Trend and spatial pattern of intimate partner rape notifications against women in Northeast Brazil (2013-2022).

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the trend and spatial pattern of intimate partner rape reports against women in Northeast Brazil. METHODS: Ecological time-series study and spatial analysis with secondary data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System between 2013 and 2022. Gross rape rates were calculated by type of intimate partner and by age group of the victim. Prais-Winsten regression was used to calculate the trend, and the global and local Moran indices were used for spatial analysis. RESULTS: A total of 5,542 cases of intimate partner rape were reported. Spousal rates ranged from 0.34/100,000 women in 2013 to 0.51/100,000 in 2017, with greater increases between 2018 (1.04/100 thousand) and 2022 (1.28/100 thousand). There was an upward trend in the Northeast as a whole (APC=19.47; 95%CI 15.88-23.22) and in almost all states, except Paraíba and Sergipe. Cases perpetrated by boyfriends (APC=23.90; 95%CI 12.80-36.09) and among women aged 15 to 19 years (APC=22.63; 95%CI 4.18-44.35) showed the highest annual variation. A concentration of high rates was observed in several municipalities in the northwest of Ceará and southeast of Pernambuco. CONCLUSION: The trend in intimate partner rape rates against women increased in the Northeast, especially among younger women and by boyfriends, with a greater agglomeration of notifications in Ceará and Pernambuco.

Spatial distribution and temporal trends of AIDS in Brazil and regions between 2005 and 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spatial distribution and the temporal trend of the AIDS incidence rate in Brazil from 2005 to 2020. METHODS: This is an ecological, temporal, and spatial study on AIDS cases in Brazil. Data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System were stratified by year of diagnosis, region of the country/municipalities of residence, and age group (over 13 years). Incidence rates were calculated for temporal estimation using the Joinpoint model, as well as Spatial Empirical Bayes (SEB) for spatial distribution, using the Kernel density estimator. RESULTS: The incidence rate in Brazil, in 2020, was 17.69 cases per 100 thousand inhabitants. The general trend (2005-2020) was decrease in Brazil (Annual Percent Change - APC=-2.0%), in the Southeast (APC=-4.4%) and South (APC=-3.0%) regions. The North (APC=2.3%) showed an increase trend, whereas the Southeast and Midwest regions were stationary (p>0.05). Brazil, Southeast, South, and Midwest regions showed a decrease trend in most age groups. The Northeast and North regions showed an increase in the age groups of 13-29 years and 13-24 years, respectively. The Kernel estimator showed clusters with SEB above 30/10 thousand inhabitants in the states of Paraíba, Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina. CONCLUSION: Brazil, the Southeast, and South regions showed a decrease in the incidence rate, whereas the North region increased and the Northeast and Midwest regions were stationary. The Southeast, South, and Northeast regions presented the largest clusters of SEB.

Trend and spatial pattern of intimate partner rape notifications against women in Northeast Brazil (2013-2022) / Tendência e padrão espacial das notificações de estupro por parceiro íntimo contra mulheres no Nordeste do Brasil (2013-2022)

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the trend and spatial pattern of intimate partner rape reports against women in Northeast Brazil. Methods: Ecological time-series study and spatial analysis with secondary data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System between 2013 and 2022. Gross rape rates were calculated by type of intimate partner and by age group of the victim. Prais-Winsten regression was used to calculate the trend, and the global and local Moran indices were used for spatial analysis. Results: A total of 5,542 cases of intimate partner rape were reported. Spousal rates ranged from 0.34/100,000 women in 2013 to 0.51/100,000 in 2017, with greater increases between 2018 (1.04/100 thousand) and 2022 (1.28/100 thousand). There was an upward trend in the Northeast as a whole (APC=19.47; 95%CI 15.88-23.22) and in almost all states, except Paraíba and Sergipe. Cases perpetrated by boyfriends (APC=23.90; 95%CI 12.80-36.09) and among women aged 15 to 19 years (APC=22.63; 95%CI 4.18-44.35) showed the highest annual variation. A concentration of high rates was observed in several municipalities in the northwest of Ceará and southeast of Pernambuco. Conclusion: The trend in intimate partner rape rates against women increased in the Northeast, especially among younger women and by boyfriends, with a greater agglomeration of notifications in Ceará and Pernambuco.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a tendência e o padrão espacial das notificações de estupro por parceiro íntimo contra mulheres no Nordeste do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de série temporal e análise espacial com dados secundários do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) entre 2013 e 2022. Foram calculadas taxas brutas de estupro por tipo de parceiro íntimo e por faixa etária da vítima. Para o cálculo de tendência, utilizou-se a regressão de Prais-Winsten e, para a análise espacial, adotou-se o índice global e local de Moran. Resultados: Foram notificados 5.542 casos de estupro pelo parceiro íntimo. As taxas perpetradas pelo cônjuge variaram de 0,34/100 mil mulheres em 2013 para 0,51/100 mil em 2017, com maiores elevações entre 2018 (1,04/100 mil) e 2022 (1,28/100 mil). Houve tendência de aumento no Nordeste como um todo (VPA=19,47; IC95% 15,88-23,22) e em quase todos os estados, exceto Paraíba e Sergipe. Os casos perpetrados por namorados (VPA=23,90; IC95% 12,80-36,09) e entre mulheres de 15 a 19 anos (VPA=22,63; IC95% 4,18-44,35) exibiram maior variação anual. Observou-se concentração de altas taxas em diversos municípios no noroeste do Ceará e no sudeste de Pernambuco. Conclusão: A tendência das taxas de estupro contra mulheres perpetrado pelo parceiro íntimo aumentou no Nordeste, principalmente entre as mais jovens e por namorados, tendo maior aglomerado de notificações no Ceará e em Pernambuco.

Spatial distribution and temporal trends of AIDS in Brazil and regions between 2005 and 2020 / Distribuição espacial e tendência temporal da AIDS no Brasil e regiões entre 2005 e 2020

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze the spatial distribution and the temporal trend of the AIDS incidence rate in Brazil from 2005 to 2020. Methods: This is an ecological, temporal, and spatial study on AIDS cases in Brazil. Data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System were stratified by year of diagnosis, region of the country/municipalities of residence, and age group (over 13 years). Incidence rates were calculated for temporal estimation using the Joinpoint model, as well as Spatial Empirical Bayes (SEB) for spatial distribution, using the Kernel density estimator. Results: The incidence rate in Brazil, in 2020, was 17.69 cases per 100 thousand inhabitants. The general trend (2005-2020) was decrease in Brazil (Annual Percent Change - APC=-2.0%), in the Southeast (APC=-4.4%) and South (APC=-3.0%) regions. The North (APC=2.3%) showed an increase trend, whereas the Southeast and Midwest regions were stationary (p>0.05). Brazil, Southeast, South, and Midwest regions showed a decrease trend in most age groups. The Northeast and North regions showed an increase in the age groups of 13-29 years and 13-24 years, respectively. The Kernel estimator showed clusters with SEB above 30/10 thousand inhabitants in the states of Paraíba, Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina. Conclusion: Brazil, the Southeast, and South regions showed a decrease in the incidence rate, whereas the North region increased and the Northeast and Midwest regions were stationary. The Southeast, South, and Northeast regions presented the largest clusters of SEB.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar a distribuição espacial e a tendência temporal da taxa de incidência de AIDS no Brasil no período de 2005 a 2020. Métodos: Estudo ecológico, temporal e espacial sobre os casos de AIDS no Brasil. Dados provenientes do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde foram estratificados por ano do diagnóstico, região do país/municípios de residência e faixa etária (acima de 13 anos). Foram calculadas as taxas de incidência (TI) para a estimativa temporal por meio do modelo de joinpoint, bem como as taxas bayesianas empíricas espaciais (TBEE) para a distribuição espacial pelo estimador de densidade de Kernel. Resultados: A TI no Brasil no ano de 2020 foi de 17,69 casos para cada 100 mil habitantes. A tendência geral (2005-2020) foi de diminuição no Brasil (variação percentual anual — VPA=-2,0%), Sudeste (VPA=-4,4%) e Sul (VPA=-3,0%). O Norte (VPA=2,3%) demonstrou aumento, enquanto o Sudeste e Centro-oeste foram estacionários (p>0,05). O Brasil, Sudeste, Sul e Centro-oeste apresentaram tendência de diminuição na maioria das faixas etárias. O Nordeste e Norte apresentaram aumento nas faixas etárias de 13 a 29 anos e 13 a 24 anos, respectivamente. O estimador de Kernel demonstrou conglomerados com TBEE acima de 30/10 mil habitantes nos estados de Paraíba, Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina. Conclusão: O Brasil e as Regiões Sudeste e Sul apresentaram diminuição da TI, enquanto o Norte aumentou e o Nordeste e Centro-oeste foram estacionários. As Regiões Sudeste, Sul e Nordeste apresentaram os maiores conglomerados das TBEE.

Violência Perfil epidemiológico da violência contra a mulher em um município do interior do Maranhão, Brasil / Epidemiological profile of violence against women in a city in the interior of Maranhão, Brazil

A violência contra a mulher em qualquer momento de sua vida é um grave problema social e de saúde pública a ser enfrentado no Brasil. Nessa perspectiva o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o perfil epidemiológico das mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica em um município do Maranhão. Trata-se de uma pesquisa do tipo transversal, exploratória e descritiva com abordagem quantitativa. No período de 2014 a 2018, foram notificados 1.395 casos de violência doméstica contra mulher em um município no interior do Maranhão. Diante dos dados, verificou-se que a violência foi prevalente em mulheres com idades entre 19 a 29 anos (n=513; 36,77%), pardas (n=1372; 98,35%), solteiras (n=829; 59,43%), com ensino fundamental (n=811; 58,18%) e eram domesticas (n=594; 42,58%). O tipo de violência mais comum foi a psicológica/moral (n=614; 44,00%), e meio de agressão prevalente foi a ameaça (n=774; 55,48%). Em suma, evidenciou-se que os casos de violência contra a mulher são prevalentes em mulheres jovens, pardas, casadas ou união consensual, com baixa escolaridades e domésticas. Sendo o tipo de violência mais praticada contra as mulheres foi a violência psicológica/moral.

Violence against women at any time in their lives is a serious social and public health problem to be faced in Brazil. In this perspective, the present study aims to analyze the epidemiological profile of female victims of domestic violence in a city in Maranhão. This is a cross-sectional, exploratory, and descriptive study with a quantitative approach. In the period from 2014 to 2018, 1,395 cases of domestic violence against women were reported in a city in the interior of Maranhão. Given the data, it was found that violence was prevalent in women aged 19 to 29 years old (n=513; 36.77%), brown (n=1372; 98.35%), single (n=829; 59.43%), with an elementary education (n=811; 58.18%) and were housekeepers (n=594; 42.58%). The most common type of violence was psychological/moral (n=614; 44.00%), and the prevalent means of aggression was through threats (n=774; 55.48%). In short, it was demonstrated that the cases of violence against women are prevalent in young, brown, married or civilly joined women, with low schooling, and were domestic acts. The type of violence most often practiced against women was psychological/moral violence.

Perfil clínico, epidemiológico e espacial de leishmaniose visceral em área endêmica do estado do Maranhão, Brasil / Epidemiological and spatial clinical profile of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of the state of Maranhão, Brazil

A leishmaniose visceral é uma doença sistêmica, grave e que representa um desafio para a saúde pública por fazer parte da lista de doenças reemergentes no Brasil. Assim, é importante conhecer o perfil epidemiológico e a distribuição espacial dos casos para que possa subsidiar o planejamento em saúde. O presente estudo objetivou analisar o perfil clínico epidemiológico e espacial dos casos de leishmaniose visceral no município de Aldeias Altas, Maranhão. Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo, descritivo de abordagem quantitativa. Os dados foram coletados na vigilância epidemiológica do município, através do levantamento das fichas de notificação de leishmaniose visceral no banco de dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação dos casos notificados e confirmados no período de 2014 a 2018. Com a tecnologia do localizador Global Positioning System foram coletadas as coordenadas dos endereços dos casos, e com o programa Quantum GIS, os mapas foram construídos. Foram notificados 31 casos, sendo 12 casos confirmados, 13 casos descartados e 6 casos não apresentaram classificação final. Foi verificado uma maior frequência da doença no sexo feminino, residentes em área urbana, faixa etária entre 1 a 9 anos, raça parda e com baixa escolaridade. A palidez, febre, fraqueza foram as manifestações clinicas mais frequentes. Na análise espacial, área central no sentido leste do município apresentou a maior concentração de casos. O conhecimento do perfil epidemiológico e a compreensão da evolução da doença a nível local são necessários para orientar ações mais efetivas voltadas à vigilância, prevenção e controle deste agravo no município.

Visceral leishmaniasis is a serious systemic disease that represents a challenge for public health because it is part of the list of reemerging diseases in Brazil. Thus, it is important to know the epidemiological profile and the spatial distribution of cases so that health planning may be supported. The present study aimed to analyze the clinical, epidemiological and spatial profile of cases of visceral leishmaniasis in the municipality of Aldeias Altas, Maranhão. This was a retrospective, descriptive study with a quantitative approach. The data were collected by the epidemiological surveillance of the municipality, through the survey of the visceral leishmaniasis notification forms in the database of the Notifiable Diseases Information System of the cases notified and confirmed in the period from 2014 to 2018. With the technology of the Global locator, the position coordinates of the case addresses were collected, and with the Quantum GIS program, the maps were built. 31 cases were notified, 12 cases were confirmed, 13 cases were discarded, and 6 cases did not have a final classification. There was a higher frequency of the disease in females, living in urban areas, aged between 1 and 9 years old, of the brown race and with a low education. Paleness, fever, weakness were the most frequent clinical manifestations. In the spatial analysis, the central area towards the east of the municipality presented the highest concentration of cases. Knowledge of the epidemiological profile and understanding of the evolution of the disease at the local level are necessary to guide more effective actions aimed at surveillance, prevention and control of this disease in the municipality.