[Immunophenotypic analysis of hematogones in patients with hematological malignancies].

We studied immunophenotypic analysis of hematogones by flow cytometry. A total of 102 specimens from 93 patients with acute leukemia (52 specimens), myelodysplastic syndromes (4), or malignant lymphoma (46) were analyzed between April and August, 2011. Hematogones were detected in 55 specimens and highly identified in patients with acute myeloid leukemia in remission and B cell lymphoma. Stage 1 (CD34(+)CD20(-)) and stage 2/3 (CD34(-)CD20(+)) were detected in 9.9% and 52.7%, respectively. In addition, the intermediate type (CD34(+)CD20(+)) was identified in 37.4%. All specimens of stage 3 in bright CD45 expression were positive for CD5 and included CD5(+)CD23(-)CD11c(-), 11.1%, CD5(+)CD23(+)CD11c(-), 85.2%, and CD5(+)CD23(+)CD11c(+), 3.7%. These findings suggest that hematogones with unreported immunophenotypes may exist and the appearance of hematogones in hematologic malignancies may be relatively frequent.

[Development of indeterminate reasoning in early childhood].

This study examined the development of the thinking strategy that leads to the conclusion that not every simple problem has a simple solution (indetermination). The development of this strategy was examined by studying the developmental process of indeterminate conditional reasoning, using the following three conditionals: category-based, causal, and deontic. The experiment was conducted with a total of 100 children between late four and early six years of age. First, the children were administered the indeterminate conditional reasoning task and the comprehension task, which examined whether or not they understood the statement that not every simple problem has a simple solution. The results revealed that although young children understood the concept of indetermination, they were not always able to draw an indeterminate conclusion. On being encouraged to change their viewpoint, the children found it easier to arrive at the correct conclusion. The development of the thinking strategy and ways to encourage it were discussed based on the results.

[The development of children's thinking strategies: the retrieval of alternatives based on the categorization with conditional reasoning tasks].

This study examined when children are able to solve conditional reasoning problems correctly using the thinking strategy that spontaneously retrieves alternatives based on the inclusive/hierarchical relations of categories and how the strategy changes with aging. In the experiment, a total of 210 3-, 4-, 5-, 8-, 10-, 12-years-old, and adults were given the conditional reasoning problems and were also asked to justify their judgments. The result showed that 5-year-old children could solve the problems as well as the adults and they used the strategy similar to the adults, but the strategy did not necessarily continue to be used from children to adults.