Heterogeneity of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Seroprevalence From a National Probability Survey In Mexico, 2012.

BACKGROUND: Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) seroprevalence and associated infection risk factors show differences by regions and countries. The aims of the study were to determine the HSV-2 seroprevalence and to evaluate the risk factors for HSV-2 in a national representative survey among adolescents and adults in Mexico. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Mexico on the basis of the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012, a national representative survey. Demographic, sexual behavior, reproductive health, and lifestyles indicators were considered in the current study. Participants provided biological samples-dried blood spots-to test for HSV-2 antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify variables associated with HSV-2 infections analyzed by sex. RESULTS: National HSV-2 seroprevalence was 9.9%, 2.4% among adolescents and 11.7% among adults with HSV-2 seroprevalence heterogeneous across the country. Women had 12.2% of antibodies against HSV-2 and men had 7.5%. The factors associated with HSV-2 infection among women were age (45-49 years; odds ratio [OR], 19.8), region (southwest; OR, 3.0), urbanization (urban; OR, 1.9), age at sexual debut (≤14 years; OR, 3.4), education level (any; OR, 3.0), and previous abortion (≥2 abortion; OR, 2.1). Among men, age (45-49 years; OR, 11.7), region (southwest; OR, 3.0), urbanization (urban, odds ratio [OR], 1.7), and HIV care (OR, 7.1) were associated with the infection. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 10% of Mexicans aged 15 to 49 years had HSV-2 antibodies, with differences by sex, region, education level, urbanization, HIV care, and childbirth, highlighting the relevance of health inequalities in the country: social inequalities seem to matter in terms of the probability of HSV-2 infections.

[[Antibody prevalence to mumps in children and adolescents at two years of the introduction of the MMR vaccine]]. / Prevalencia de anticuerpos frente a parotiditis en niños y adolescentes a dos años de haberse introducido la vacuna SRP.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of mumps antibodies in children and adolescents of Mexico, two years after the introduction of the mumps-containing vaccine MMR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Evaluation of IgG antibodies with a commercial kit of indirect ELISA. RESULTS: 2 111 children (1-9 years) and 2484 adolescents (10-19 years) were studied. The overall antibody seroprevalence was 70.6% (95% CI 69.3-71.9), being higher in adolescents (83.0%, 95%CI 81.5-84.5) than in children (56.0%, 95%CI: 53.9-58.11) (OR 3.83, 95%CI 3.34-4.39, p=0.0000000). Children 1 to 2 and 6 to 9 years who were part of the target group of mumps vaccination since 1998, they had higher seroprevalence than the group of 3 to 5 years unvaccinated. CONCLUSIONS: Seropositivity in children aged 1 to 2 and 6 to 9 years was probably attributable to vaccination during 1998-2000 and in other age groups to natural exposure related to time elapsed in each birth cohort until the study recruitment.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la prevalencia de anticuerpos antiparotiditis en niños y adolescentes de México, a dos años de haberse introducido la vacuna SRP. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron 2 111 niños (1-9 años) y 2 484 adolescentes (10-19 años). Se evaluaron anticuerpos IgG con un kit comercial de ELISA indirecto. RESULTADOS: La seroprevalencia fue 70.6% (IC95% 69.3-71.9) y resultó mayor en adolescentes (83.0%, IC95% 81.5-84.5) que en niños (56.0%, IC95% 53.9-58.11) (OR 3.83; IC95% 3.34-4.39, p=0.0000000). Los niños de 1 a 2 y de 6 a 9 años, que a partir de 1998 formaron parte del grupo blanco de vacunación vs parotiditis, tuvieron mayor seroprevalencia que el grupo de 3 a 5 años no vacunado. CONCLUSIONES: La seropositividad en niños de 1 a 2 y de 6 a 9 años fue probablemente atribuible a vacunación durante 1998-2000 y la de otros grupos etarios a exposición natural relacionada con el tiempo transcurrido en cada cohorte de nacimientos hasta el reclutamiento al estudio.

[Trend analysis of acquired syphilis in Mexico from 2003 to 2013]. / Análisis de la tendencia de sífilis adquirida en México durante el periodo 2003-2013.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the population group in which syphilis increase was concentrated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The information was collected from the Mexico health statistical yearbooks. The information disaggregated by sex, age group and state during the period 2003 to 2013 was used to form different databases. Linear regression analysis with confidence interval at 95% was used to evaluate changes over time in different population groups. RESULTS: An increase of 0.67 cases per 100,000 population (95%CI 0.30-1.04) in men was detected from 2010. The increase was concentrated in each group of 20-24 and 25-44. The highest incidence of acquired syphilis was reported in the last two years: 2012 and 2013. The last year reported a 1.85 times higher incidence than reported in 2003. Aguascalientes, Distrito Federal, Durango, Mexico, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, Yucatan and Zacatecas reported that syphilis increased during the study period. CONCLUSION: Acquired syphilis may be reemerging in our country among young men; this increase is not uniform across the country, it is necessary to focus intervention measures for this sexually transmitted infection.

Avidity of antibodies against HSV-2 and risk to neonatal transmission among Mexican pregnant women.

OBJECTIVE: To determine HSV-2 seroprevalence, risk factors, and antibody avidity among a sample of Mexican pregnant women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The avidity test was standardized with different urea concentrations and incubation times; the cut-off point was calculated to determine the low avidity (early infection). IgG antibodies against HSV-2 were detected from pregnant and postpartum women from Morelos, Mexico, and the avidity test was performed to positive samples. Multivariate regression logistic analysis was employed to evaluate demographic and sexual behavior characteristics associated with HSV-2 infection. RESULTS: HSV-2 seroprevalence among Mexican women analyzed was 14.5% (333/2300), demographic factors (location of General Hospital, age, education level, and civil status), and risky sexual behaviors (STI self-report and number of sexual partners during last year) were associated with HSV-2 infection. Seventeen women were detected with low avidity antibodies (early infection) with a cut-off point of 66.1%. CONCLUSIONS: HSV-2 infection was common among this group of women from Mexico; the avidity test detected women with recent infections, and these women were more likely to transmit HSV-2 to their neonates. Neonatal herpes has no epidemiological surveillance, the disease could be overlooked, and so more studies are needed to estimate the magnitude of neonatal infection.

College women, HPV genotyping and sexual behavior before HPV vaccination: Results from samples stored for a long time.

HPV is the sexually transmitted agent most common among young people, like college students. The aim of study was to associate sexual behavior characteristics of women with HPV, detected in genital samples taken before the introduction of the HPV vaccine. Female students during 2001-2005 donated genital samples and the samples were re-analyzed in 2013 for HPV genotyping by RT-PCR. The frozen storage of the students' genital samples allowed the detection of HPV DNA and its genotyping after years of sample collection. HPV prevalence was 22%, HPV16 3.9%, and HPV18 1.1%. Age, multiple sexual partners and the partner's age at first sexual intercourse were significantly associated to HPV. Students with ≥ 3 sexual partners and who did not use condom had 12.8 higher odds of being HPV positive. These results made possible the analysis of HPV prevalence changes, before HPV vaccine introduction.

HPV infection, risk factors and viral load among Mexican male college students.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of HPV and the risky sexual behaviors associated to it in a sample of male college students, taking into account genotype and viral load. METHODS: From 2002 to 2003, male students from the Autonomous University of Morelos State completed a questionnaire and provided self-collected genital samples to detect and quantify HPV. We performed a bivariate and a multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify correlates associated with the infection and to assess the viral load as a function of the viral infecting type. The fragments of ß-globin gene and L1 of HPV, were amplified, purified and cloned, to evaluate viral load. RESULTS: Among 253 subjects, HPV prevalence was 19.4%, and HPV16 was the most common subtype. History of STIs (OR=4.8; 95% CI 1.2-18.9), contraceptive pill use by female partner (OR=2.6; 95% CI 1.1-6.3) and exchanging sex for money (OR=4.9; 95% CI 1.2-20) were associated to the HPV infection. HPV16 viral load was 7.8 copies (HPV/beta-globin) compared to 0.9 copies for other HPV types. DISCUSSION: HPV16 displayed the highest viral load, and it was the most prevalent. It was found that using contraceptive pills by female partners was associated with HPV infection.

Prevalencia de anticuerpos frente a parotiditis en niños y adolescentes a dos años de haberse introducido la vacuna SRP / Antibody prevalence to mumps in children and adolescents at two years of the introduction of the MMR vaccine

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia de anticuerpos antiparotiditis en niños y adolescentes de México, a dos años de haberse introducido la vacuna SRP. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron 2111 niños (1-9 años) y 2484 adolescentes (10-19 años). Se evaluaron anticuerpos IgG con un kit comercial de ELISA indirecto. Resultados: La seroprevalencia fue 70.6% (IC95% 69.3-71.9) y resultó mayor en adolescentes (83.0%, IC95% 81.5-84.5) que en niños (56.0%, IC95% 53.9-58.11) (OR 3.83; IC95% 3.34-4.39, p=0.0000000). Los niños de 1 a 2 y de 6 a 9 años, que a partir de 1998 formaron parte del grupo blanco de vacunación vs parotiditis, tuvieron mayor seroprevalencia que el grupo de 3 a 5 años no vacunado. Conclusiones: La seropositividad en niños de 1 a 2 y de 6 a 9 años fue probablemente atribuible a vacunación durante 1998-2000 y la de otros grupos etarios a exposición natural relacionada con el tiempo transcurrido en cada cohorte de nacimientos hasta el reclutamiento al estudio.

Abstract: Objective: To assess the prevalence of mumps antibodies in children and adolescents of Mexico, two years after the introduction of the mumps-containing vaccine MMR. Materials and methods: Evaluation of IgG antibodies with a commercial kit of indirect ELISA. Results: 2111 children (1-9 years) and 2484 adolescents (10-19 years) were studied. The overall antibody seroprevalence was 70.6% (95% CI 69.3-71.9), being higher in adolescents (83.0%, 95%CI 81.5-84.5) than in children (56.0%, 95%CI: 53.9-58.11) (OR 3.83, 95%CI 3.34-4.39, p=0.0000000). Children 1 to 2 and 6 to 9 years who were part of the target group of mumps vaccination since 1998, they had higher seroprevalence than the group of 3 to 5 years unvaccinated. Conclusions: Seropositivity in children aged 1 to 2 and 6 to 9 years was probably attributable to vaccination during 1998-2000 and in other age groups to natural exposure related to time elapsed in each birth cohort until the study recruitment.

Análisis de la tendencia de sífilis adquirida en México durante el periodo 2003-2013 / Trend analysis of acquired syphilis in Mexico from 2003 to 2013

Objetivo. Identificar el grupo poblacional en el que se concentra el incremento de sífilis ocurrido durante los últimos años. Material y métodos. A partir de información obtenida de los Anuarios de Morbilidad de la Secretaría de Salud, se conformaron diversas bases de datos con información desagregada por sexo, grupo de edad y entidad federativa durante el periodo de 2003 a 2013. Mediante análisis de regresión lineal, se estimó el incremento con intervalos de confianza a 95%; se evaluaron los cambios a través del tiempo en los diversos grupos poblacionales analizados. Resultados. A partir de 2010 hay un incremento de 0.67 casos por 100000 habitantes (IC95% 0.30-1.04) entre los hombres, que se concentra en individuos de 20 a 24 y de 25 a 44 años. Las mayores incidencias de sífilis adquirida se reportaron en los dos últimos años: 2012 y 2013; este último año registró una incidencia 1.85 veces mayor a la reportada en el año 2003. Entidades como Aguascalientes, Distrito Federal, Durango, México, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, Yucatán y Zacatecas reportaron incrementos de sífilis adquirida durante el periodo de estudio. Conclusión. La sífilis adquirida aparentemente está reemergiendo en México entre hombres jóvenes, incremento que no es homogéneo en el país, por lo que es necesario focalizar medidas de intervención para esta infección de transmisión sexual.

Objective. To identify the population group in which syphilis increase was concentrated. Materials and methods. The information was collected from the Mexico health statistical yearbooks. The information disaggregated by sex, age group and state during the period 2003 to 2013 was used to form different databases. Linear regression analysis with confidence interval at 95% was used to evaluate changes over time in different population groups. Results. An increase of 0.67 cases per 100000 population (95%CI 0.30-1.04) in men was detected from 2010. The increase was concentrated in each group of 20-24 and 25-44. The highest incidence of acquired syphilis was reported in the last two years: 2012 and 2013. The last year reported a 1.85 times higher incidence than reported in 2003. Aguascalientes, Distrito Federal, Durango, Mexico, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, Yucatan and Zacatecas reported that syphilis increased during the study period. Conclusion. Acquired syphilis may be reemerging in our country among young men; this increase is not uniform across the country, it is necessary to focus intervention measures for this sexually transmitted infection.

HPV infection, risk factors and viral load among Mexican male college students

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of HPV and the risky sexual behaviors associated to it in a sample of male college students, taking into account genotype and viral load. Methods: From 2002 to 2003, male students from the Autonomous University of Morelos State completed a questionnaire and provided self-collected genital samples to detect and quantify HPV. We performed a bivariate and a multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify correlates associated with the infection and to assess the viral load as a function of the viral infecting type. The fragments of β-globin gene and L1 of HPV, were amplified, purified and cloned, to evaluate viral load. Results: Among 253 subjects, HPV prevalence was 19.4%, and HPV16 was the most common subtype. History of STIs (OR = 4.8; 95% CI 1.2–18.9), contraceptive pill use by female partner (OR = 2.6; 95% CI 1.1–6.3) and exchanging sex for money (OR = 4.9; 95% CI 1.2–20) were associated to the HPV infection. HPV16 viral load was 7.8 copies (HPV/beta-globin) compared to 0.9 copies for other HPV types. Discussion: HPV16 displayed the highest viral load, and it was the most prevalent. It was found that using contraceptive pills by female partners was associated with HPV infection. .