Impact of the ConRed program on different cyberbulling roles.

This article presents results from an evaluation of the ConRed cyberbullying intervention program. The program's impacts were separately determined for the different roles within cyberbullying that students can take, i.e., cyber-victims, cyber-bullies, cyber-bully/victims, and bystanders. The ConRed program is a theory-driven program designed to prevent cyberbullying and improve cyberbullying coping skills. It involves students, teachers, and families. During a 3-month period, external experts conducted eight training sessions with students, two with teachers and one with families. ConRed was evaluated through a quasi-experimental design, in which students from three secondary schools were separated into experimental and control groups. The sample comprised 875 students, aged between 11 and 19 years. More students (n = 586) were allocated to the experimental groups at the specific insistence of the management of all schools; the remainder (n = 289) formed the control. Repeated measures MANOVA showed that cyber victims, cyber aggressors and cyberbully/victims reduced their involvement in cyberbullying. Moreover, cyber-victims and bystanders adjusted their perceptions about their control of personal information on the Internet, and cyber aggressors and bystanders reduced their Internet dependence. The ConRed program had stronger effects on male participants, especially in heightening their affective empathy.

The emotional impact of bullying and cyberbullying on victims: a European cross-national study.

Past research has demonstrated the effects of bullying can be severe and long term for the individuals involved. The main aim of this study is to analyze the emotional impact on victims of traditional bullying, both direct and indirect forms, and of cyberbullying through mobile phones and the Internet. A sample of 5,862 adolescents from three different countries, Italy (N = 1,964), Spain (N = 1,671), and England (N = 2,227), responded to a questionnaire that asked if they had experience of various forms of bullying, and the consequent emotional impact. The results show that both traditional bullying and cyberbullying have a significant prevalence in the samples. Emotional responses are linked to types of bullying. Analysis of answers identified specific emotional profiles for the different types of bullying and cyberbullying. Direct bullying and cyberbullying via mobile phone showed similar profiles, and also indirect bullying and cyberbullying using the Internet. Similarities and differences between profiles are discussed and some hypotheses are presented to explain the results. In addition, school grade, gender, country, and severity of bullying episodes were related to the specific emotional profiles of each type of bullying.

A cross-national comparison of aggressors, victims and defenders in preschools in England, Spain and Italy.

There is a small, but growing, body of research investigating peer-victimisation between preschoolers, an age which has been identified as being important both theoretically and practically for the development of interventions. This study compares aggressive and defending behaviour and victim status of preschoolers in three European countries; England, Spain and Italy. The results provide further confirmation that some children behave aggressively towards their peers during preschool in each of the countries studied. There are similarities between preschool children involved in peer-victimisation in the three countries in terms of the roles taken, sex differences and the types of aggressive behaviours used and experienced by the children. There were differences in the profiles of children identified as taking the roles by teachers and peers. Overall, it was found that those children identified by peers or teachers as being aggressive were more likely to be male, rated as physically strong and more likely to be rejected by classmates. Also, in general, the targets of peer-victimisation differed depending on the reporter. Peer-nominated victims were not identifiable in terms of gender, popularity or physical strength. Teacher-nominated victims were more likely to be socially rejected and physically weak. There are several subtle differences between the countries which deserve further investigation. The findings are discussed in relation to furthering our understanding of the development of peer-victimisation in preschools and the need for interventions which address this phenomenon.

Analysis of p.Tyr307Asn variant in the LRP10 gene in Parkinson's disease in southern Spain.

Lipoprotein receptor-related protein 10 (LRP10) has been proposed as a novel causative gene for autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD), and the c.919T>A (p.Tyr307Asn) variant has been identified as possibly involved in the development of familial PD and PD with dementia. We screened for the p.Tyr307Asn variant in a southern Spain population of 679 PD patients, of who 129 were familial cases, and 1217 unrelated healthy controls. A total of 3 carriers of the LRP10 p.Tyr307Asn variant were identified: 1 PD patient and 2 healthy controls. Together with the absence of a family history of PD, this finding might suggest a low penetrance variant as well as a limited role for p.Tyr307Asn in PD in our cohort. Nevertheless, a family history of Alzheimer's disease in the LRP10 p.Tyr307Asn carriers provides evidence for a possible association with dementia.

The long-term effects of coping strategy use in victims of bullying.

The ways in which children appraise and cope with school bullying are likely to influence the long-term outcomes experienced. To examine this possibility, 219 Spanish undergraduate students (73 male, 146 female) aged between 18 and 40, completed an adapted version of the Retrospective Bullying Questionnaire (RBQ; Schäfer et al., 2004) and a distress scale (Rivers, 1999). Results indicated that neither coping strategies reported by victims of bullying nor the match between control appraisal and coping strategy influenced levels of distress experienced as adults. Control, threat and challenge appraisals did, however, influence long-term distress. Explanations for these effects are discussed, and include the possibility that appraisals may directly influence levels of distress and the quality of emotions experienced by victims during the actual bullying episode. Active strategies were perceived by students to be effective in dealing with bullying, whereas those centered on avoiding the conflict, or which involved aggression, were considered ineffective.

Corrección de la miopía mediante cirugía Lasik / Myopia correction by LASIK surgery

OBJETIVO: identificar resultados refractivos y las complicaciones tras la corrección de la miopía mediante Lasik. MÉTODOS: se dividieron los 241 ojos que se operaron por Lasik en cuatro grupos según grado de miopía y astigmatismo. Tras un estudio oftalmológico preoperatorio completo y después de ser intervenidos quirúrgicamente, se evaluó la agudeza visual en los miopes y astigmatas, así como las complicaciones, intraoperatorias y posoperatorias durante el primer mes con seguimiento de tres meses. RESULTADOS: se mantuvo la agudeza visual previa corregida y no se detectaron complicaciones graves o irreversibles. CONCLUSIONES: Lasik es una técnica segura y útil para la corrección de la miopía, permite mejorar la agudeza visual espontánea y disminuir la corrección óptica.

OBJECTIVE: identify refractive results and complications following myopia correction by LASIK. METHODS: 241 eyes which had been operated on by LASIK were divided into 4 groups based on the degree of myopia and astigmatism. Patients underwent a complete preoperative ophthalmological study before they were operated on. After surgery, myopic and astigmatic patients were evaluated for visual acuity, as well as intraoperative and postoperative complications during the first month and in a three-month follow-up period. RESULTS: previous corrected visual acuity was preserved and no serious or irreversible complications were detected. CONCLUSIONS: LASIK is a safe myopia correction technique useful to improve spontaneous visual acuity and reduce optical correction.

Caracterización del endotelio corneal en pacientes con indicación de cirugía de catarata / Characterization of the corneal endothelium in patients requiring cataract surgery

Objetivo: describir la morfología del endotelio corneal en pacientes con indicación de cirugía de catarata. Métodos: se estudiaron 200 ojos de 127 pacientes, 86 mujeres y 41 hombres, con indicación de cirugía de catarata en una investigación de tipo descriptiva y transversal realizada entre octubre y diciembre de 2011. Se examinaron los pacientes en lámpara de hendidura buscando alteraciones de la morfología del endotelio y se les realizó microscopia especular con el Topcon SP3000P. Se analizaron las imágenes y se evaluaron la densidad celular, el coeficiente de variabilidad, la hexagonalidad celular y la paquimetría. Resultados: predominó el sexo femenino con 86 pacientes y en los dos grupos la mayoría tenían entre 60 y 79 años. La densidad celular media fue de 2 238,19 cél/mm2, disminuyó significativamente con la edad y no tuvo diferencias con el sexo. El coeficiente de variabilidad, la hexagonalidad y la paquimetría no tuvieron diferencias significativas con la edad, ni con el sexo. Las guttas corneales predominaron en las féminas (103; 76,9 por ciento) con diferencia significativa entre los sexos. Conclusiones: a mayor edad hay disminución de la densidad celular, así como un aumento del coeficiente de variabilidad sin diferencias entre sexos. Se comprueba la estrecha relación entre la disminución de la densidad celular y el aumento de la paquimetría. Además, se muestran los parámetros de normalidad del endotelio corneal en pacientes con indicación de cirugía de catarata en nuestro medio

Objective: to describe the morphology of corneal endothelium in patients requiring cataract surgery.Methods: adescriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in 200 eyes from 127 patients distributed into 86 females and 41 males, who required cataract surgery. All the patients were examined with slit-lamp method to look for corneal guttas and were performed Topcon specular microscopy SP3000P. Images were analyzed and the cell density, the variability coefficient, the cell hexagonality and pachymetry were all evaluated. Results: females predominated with 86 patients in both groups and most aged 60-79 years. The average cell density was 2238.19 cell/mm2 that significantly decreased with the age increase, and it did not show any differences between the sexes. The average variability coefficient, hexagonality and pachymetry did not show significant differences in terms of age and sex. The presence of corneal guttas predominated in females (103; 76.9 percent.) but the difference between the sexes was significant.Conclusions: as the age increases, the cell density diminishes but the variability coefficient increases and there are no differences between the sexes. The close relationship between the decreased cell density and the increased pachymetry is proved. Additionally, the study presents the normal parameters of the corneal endothelium in patients requiring cataract surgery in our setting

Queratometrías por pentacam y método de la historia clínica en hipermétropes con cirugía refractiva previa / Keratometries with use of Pentacam and of the medical history method in hypermetropic patients with previous refractive surgery

Objetivo: comparar las queratometrías obtenidas por el pentacam en ojos hipermétropes operados con excimer láser y la obtenida a través del método de la historia clínica.Métodos: estudio prospectivo realizado en el Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer, desde marzo a junio del 2011, en 50 ojos de 25 pacientes hipermétropes operados de LASIK, donde se calculó la queratometría promedio mediante el método de la historia clínica y se comparó con los valores de queratometría brindados por el pentacam: valor del ápex corneal de los mapas a color: True Net Power (valor queratométrico total central) y Equivalent K Reading Power (lectura queratométrica equivalente), así como el valor queratométrico total a 3,0 mm y las lecturas equivalentes del programa Holladay Report. Se calculó la queratometría preoperatoria media por la historia clínica y se comparó con la queratometría preoperatoria estimada aportada por el pentacam. El análisis estadístico se realizó con la prueba T para datos pareados, con una significación del 95 porciento.Resultados: los valores entre los que no hubo diferencias estadísticas con respecto al obtenido por el método de la historia clínica, fueron la Equivalent K Reading power (lectura queratométrica equivalente), la queratométrica total y las lecturas queratométricas equivalentes a 3,4 y 4,5 diámetro, siendo la de 4,5 mm la más exacta. Las queratometrías preoperatorias no mostraron diferencias.Conclusiones: el pentacam aporta poderes corneales que no difieren de los obtenidos por el método de historia clínica en ojos hipermétropes que tengan cirugía previa con excimer láser

Objective: to compare keratometries measured by Pentacam in operated hypermetropic eyes with Excimer Laser and that of the medical history method.Methods: aprospective study conducted in 50 hypermetropic eyes of 25 patients operated on by LASIK at Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology from March to June of 2011. The average keratometry through the medical history method was estimated and compared with the keratometry values provided by Pentacam : value of the corneal apex of color maps, True Net Power (total central keratometric value) and Equivalent K-reading Power(equivalent keratometric reading) as well as the total keratometric value of 3.0 mm and the equivalent readings of Holladay Report program. The mean preoperative keratometry of the medical history was estimated and then compared with the preoperative keratometry measured by Pentacam. The statistical analysis was based on paired t test, using 95 percent significance level.Results: the values that did not show significant statistical differences in comparison with that of the clinical history method were the Equivalent K-reading Power (equivalent keratometric readings), the total keratometric value and the equivalent keratometric readings of 3.4 and 4.5 diameters, being 4.5 mm the most exact. No differences were seen in the preoperative keratometries.Conclusion: Pentacam provides corneal powers that did not differ statistically from those of the clinical history method in hypermetropic eyes having previous surgery with Excimer laser

Endotelio corneal de riesgo en pacientes con indicación de cirugía de catarata / Risky corneal endothelium in patients with indication of cataract surgery

Objetivo: identificar el riesgo de edema relacionado con los parámetros morfofuncionales del endotelio corneal en pacientes con indicación de cirugía de catarata. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal en 200 ojos de pacientes en la consulta preoperatoria de cirugía de catarata. Las variables estudiadas fueron edad, sexo, riesgo de edema, pleomorfismo y polimegatismo para lo cual se examinó a cada uno de ellos con microscopia especular. Además se examinaron en lámpara de hendidura en busca de la presencia de guttas corneales. Resultados: se obtuvo una edad media de 70,7 años y existió un predominio de las mujeres (67,7 por ciento) frente a los hombres (32,3 por ciento). No hubo riesgo de edema en un 80,5 por ciento y sí lo hubo en 39 ojos para un 19,5 por ciento. Se relacionó el polimegatismo y la edad estando presente en 176 ojos para un 88,0 por ciento y con un predominio del estadio leve en todos los grupos de edades con un 80,5 por ciento. El pleomorfismo estuvo presente en 186 ojos (93 por ciento) y de ellos 103 (51,5 por ciento) se encontraron en el estadio leve y 78 (39,0 por ciento) en el moderado. Conclusiones: la disminución de la densidad celular no es el único parámetro que indica que un endotelio es de riesgo para una cirugía de catarata, otros como el polimegatismo, el pleomorfismo, así como la presencia de guttas; también son de importancia

Objective: to identify the risk of edema associated with the morphological and functional parameters of the corneal endothelium in those patients with indication of cataract surgery. Methods: a cross-sectional and descriptive study was performed in 200 eyes from the patients attending the preoperative cataract surgery service. The studied variables were age, sex, risk of edema, pleomorphism and polymegatism. Each patient was examined with the specular microscopy and also a slit-lamp examination was made to look for cornea guttata. Results: the average age of the group was 70.7 years, with females predominating (67.7 percent) over males (32.3 percent). There was no risk of edema in 80.5 percent of cases whereas the risk was present in 19.5 percent (39 eyes). Polymegatism and age were associated, being this problem present in 176 eyes for 88 percent of the total number and predominant in its mild staging in all the age groups for 80.5 percent. Pleomorphism affected 186 eyes (93 percent) and 103 of them (51.5 percent) was at the mild staging and 78 (39 percent) at the moderate staging. Conclusions: reduction in the cell density is not the only parameter indicative of a risky endothelium for a cataract surgery, since others such as polymegatism, pleomorphism and presence of cornea guttata are also important

Motivación y satisfacción de los pacientes miopes sometidos a cirugía LASIK / Motivation and satisfaction of myopic patients undergoing LASIK surgery

Analizar la motivación y los niveles de satisfacción de los pacientes miopes sometidos a la cirugía refractiva con excímer láser. Se realizó una encuesta a 126 pacientes miopes (241 ojos), que asistieron a la consulta de cirugía refractiva en el Hospital Militar Dr Carlos Juan Finlay, los cuales fueron intervenidos con cirugía refractiva LASIK, con el propósito de analizar sus principales motivaciones y el grado de satisfacción obtenido después de transcurridos 3 meses de realizada la cirugía. Se estudiaron las siguientes variables: datos personales, motivación por la cirugía, refracción, agudeza visual, efectos secundarios y grado de satisfacción en general, así como su relación con las demás variables analizadas. La edad media de los encuestados fue de 30 años (de 20 a 54 años). Se encontró una mayor frecuencia de miopes en el sexo femenino (68,2 por ciento). La graduación previa fue de un rango de -1,50 D a -12 D de equivalente esférico, y en el momento de la encuesta en más del 90 por ciento de los pacientes era inferior a ± 1D. La motivación principal en el 82,9 por ciento de los pacientes fue mejorar la agudeza visual, en el 9,9 por ciento, la comodidad, en el 2,4 por ciento la intolerancia a lentes de contacto, en el 1,2 por ciento mejorar la imagen, y en el 1,6 por ciento por acceso a puestos de trabajo, así como la diferencia de la visión entre un ojo y otro. El grado de satisfacción de los encuestados fue: 96,3 por ciento muy contento, 2,8 por ciento bastante contento, 0,4 por ciento algo descontento y 0,4 por ciento muy descontento. El grado de satisfacción estuvo relacionado con la graduación previa del paciente. Los pacientes mßs contentos fueron los que se operaron para mejorar la agudeza visual. De forma general el grado de satisfacción (mßs del 98 por ciento) fue elevado. El grado de satisfacción de los pacientes intervenidos con LASIK fue aceptable o alto en la mayoría de los casos.

To analyze motivation and levels of satisfaction of myopic patients who under went Excimer laser refractive surgery. One hundred and twenty six myopic patients (241 eyes), who had gone to the Refractive Surgery service and operated on by LASIK refractive surgery at Dr Carlos J Finlay Military Hospital, were surveyed to analyze their main motivation and the level of satisfaction three months after surgery. The following variables were included personal data, motivation for surgery, refraction, visual acuity, side effects and general level of satisfaction as well as their relation with the other analyzed variables. The average age of surveyed patients was 30 years (20 to 54 years). Myopic females were more common (68,2 percent). The previous prescription ranged -1,50 to -12 D of spheral equivalent, and at the time of survey, it was under ± 1D. The main motivation found in 82.9 percent of patients was improvement of their visual acuity; 9,9 percent wanted more comfortability, 2,4 percent expressed intolerance to contact lenses, 1,2 percent desired to improve their image and 1,6 percent needed it to get access to new jobs, as well as vision differences between the eyes. The level of satisfaction was as follows: 96,3 percent of the surveyed people were very pleased, 2,8 percent pretty satisfied, 0,4 percent was little satisfied and 0,4 percent very unsatisfied. The level of satisfaction was related to the previous prescription of the eyes of the patient. The most satisfied patients were those who had undergone surgery to improve their visual acuity. Generally speaking, the level of satisfaction was high (over 98 percent). The level of satisfaction of the operated patients with LASIK was acceptable or high in most of cases.

Resultados topográficos en pacientes portadores de lentes de contacto / Topographic results achieved patients wearing contact lens

Analizar los resultados topográficos en pacientes portadores de lentes de contacto y candidatos a cirugía refractiva con excimer láser, en el Hospital Carlos Juan Finlay; determinar el comportamiento según edad y sexo; conocer el tipo de lente de contacto empleado y su tiempo de uso; conocer el comportamiento según la edad y el sexo; identificar la relación del patrón topográfico corneal inducido en portadores de lentes de contacto con el moldeamiento corneal y el queratocono. Es un estudio retrospectivo de las topografías de los candidatos para cirugía refractiva durante los últimos 2 años, de 80 pacientes (todos ellos portadores de lentes de contacto). Para las exploraciones se emplearon los topógrafos OPTIKON AMF510P y el HUMPHREY. A todos se les realizó un examen oftalmológico completo (refracción manifiesta, biomicroscopia, queratometría, paquimetría y topografía corneal). Se compararon los resultados y su estabilidad. También se analizó la edad, el sexo, el tipo de lentes de contacto, así como su tiempo de utilización. Se trataron 158 ojos, de ellos 83 presentaron un patrón topográfico normal, 58 moldeamiento corneal inducido por el uso de lentes de contacto y en 17 se evidenció queratocono. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 27 años. El astigmatismo corneal medio en los pacientes con queratocono fue de -3,25 dioptrías, y de -1,12 dioptrías en pacientes con moldeamiento corneal. La lectura del meridiano más plano en pacientes con queratocono fue de 46,75 dioptrías, y en moldeamiento corneal 43,25 dioptrías. En los queratoconos el meridiano más curvo fue de 54,75 dioptrías, y en el moldeamiento corneal 46,00 dioptrías. El tipo de lente de contacto, así como su tiempo de uso influyen en la aparición del moldeamiento corneal inducido y el queratocono subclínico, y ambos presentaron un patrón topográfico similar.

To analyze the topographic results achieved in patients wearing contact lens, who were candidates to refractive surgery with Excimer laser at Carlos J Finlay hospital; to determine the behaviour according to age and sex; to find out the type of contact lens used and the length of wear; and to identify the relationship of the induced corneal topographic pattern in contact lens wearers with corneal warpage and ketatoconus. A retrospective study of the corneal topography of candidates to refractive surgery in the last 2 years was performed in 80 patients (contact lens wearers). OPTIKON AMF510P and HUMPHREY topographers were the instruments to screen the patients. All of them were performed a complete ophthalmological exam (manifest refraction, biomicroscopy, keratometry, pachymetry and corneal topography). Results and their stability were compared. Also age, sex, type of lenses and length of wear were analyzed. One hundred and fifty eight eyes were treated, 83 of them presented with normal topographic pattern whereas 58 had contact lens-induced corneal warpage and 17 suffered keratoconus. The average age of patients was 27 years. Mean corneal astigmatism in patients with keratoconus was -3,25 D and in patients with corneal warpage -1,12 D. The reading of the most even meridian in patients with keratocomus was 46,75 dioptries and with corneal warpage was 43,25 D. As to keratoconus, the most curved meridian reading was 54,75 dioptres and in corneal warpage was 46 dioptres. The type of contact lens and the length of wear has an effect on the occurrence of induced corneal warpage and subclinical keratoconus, and both recorded a similar topographic pattern.

Definitions of bullying: a comparison of terms used, and age and gender differences, in a fourteen-country international comparison.

The study of school bullying has recently assumed an international dimension, but is faced with difficulties in finding terms in different languages to correspond to the English word bullying. To investigate the meanings given to various terms, a set of 25 stick-figure cartoons was devised, covering a range of social situations between peers. These cartoons were shown to samples of 8- and 14-year-old pupils (N = 1,245; n = 604 at 8 years, n = 641 at 14 years) in schools in 14 different countries, who judged whether various native terms cognate to bullying, applied to them. Terms from 10 Indo-European languages and three Asian languages were sampled. Multidimensional scaling showed that 8-year-olds primarily discriminated nonaggressive and aggressive cartoon situations; however, 14-year-olds discriminated fighting from physical bullying, and also discriminated verbal bullying and social exclusion. Gender differences were less appreciable than age differences. Based on the 14-year-old data, profiles of 67 words were then constructed across the five major cartoon clusters. The main types of terms used fell into six groups: bullying (of all kinds), verbal plus physical bullying, solely verbal bullying, social exclusion, solely physical aggression, and mainly physical aggression. The findings are discussed in relation to developmental trends in how children understand bullying, the inferences that can be made from cross-national studies, and the design of such studies.

Efectos de la tibolona sobre el metabolismo de lípidos, glucosa y secreción de insulina en mujeres posmenopáusicas / Effects of tibolone on lipids glucose metabolism and insuline secretion in postmenopausal women

La tibolona es un esteroide sintético con propiedades progestacional, androgénica y estrogénica que ha demostrado aliviar los síntomas climatéricos, prevenir la osteoporosis, sin impacto sobre el endometrio y el volumen de los miomas uterinos asintomáticos. Además, se ha demostrado que induce una reducción significativa en los niveles séricos de colesterol y triglicéridos. Sin embargo, los estudios sobre sus efectos en el metabolismo de los carbohidratos son escasos y contradictorios. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los efectos de la tibolona sobre la curva de tolerancia a la glucosa y la secreción de insulina. Se incluyeron 10 pacientes posmenopáusicas sanas que recibieron una dosis de 2.5 mg de tibolona por VO durante tres meses. Al inicio y al final de estudio se realizaron curvas de tolerancia a la glucosa, cuantificación de insulina en ayuno y una hora después de una carga de 100 g de glucosa por VO y perfil de lípidos (colesterol total, triglicéridos, HDL, LDL, Apo-LpA, Apo-LpB). Nuestros resultados demostraron una reducción significativa en los niveles de insulina en ayuno, colesterol y triglicéridos después de tres meses de tratamiento con tibolona. La curva de tolerancia a la glucosa no se modificó. Este estudio sugiere que la tibolona reduce la presencia de marcadores metabólicos de riesgo cardiovascular diferentes a las fracciones de lipoproteínas