Caffeine intake and its association with nutrition, sleep, and physical activity among schoolchildren in the United Arab Emirates: a national cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: Recent surveys indicate a significant increase in total caffeine intake among schoolchildren. Limited research has been published concerning the total intake of caffeine among schoolchildren in the Middle East and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, including the UAE. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey estimated the total caffeine intake from foods and beverages among 10,275 schoolchildren in the UAE. Caffeine intakes were related to the European Food Safety Authority's level of no safety concern (3.0 mg/kg BW) and level of effects on sleep (1.4 mg/kg BW). RESULTS: More than half (56.2%) of the students consumed more than 100 mg (the upper limit allowed) of caffeine from dietary sources. High intake of caffeine (> 100 mg/day) was significantly associated (p = 0.001) with reduced sleep duration, difficulty falling asleep, infrequent exercising, using smart devices for more than 2 h a day, getting a lower GPA, skipping breakfast, eating fewer servings of vegetables than recommended, frequent consumption of fast food and more frequent snack consumption. CONCLUSION: Excessive intake of caffeine from different dietary sources coexists with unhealthy dietary and lifestyle behaviors and sleep problems. Tailoring educational programs and intervention strategies is warranted to correct the unhealthy intake of caffeine and the associated unhealthy dietary and lifestyle behaviors among schoolchildren in the UAE.

A worldwide review of illness outbreaks involving mixed salads/dressings and factors influencing product safety and shelf life.

The trends toward healthy living, vegetarianism, and busy schedules have increased salad popularity. Salads are usually consumed raw without any thermal treatment, and therefore, without proper care they can become major vehicles for foodborne illness outbreaks. This review examines the microbial quality of 'dressed' salads which contain two or more vegetables/fruits and salad dressings. The possible sources of ingredient contamination, recorded illnesses/outbreaks, and overall microbial quality observed worldwide, besides the antimicrobial treatments available are discussed in detail. Noroviruses were most frequently implicated in outbreaks. Salad dressings usually play a positive role in influencing microbial quality. However, this depends on several factors like the type of contaminating microorganism, storage temperature, dressing pH and ingredients, plus the type of salad vegetable. Very limited literature exists on antimicrobial treatments that can be used successfully with salad dressings and 'dressed' salads. The challenge with antimicrobial treatments is to find ones sufficiently broad in spectrum, compatible with produce flavour which can be applied at competitive cost. It is evident that renewed emphasis on prevention of produce contamination at the producer, processor, wholesale and retail levels plus enhanced hygiene vigilance at foodservice will have a major impact on reducing the risk of foodborne illnesses from salads.

Fermented camel milk influenced by soy extract: Apparent viscosity, viscoelastic properties, thixotropic behavior, and biological activities.

During fermentation, camel milk forms a fragile, acid-induced gel, which is less stable compared with the gel formed by bovine milk. In this study, camel milk was supplemented with different levels of soy extract, and the obtained blends were fermented with 2 different starter culture strains (a high acidic culture and a low acidic culture). The camel milk-soy extract yogurt treatments were evaluated for pH value, acidity, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacities, degree of hydrolysis, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, antiproliferative activities, and rheological properties after 1 and 21 d of storage at 4°C. The results revealed that some of the investigated parameters were significantly affected by the starter culture strain and storage period. For instance, the effect of starter cultures was evident for the degree of hydrolysis, antioxidant capacities, proliferation inhibition, and rheological properties because these treatments led to different responses. Furthermore, the characteristics of camel milk-soy extract yogurt were also influenced by the supplementation level of soy extract, particularly after 21 d of storage. This study could provide valuable knowledge to the dairy industry because it highlighted the characteristics of camel milk-soy yogurt prepared with 2 different starter culture strains.

Detection of Salmonella Enteritidis in Milk Using Conductometric Immunosensor Coated on Polyaniline/Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite.

The demand for rapid and accurate detection methods for Salmonella Enteritidis necessitates the development of highly sensitive and specific biosensors to ensure proper monitoring of food safety and quality requirements in the food sector and to secure human health. This study focused on development of a polyaniline/zinc oxide (PANI/ZnO) nanocomposite film on a gold electrode conductometric immunosensor for detection of Salmonella Enteritidis. The sensor was modified with monoclonal anti-Salmonella Enteritidis antibodies as biorecognition elements. The fabricated sensor was able to detect and quantify the target pathogen within 30 min and showed a good detection range from 101 to 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL for Salmonella Enteritidis and a minimum detection limit of 6.44 CFU/mL in 0.1% peptone water. Additionally, the fabricated sensor showed good selectivity and detection limit toward the target bacterium and successfully determined Salmonella Enteritidis content in ultrahigh heat-treated skim milk samples without pretreatment of the food sample.

A Status Review on Health-Promoting Properties and Global Regulation of Essential Oils.

Since ancient times, essential oils (EOs) have been known for their therapeutic potential against many health issues. Recent studies suggest that EOs may contribute to the regulation and modulation of various biomarkers and cellular pathways responsible for metabolic health as well as the development of many diseases, including cancer, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and bacterial infections. During metabolic dysfunction and even infections, the immune system becomes compromised and releases pro-inflammatory cytokines that lead to serious health consequences. The bioactive compounds present in EOs (especially terpenoids and phenylpropanoids) with different chemical compositions from fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants confer protection against these metabolic and infectious diseases through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial properties. In this review, we have highlighted some targeted physiological and cellular actions through which EOs may exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial properties. In addition, it has been observed that EOs from specific plant sources may play a significant role in the prevention of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, microbial infections, and increasing breast milk production, along with improvements in heart, liver, and brain health. The current status of the bioactive activities of EOs and their therapeutic effects are covered in this review. However, with respect to the health benefits of EOs, it is very important to regulate the dose and usage of EOs to reduce their adverse health effects. Therefore, we specified that some countries have their own regulatory bodies while others follow WHO and FAO standards and legislation for the use of EOs.

How has public perception of food safety and health risks changed a year after the pandemic and vaccines roll out?

The recent coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has caused unprecedented turmoil and spurred fears that have profoundly changed the public's social and health behaviours, including the perception of food safety risks. One year after the pandemic and the global vaccination campaign, the public perception of food safety and the changes in their hygiene behaviour, health risks concerns, and trust were studied in Jordan, Lebanon, and Tunisia using a cross-sectional online survey. The results of 538 subjects showed a rise in the frequency of hygiene practices, notably in handwashing. Sixty-four percent of the participants were vaccinated, a proportion made up mainly of the Jordanians and Lebanese. For 66% and 64% of the two population groups, respectively, there were no longer trust concerns about COVID-19 health risks following vaccination, whereas the worries about getting COVID-19 persisted for others. Only 47% of participants trusted eating food prepared by vaccinated food handlers. A great majority of the Tunisians (81%) showed varying degrees of concern about COVID-19 transmission from food and the lowest vaccination rate (33%). The current study demonstrated that the impact of vaccination policy positively affects public perception of food-related risks during the pandemic. On the other hand, 33% of the surveyed Jordanians and Tunisians lost trust in the health authorities' management of the pandemic, and 45% of the Lebanese still don't trust them. Communication strategies on health and food safety with the public still represent a challenge for these and probably other countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Strategies for building and maintaining public trust are crucial to curb persistent fear of food, hence, avoiding potential stigmatization affecting the food economy by promoting health awareness and positive changes in food safety perceptions for safer practices.

Assessment of eating habits and lifestyle during the coronavirus 2019 pandemic in the Middle East and North Africa region: a cross-sectional study.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread globally, forcing countries to apply lockdowns and strict social distancing measures. The aim of this study was to assess eating habits and lifestyle behaviours among residents of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region during the lockdown. A cross-sectional study among adult residents of the MENA region was conducted using an online questionnaire designed on Google Forms during April 2020. A total of 2970 participants from eighteen countries participated in the present study. During the pandemic, over 30 % reported weight gain, 6·2 % consumed five or more meals per d compared with 2·2 % before the pandemic (P < 0·001) and 48·8 % did not consume fruits on a daily basis. Moreover, 39·1 % did not engage in physical activity, and over 35 % spent more than 5 h/d on screens. A significant association between the frequency of training during the pandemic and the reported change in weight was found (P < 0·001). A significantly higher percentage of participants reported physical and emotional exhaustion, irritability and tension either all the time or a large part of the time during the pandemic (P < 0·001). Although a high percentage of participants reported sleeping more hours per night during the pandemic, 63 % had sleep disturbances. The study highlights that the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic caused a variety of lifestyle changes, physical inactivity and psychological problems among adults in the MENA region.

Impact of coronavirus 2019 on mental health and lifestyle adaptations of pregnant women in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: In light of the pandemic, pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to increased psychological distress and in need of imperative preventive measures. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the pandemic on mental health, lifestyle adaptations, and their determinants among pregnant women in the United Arab Emirates. METHODS: A survey was conducted electronically between June and August 2020. Pregnant women were recruited from prenatal clinics in the UAE and invited to participate in an online survey developed on Google Forms. The questionnaire included socio-demographic characteristics, the Impact of Event Scale- Revised, the Perceived Support Scale and lifestyle-related factors. RESULTS: A total of 384 pregnant women completed the questionnaire of whom 20.6% were in their 1st trimester, 46.1% in their 2nd and 33.3% in their 3rd trimester. The mean IES-R score for the respondents was 26.15 ± 13.55, corresponding to a mild stressful impact, which did not differ significantly among trimesters of pregnancy. Pregnant women expressed increased stress from staying home (64%), work (40%), feeling frightened (66%) and apprehensive (59%). Women reported increased support and sharing their feelings with family members (59%), mainly in the 1st and 3rd trimester of pregnancy (P < 0.05). There was a greater attention to mental health (48%), resting time (55.3%), and relaxing time (57.3%); while a decreased amount of time was spent engaging in physical activities (53.6%), which differed significantly between trimesters (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a mild stressful impact among pregnant women in the UAE, braced by strong family support and self-care mental health behaviors.

Antagonistic effects of Lactobacillus reuteri against Escherichia coli O157:H7 in white-brined cheese under different storage conditions.

This study aimed to investigate the survival of the foodborne pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 in white-brined cheeses as influenced by the presence of Lactobacillus reuteri. The white cheeses were made from pasteurized bovine milk inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 (cocktail of 3 strains) to achieve ∼5 log10 cfu/g with absence or presence of Lb. reuteri (∼6 log10 cfu/g). Cheese samples were brined in 10% or 15% NaCl solution and stored at 10°C and 25°C for 28 d. The white-brined cheeses were assessed for salt content, pH, water activity (Aw), and numbers of E. coli O157:H7, Lb. reuteri, nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB), yeasts, and molds. Results showed that E. coli O157:H7 survived in cheese stored in both brine solutions at 10°C and 25°C regardless of the presence of Lb. reuteri. A substantial reduction was observed in cheese stored in 10% NaCl brine at 25°C, followed by cheese stored in 15% NaCl brine at 10°C by 2.64 and 2.16 log10 cfu/g, respectively, in the presence of Lb. reuteri and by 1.02 and 1.87 log10 cfu/g, respectively, in the absence of Lb. reuteri under the same conditions. The pathogen in brine solutions survived but at a lower rate. Furthermore, the growth of Lb. reuteri and NSLAB were enhanced or slightly decreased in cheese and brine by 28 d, respectively. The salt concentrations of cheese ranged from 4 to 6% and 5 to 7% (wt/wt), during 28-d ripening in 10 and 15% brine, respectively. Values of pH and Aw slightly increased at d 1 after exposure to brine and reached 4.69 to 6.08 and 0.91 to 0.95, respectively, in all treatments. Therefore, the addition of Lb. reuteri can be used as a biopreservation method to inhibit the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in white-brined cheese when combined with the appropriate temperature, NaCl level, and storage time.

The public perception of food and non-food related risks of infection and trust in the risk communication during COVID-19 crisis: A study on selected countries from the Arab region.

The coronavirus pandemic caused a state of panic worldwide. Mixed messages were given about its risk and how to contain it, when trust in authorities and reliable scientific information are essential to reduce unnecessary scares and inappropriate risk perceptions. We know little about public concerns and opinions in health authorities in the Arab world. Thus, an attempt was made to generate such information through a web-based survey. A total of 1074 subjects from Lebanon, Jordan, and Tunisia were recruited to explore their perception of food and non-food risks of infection and the influence of the source of information, trust, and attitudes towards the local authorities' communication of risk. Seventy percent of the respondents were concerned that COVID-19 may be transmitted through food. The perception of risk from touching contaminated surfaces and food packaging and being exposed to infected people during food shopping was even higher. For only less than half of the respondents, the information from local authorities was considered trustworthy and the associated risk communication and response to false rumors were timely, effective, and clear. But the satisfaction level among the Jordanians was remarkably stronger than for the Lebanese and Tunisian respondents. The demographic factors, trust in information, and attitudes towards authorities' performance in risk communication did not influence risk perceptions. Respondents' knowledge was limited based on their chief sources of information, such as social media, local news media broadcasts, and announcements by the World Health Organization. Our conclusion is that unnecessary fear increases among the public when risks that impact heath are unknown. More research in the Arab region is needed to understand the determinants of risk perceptions considering psychological factors on the risk to health. Unfortunately, it is difficult to restrict or contain misleading information from various forms of social media. We recommend that for reducing fear and building confidence with the public for appropriate action during the pandemic, local authorities should enhance the quality and level of details of the information that they share during such crises.

An on-line survey of the behavioral changes in Lebanon, Jordan and Tunisia during the COVID-19 pandemic related to food shopping, food handling, and hygienic practices.

The impact of the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has spanned across the various aspects of life globally. Understanding public reactions is vital for effective risk communication and outbreak control and prevention. The Arab world has diverse cultural, economic, and social structures, so public choices and decisions also vary. To investigate the changes in behavior related to food shopping and handling, precautions measures, and hygiene practices of the public during the pandemic, a web-based survey tool was developed and conducted on 1074 subjects in three Arab countries, Lebanon, Jordan, and Tunisia, using a snowball sampling technique. The results showed a significant reduction in RTE consumption during the pandemic, as shown in the 19.2% and 12.2% rise in the proportion of respondents not ordering hot and cold RTE food delivery, respectively. Compared to pre-COVID-19 times, a substantial increase in behaviors related to hygiene and disinfection practices (22.0%-32.2%) was observed with a lesser increase (11.2%) in handwashing practices before food preparation. Moreover, public concerns about contracting COVID-19 from food led to almost doubling the number of Tunisians using cleaning agents for washing fresh fruits and vegetables (e.g., soaps, non-food grade chlorine bleach) besides a 16% and 26.1% increase in use among the Jordanian and Lebanese, respectively. However, a third of the respondents did not follow instructions on labels for the use of chemical products. In conclusion, this study identified culture-specific shortfalls in handwashing and unsafe food handling practices during COVID-19 in the Arab countries and sheds light on the paramount role of coordinated efforts between the local health authorities and the food safety and public health stakeholders in risk communication. To reduce health risks, there need to be rigorous educational campaigns and targeted messages that reach out to the general audience on hand hygiene, the health effects of haphazard use of unsafe chemical compounds on food, and recommendations on following label instructions.

Microbiological quality of kitchens sponges used in university student dormitories.

BACKGROUND: Kitchen sponges are a major source of cross-contamination as they can transfer foodborne pathogens, infectious agents and spoilage causing microorganisms to food contact surfaces. Several studies have revealed that university students adopt poor practices regarding food safety, hygiene, and the handling of kitchen cleaning equipment. METHODS: A total of fifty kitchen sponges were collected along with a questionnaire addressing social demographics and kitchen sponge usage by students living at the University of Sharjah dormitories. The effect of storage (3 and 10 days) on the microbial population of kitchen sponges at room temperature (21 °C) was assessed. Enterobacteriaceae isolated from sponges were identified and their antibiotic resistance determined. RESULTS: Student responses revealed that kitchen sponges used to clean food contact surfaces were also used to clean the oven (32%), sink (26%), refrigerator (10%), and to clean spills on the floor (4%). Kitchen sponges contained high counts of mesophilic aerobic bacteria (7.9 log10/cm3), coliform (7.2 log10/cm3), Enterobacteriaceae (7.3 log10/cm3) and yeasts and molds (7.0 log10/cm3). After storage of the sponges at room temperature (21 °C) for 3 and 10 days, the number of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, coliform, Enterobacteriaceae and yeasts and molds decreased by 0.4 and 1.3 log10/cm3, 0.7 and 1.4 log10/cm3, 0.4 and 1.1 log10/cm3, and 0.6 and 1.3 log10/cm3, respectively. The most frequently isolated Enterobacteriaceae were Enterobacter cloacae (56%) and Klebsiella oxytoca (16%). All E. cloacae isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, cefalotin, cefoxitin and cefuroxime axetil. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that students living in dormitories lacked good hygienic practices and were at increased risk of food poisoning. Kitchen sponges were highly contaminated with potentially pathogenic bacteria which could be transferred from the general kitchen environment to food contact surfaces and consequently lead to food contamination.

Inactivation of Salmonella spp. in tahini using plant essential oil extracts.

Tahini is a popular food product in the Middle East region and is used as a major ingredient in several ready-to-eat food products. Tahini and its products have been linked to foodborne illness outbreaks and product recalls worldwide as a result of Salmonella spp. contamination. The objectives of the current study were to investigate: i) the effectiveness of 10 plant essential oil extracts on the viability of Salmonella spp. using disc diffusion ii) the antimicrobial activity of the most effective oils against Salmonella spp. in commercial or 10% w/v hydrated tahini (tahini-based product model) stored at 37, 25 and 10 °C for 28 d and iii) the effect of the addition of essential oil extracts on the sensory acceptability of tahini and hydrated tahini. Among the tested essential oils, thyme (TO) and cinnamon oil (CO) showed the highest antimicrobial activity against tested Salmonella spp. at 37 and 10 °C using a disc diffusion assay method. In tahini, the addition of 2.0% CO reduced the numbers of Salmonella spp. by 2.87, 2.64 or 2.35 log10 CFU/ml at 37, 25 or 10 °C, respectively, by 28 d. However, the antimicrobial activity of CO was more pronounced at all storage temperatures in hydrated tahini where no viable cells were detected after 3 d storage at 25 and 37 °C, or after 7 d at 10 °C. However, at 25 and 37 °C, the antimicrobial activity of CO was more evident since no viable cells were detected after 14 d when 0.5% was used. The numbers of Salmonella spp. were reduced by 3.29, 3.03 or 2.17 log10 CFU/ml at 37, 25 or 10 °C, respectively, after 28 d when 2.0% TO was added to tahini. Salmonella spp. were not detected in the hydrated tahini treated with 2.0% TO after 28 d at 37 °C or 25 °C, while at 10 °C, the numbers of Salmonella spp. were not significantly reduced after 28 d in hydrated tahini compared to the initial numbers at zero time. Therefore, the addition of TO and CO could be used to preclude the post process contamination of tahini with foodborne pathogens, yet, the addition of TO and CO to tahini reduced its consumer acceptability compared untreated tahini.

Microbial safety of oily, low water activity food products: A review.

Oily, low water activity (OL aw) products including tahini (sesame seed paste), halva (tahini halva), peanut butter, and chocolate, have been recently linked to numerous foodborne illness outbreaks and recalls. This review discusses the ingredients used and processing of OL aw products with a view to provide greater understanding of the routes of their contamination with foodborne pathogens and factors influencing pathogen persistence in these foods. Adequate heat treatment during processing may eliminate bacterial pathogens from OL aw foods; however, post-processing contamination commonly occurs. Once these products are contaminated, their high fat and sugar content can enhance pathogen survival for long periods. The physiological basis and survival mechanisms used by pathogens in these products are comprehensively discussed here. Foodborne outbreaks and recalls linked to OL aw foods are summarized and it was observed that serotypes of Salmonella enterica were the predominant pathogens causing illnesses. Further, intervention strategies available to control foodborne pathogens such as thermal inactivation, use of natural antimicrobials, irradiation and hydrostatic pressure are assessed for their usefulness to achieve pathogen control and enhance the safety of OL aw foods. Sanitation, hygienic design of manufacturing facilities, good hygienic practices, and environmental monitoring of OL aw food industries were also discussed.

Factors affecting the viability of Staphylococcus aureus and production of enterotoxin during processing and storage of white-brined cheese.

Staphylococcus aureus is a major foodborne pathogen that causes severe disease in humans. It is commonly found in milk and dairy products, particularly in fresh brined cheese. Our aim was to investigate the behavior of Staph. aureus and enterotoxin production during the storage of white-brined cheese prepared with or without a starter culture and stored in a 10 or 15% NaCl brine at 10°C and 25°C for 28 d. NaCl concentration, water activity, pH, and number of Staph. aureus and lactic acid bacteria were determined in cheese and brine. Only 1 of 4 Staph. aureus strains (ATCC 439) was positive for enterotoxin production, and its production was detected in unsalted UHT milk, but not in salted milk or in any of the cheese treatments held at 37°C for 1, 3, or 7 d. Staphylococcus aureus grew in the cheese stored in both brines at 10°C and 25°C, regardless of the presence of a starter culture, although the latter significantly reduced Staph. aureus growth in cheese or its brine at 10°C. Staphylococcus aureus numbers were increased by 2.26 and 0.47 log10 cfu/g in cheese stored in 10 and 15% NaCl brine, respectively, in the presence of starter culture, and by 2.78 and 2.96 log10 cfu/g, respectively, in the absence of starter culture at 10°C. Nonetheless, the pathogen grew, but at a lower number in the brines. The salt concentration of cheese stored in 10% brine remained at approximately 5% during storage; however, in 15% brine, the salt concentration increased to almost 8% (wt/wt) by 28 d. The addition of a starter culture, high salt concentration, low temperature, and pH (∼5.2) had inhibitory effects on the growth of Staph. aureus. Moreover, lactic acid bacterial numbers increased considerably in cheese and brine by d 28. The use of starter cultures, salt (15%), and low storage temperature (10°C) reduced the growth of Staph. aureus, and salt may have prevented enterotoxin production in white-brined cheese.

Updates on understanding of probiotic lactic acid bacteria responses to environmental stresses and highlights on proteomic analyses.

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that improve the health of the host when administered in adequate quantities. Nonetheless, probiotics encounter extreme environmental conditions during food processing or along the gastrointestinal tract. This review discusses different environmental stresses that affect probiotics during food preparation, storage, and along the alimentary canal, including high temperature, low temperature, low and alkaline pH, oxidative stress, high hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, and starvation. The understanding of how probiotics deal with environmental stress and thrive provides useful information to guide the selection of the strains with enhanced performance in specific situations, in food processing or during gastrointestinal transit. In most cases, multiple biological functions are affected upon exposure of the cell to environmental stress. Sensing of sublethal environmental stress can allow for adaptation processes to occur, which can include alterations in the expression of specific proteins.

Decontamination and survival of Enterobacteriaceae on shredded iceberg lettuce during storage.

Enterobacteriaceae family can contaminate fresh produce at any stage of production either at pre-harvest or post-harvest stages. The objectives of the current study were to i) identify Enterobacteriaceae species on iceberg lettuce, ii) compare the decontamination efficiency of water, sodium hypochlorite (free chlorine 200 ppm), peroxyacetic acid (PA 80 ppm; Kenocid 2100®) or their combinations and ionizing radiation against Enterobacteriaceae on shredded iceberg lettuce and iii) determine the survival of Enterobacteriaceae post-treatment storage of shredded iceberg lettuce at 4, 10 and 25 °C, for up to 7 days. Klebsiella pneumonia spp. pneumonia, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pantoea spp., Leclercia adecarboxylata and Kluyvera ascorbate were identified on iceberg lettuce. No significant difference (P≥ 0.05) among Enterobacteriaceae survival after washing with water or sanitizing with sodium hypochlorite or Kenocid 2100® (reduction ≤ 0.6 log CFU/g) were found. Combined sanitizer treatments were more effective against Enterobacteriaceae than single washing/sanitizing treatments. Sanitization of iceberg lettuce with combined washing/sanitizing treatments reduced Enterobacteriaceae by 0.85-2.24 CFU/g. Post-treatment growth of Enterobacteriaceae during storage on samples sanitized with sodium hypochlorite and Kenocid 2100® was more than on samples washed with water. The D10-value of Enterobacteriaceae on shredded iceberg lettuce was 0.21 KGy. The reduction of Enterobacteriaceae populations on iceberg after gamma radiation (0.6 KGy) was 3 log CFU/g, however, Enterobacteriaceae counts increased post-irradiation storage by 4-5 log CFU/g. Therefore, washing shredded iceberg lettuce with combined sanitizing treatment (sodium hypochlorite/sodium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite/Kenocid 2100®, or Kenocid 2100®/Kenocid 2100®) for total time of 6 min or exposing it to gamma irradiation (0.6 KGy) can decrease the risk of Enterobacteriaceae (reduction ≥ 2 log). Post-washing storage of sliced iceberg lettuce (4, 10, 25 °C) could increase the risk of Enterobacteriaceae as their counts increased during storage even at low temperatures.

Viability of and Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes in a delicatessen appetizer (yogurt-based) salad as affected by citrus extract (Citrox©) and storage temperature.

The antimicrobial effect of citrus extract (at 1 mL/kg [C1] and 2 mL/kg [C2]) on naturally occurring microbiota and inoculated pathogens (E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes at ca. 6 log cfu/g) in the traditional Greek yogurt-based salad Tzatziki stored at 4, 10, or 21 °C, was examined. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were high (8.0-8.5 log cfu/g) and varied only minimally for both the control (untreated) and the citrus extract-treated salad samples, whereas the higher citrus extract concentration yielded the lowest yeast populations, irrespective of temperature, during the entire storage period. Populations of inoculated E. coli (6 log cfu/g) declined in both untreated and citrus extract-treated samples from day 0-70, 35, and 15 at 4, 10, and 21 °C, respectively. Citrus extract had a significant effect on the survival of the inoculated E. coli O157:H7, with reductions of 2.8-4.8 log cfu/g in the citrus extract-treated samples at the end of the storage period. Our data show that L. monocytogenes survived in both untreated and citrus extract-treated samples during the entire storage period, irrespective of the storage temperature. The higher concentration of citrus extract had a significant effect on the survival of L. monocytogenes in the treated samples, and reductions of 1.5-3.0 logs were noted on final day 70, 35 and 15 at 4, 10 and 21 °C, respectively. The results of our study demonstrated the potential of citrus extract as a natural compound that can control the growth of food-borne pathogenic bacteria, such as E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes in Tzatziki, a yogurt-based salad.

Use of acetic and citric acids to inhibit Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus in tabbouleh salad.

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the antimicrobial action of different concentrations of acetic (0.3% and 0.4%) or citric (1% and 1.4%) acids and their combinations (1% citric acid plus 0.4% acetic acid and 1.4% citric acid plus 0.3% acetic acid) against Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus in tabbouleh salad stored at 21, 10 and 4 °C. Acetic acid was more inhibitory toward S. Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 than citric acid at 21 °C; S. Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 cells were not detected in tabbouleh treated with 0.4% acetic acid after 5 and 7 days, respectively. The combined effect of acetic and citric acid was synergistic against S. Typhimurium, and E. coli O157:H7, but not against S. aureus. The combinations of acetic and citric acids reduced S. Typhimurium, and E. coli O157:H7 to below the detection levels after 2 and 3 days at 21 °C, respectively. However, these treatments significantly reduced S. aureus numbers compared to the control at tested temperatures by the end of storage. Acetic and citric acids have the potential to be used in tabbouleh salad to reduce the risk from S. Typhimurium, E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus.

Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Food Products: A Comprehensive Review.

Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic pathogen that has been involved in several deadly illness outbreaks. Future outbreaks may be more difficult to manage because of the emergence of antibiotic resistance among L. monocytogenes strains isolated from food products. The present review summarizes the available evidence on the emergence of antibiotic resistance among L. monocytogenes strains isolated from food products and the possible ways this resistance has developed. Furthermore, the resistance of food L. monocytogenes isolates to antibiotics currently used in the treatment of human listeriosis such as penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and gentamicin, has been documented. Acquisition of movable genetic elements is considered the major mechanism of antibiotic resistance development in L. monocytogenes. Efflux pumps have also been linked with resistance of L. monocytogenes to some antibiotics including fluoroquinolones. Some L. monocytogenes strains isolated from food products are intrinsically resistant to several antibiotics. However, factors in food processing chains and environments (from farm to table) including extensive or sub-inhibitory antibiotics use, horizontal gene transfer, exposure to environmental stresses, biofilm formation, and presence of persister cells play crucial roles in the development of antibiotic resistance by L. monocytogenes.