[Isolation and study of antibiotic INA-1132 (chlorothricin), produced by actinomycete strain].

Taxonomic properties of strain INA-1132 producing antibiotic INA-1132 are described. The antibiotic showed activity against grampositive bacteria and fungi. The strain was classified as belonging to the genus Streptomyces and by its taxomic characteristics is most close to S. baarnensis. The experiments with the bacterial culture Halobacterium salinarum (previously H. halobium) revealed hypolipidemic activity of the antibiotic, i. e. its ability to inhibit biosynthesis of sterols. Conditions for the production of the antibiotic, methods of its isolation and purification, as well as the results of the chemical structure elucidation are described. By its physicochemical properties the antibiotic is identical to chlorothricin. The structure of antibiotic INA-1132 was ascertained by X-ray analysis. Conformation of the molecule of chlorothricin (antibiotic 1132) was determined for the first time.

[Antibiotics formed by Actinomadura fulvescens]. / Antibiotiki, obrazuemye Actinomadura fulvescens.

Novel antibiotics with in vitro activity against gram-positive bacteria were isolated from Actinomadura fulvescens INA 3321 and INA 3852. Conditions for biosynthesis and isolation of antibiotics 3321 and 3852, as well as their physicochemical and biological properties were studied. Chromatographic analysis of the antibiotics revealed that each of them contained two biologically active components. The components were separated with preparative chromatography. Physicochemical properties of the components showed that antibiotics 3321 and 3852 were similar. UV and IR spectroscopy suggested that antibiotics 3321 and 3852 were original compounds not described earlier.

[Actinomadura species as antibiotic producers]. / Vidy roda Actinomadura kak produtsenty antibiotikov.

Screening of antibiotic-producing cultures among Actinomadura showed that definite species mainly produced antibiotics of the same groups. Thus, carminomycins were produced by all the 4 studied strains of A. carminata, maduramycins were produced by 3 strains of A. rubra, prodigiozines were produced by 3 strains of A. madurae and luzopeptines were produced by 6 strains of A. recticatena. Supposedly, new antibiotics with original spectral characteristics were isolated from 2 strains of A. fulvescens. There was a clear-cut relation of the number of the active strains and their antibiotic productivity in definite media to their species. The liquid nutrient media, such as yeast-sucrose, soya-glucose and soya-glucose with cobalt chloride proved to be the most efficient in the primary screening of antibiotic-producing cultures.

[Production of griseoviridin and etamycin by the new culture, Streptomyces albolongus]. / Obrazovanie grizeoviridina i étamitsina novym produtsentom Streptomyces albolongus.

An actinomycete strain designated as 4297 was isolated from a soil sample collected near Moscow. The strain produced a complex of two antibiotics. One of them had a broad antibacterial spectrum and, in terms of its physicochemical properties and X-ray structural evidence, was identified with griseoviridin. The other was active against gram-positive bacteria and, by its chromatographic comparison with an authentic sample, mass spectroscopic determination of the molecular weight and UV spectra, was identified with etamycin. The strain 4297 differed from the described cultures producing griseoviridin and etamycin. By the taxonomic features it was classified as belonging to Streptomyces albolongus.

[Formation of a new polyene antibiotic octamycin by a culture of Actinoplanes ianthinogenes subsp. octamycini]. / Obrazovanie novogo polienovogo antibiotika oktamitsina kul'turoi Actinoplanes ianthinogenes subsp. octamycini.

A culture of Actinoplanes ianthinogenes subsp. octamycini producing a polyenic antibiotic with the UV spectrum characteristic of octaens was isolated. Optimal conditions for biosynthesis of the antibiotic were developed and an active variant 4041-6 producing 2 mg of octamycin per 100 ml of the medium was selected. A procedure for recovery of the antibiotic with the use of Sefadex LH-20 was used. Certain physicochemical characteristics of octamycin were defined. The data on the UV and IR spectra suggested the presence of an alkyl substituent in the octamycin chromophore. The antibiotic showed antitumor activity, sufficient activity against gram-positive bacteria and low activity against fungi and yeasts.

[Formation of the antibiotic complex 4041 by a culture of Actinoplanes ianthinogenes subsp. octamycini subsp. nov]. / Obazovanie antibioticheskogo kompleksa 4041 kul'turoi Actinoplanes ianthinogenes subsp. octamycini subsp. nov.

A new variety of Actinoplanes, named Actinoplanes ianthinogenes subsp. octamycini Gause et Svechnikova is described. It produces an antibiotic complex consisting of purpuromycin and a new antibiotic belonging to the group of polyens, i. e. octamycin. Maximum accumulation of the above antibiotics in the mycelium was observed in the soybean-glycerol medium.

[Role of antibiotics in the ecology of actinomycetes]. / Rol' antibiotikov v ékologii aktinomitsetov.

The organisms producing ristomycin, rifamycin, lincomycin, tobramycin, rubomycin carminomycin, olivomycin, bleomycin and actinomycin D were practically not sensitive to their own antibiotics in the concentrations close to those produced during the biosynthetic process. At the same time other actinomycetous species close to the above organisms were suppressed to a significant extent by their antibiotics in the same concentrations. The experimental data indicated that the antibiotics had a protective effect on the organisms producing them and played a significant role in ecology of the actinomycetes.

[Antibiotic activity of cultures of the species of the genus Actinomadura]. / Antibioticheskaia aktivnost' kul'tur nekotorykh vidov roda Actinomadura.

Sixty five cultures of Actinomadura were isolated from samples of different soils. The study of their antibiotic activity on liquid nutrient media showed that 49 of them were active against gram-postive bacteria. The antibiotics isolated fromsome cultures of Am. carminata, Am. rubra, Am. coerulea and Am. luteofluorescens had antitumor effect in experiments on animals.

[Madumycin biosynthesis by an Actinomadure flava culture under conditions of varying aeration]. / Biosintez madumitsina kul'turoi Actinomadura flava v usloviiakh razlichnoi aératsii

Production of madumycin I and madumycin II by 2 strains of Actinomadure flava 2171 was studied. Intensive aeration was an obligatory condition for the antibiotic biosynthesis. The content of madumycins I and II in the culture fluid depended on the strain, aeration conditions and fermentation cycle. Strain 2171/852 produced maximum amounts of madumycin I and madumycin II by the 2nd--3rd and 5th days of cultivation respectively. Strain 2171/2544 mainly produced madumycin I during the whole period of fermentation.

[Search for new antitumor antibiotics in the bleomycin group]. / Izyskanie novykh protivoopukholevykh antibiotikov gruppy bleomitsina.

The culture of Penicillium avellaneum 444 and its bleomycin resistant variant may serve a rather valuable specific test for detecting organisms producing new antitumor antibiotics of the bleomycin group. The organisms producing antitumor antibiotics of the group of anthracyclines (rubomycin and carminomycin), actinomycins and other chemical groups do not inhibit the growth of these test-organisms. Such tests are also resistant to the effect of antibacterial antibiotics.

[New producer of amphomycin-group antibiotics]. / Novyi produtsent antibiotikov gruppy amfomitsina.

An actinomycetous culture 33 inhibiting the growth of grampositive bacteria was isolated from a soil sample. The culture was classified as belonging to Streptomyces albogriseolus. It was found that culture 33 produced antibiotics of the amphomycin group. The antibiotic complex consists of 2 components, one of which is identical to amphomycin and the other differs from it. Conditions for the complex production were also investigated. Production of amphomycin by Str. albogriseolus was observed for the first time.

[New antitumor antibiotics 5590 and 2928]. / Novye protivoopukholevye antibiotiki 5590 i 2928.

Antibiotics with an in vivo antiblastomic activity were isolated from the actinomycetous culture 5590 and 2928. The antibiotics were prepared in the crystalline form. The conditions for the biosynthesis of the antibiotics, their physicochemical constants and UV and IR spectra were determined. The acid hydrolysates of the antibiotics were studied. The antibiotics contained the same chromophore and different sets of amino acids. Antibiotics 5590 and 2928 were classified as peptides containing the chromophore group.

[Optimization of the nutrient medium makeup for the biosynthesis of bleomycine antibiotic using a mathematical method of experimental design]. / Optimizatsiia sostava pitatel'noi sredy dlia biosinteza antibiotika bleomitsina s pomoshch'iu matematicheskogo metoda planirovaniia éksperimenta.

The fermentation medium for bleomycin biosynthesis was optimized with the help of a mathematical method for experiment modelling. With the use of the schemes of orthogonal latin squares the optimal concentrations of the sources of nitrogen, carbon and mineral salts were determined and the negative effect of cupric sulphate on the antibiotic biosynthesis was shown. The antibiotic production on the developed medium was 3.7 times higher than that on the initial medium.

[Formation of the anthracycline antibiotics, beromycin and nogalamycin, by a new actinomycete species, Streptomyces glomeratus sp. nov]. / Obrazovanie antratsiklinovykh antibiotikov beromitsina i nogalamitsina novym vidom aktinomitseta Streptomyces glomeratus sp. nov.

Culture 3980 was isolated from a soil sample and described as a new species, Streptomyces glomeratus sp. nov. It was found that the culture produced simultaneously 2 close anthracycline antibiotics, i. e. nogalamycin and beromycin, which were synthesized mainly in the mycelium. S. glomeratus differed from the nogalamycin and beromycin-producing organisms described earlier.

[Isolation of cephamycins from actinomycete cultures]. / O vydelenii tsefamitsinov iz kul'tur aktinomitsetov

A method for isolation of cephamycins from culture fluids of actinomycetes was developed. It included the stage of effective purification of sulfocation exchange resin SDV-3 (H+) with water desorption. Further purificiation of the antibiotics was achieved with sorption on anion exchange resin and fractional precipitation. The method provided 95-96 per cent purity level of the preparations.

[Formation of new antibiotic, virenomycin, by a culture of Streptomyces virens sp. nev]. / Obrazovanie novogo antibiotika virenomitsina kul'turoi Streptomyces virens sp. nov.

A culture of a new species Streptomyces virens was isolated from a soil sample. It produced an antibiotic designated as virenomycin. The antibiotic was mainly synthesized in the mycelium. Only insignificant amounts of it were found in the culture fluid. The optimal nutrient medium for production of virenomycin contained glycerol, soybean meal, ammonium sulphate, sodium chloride and calcium carbonate. Crystalline virenomycin had a comparatively low antitumor activity and narrow spectrum.

[Formation of a streptothricin-group antibiotic by a Streptomyces glaucus 1136 culture]. / Obazovanie antibiotika iz gruppy streptotritsinov kul'turoi Streptomyces glaucus 1136.

In screening of new antibiotics a streptomycete (strain 1136) was isolated from a soil sample of Armenia. It showed no antagonistic properties in streek cultures on agarized media. When grown under submerged conditions strain 1136 produced an antibiotic active against grampositive and gramnegative bacteria. By its cultural and morphological properties strain 1136 was classified as Streptomyces glaucus Agre et Preobrazhenskaya, 1983. Microbiological and chemical investigation of the antibiotic produced by strain provided its identification at the early stages of the investigation as an antibiotic of the streptothricin group. Up to now no organisms producing streptothricin antibiotics were detected among streptomycetes of the Azureus section including strain 1136.

[New producer of carminomycin, Actinomycer cremeospinus sp. nov]. / Novyi produtsent karminomitsina--Actinomyces cremeospinus sp. nov.

An actinomycete strain No. 85 was isolated from a soil sample on media with bleomycin. It was described as a representative of a new species. Actinomyces cremeospinus sp. nov. An antibiotic substance identical with carminomycin, an antitumor antibiotic was isolated from the culture fluid of the strain.