 1970 and July 2001 was identified using the Sheffield Lymphoma Group database. A search was undertaken for all patients diagnosed with a subsequent primary malignancy. Two matched controls were identified for each case. Odds ratios were calculated to detect and quantify any risk factors in the cases compared to their matched controls. Mean follow-up for the cohort was 5.2 years. A total of 68 patients who developed second cancers at least 6 months after their primary diagnosis were identified, giving a crude incidence of 1.89% overall: 3.21% among the patients treated for HL, 1.32% in those treated for NHL. Most common were bronchial, breast, colorectal and haematological malignancies. High stage at diagnosis almost reached statistical significance in the analysis of just the NHL patients (odds ratio = 3.48; P = 0.068) after adjustment for other factors. Treatment modality was not statistically significant in any analysis. High stage at diagnosis of NHL may be a risk factor for developing a second primary cancer.