Analysis of the centre of pressure in bipedal stance among individuals with and without intellectual disabilities, individuals with Down syndrome and dancers with Down syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with intellectual disabilities (IDs) often present deficiencies in motor, balance and postural control. On the other hand, the practice of physical activity and dance usually reduces these deficiencies. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the control of the centre of pressure (COP) in people with Down syndrome (DS) or other causes of ID in relation to people without disabilities and to observe the influence of vision and the practice of dance. METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyses the COP in a static standing position with open and closed eyes in four study groups. A total of 273 people were recruited (80 adults without ID, 46 adults with DS, 120 adults with other causes of ID and 27 dancers with DS). RESULTS: A greater area of oscillation and path of the COP was observed in the participants with ID compared with the participants without ID, especially in the sway area of the COP. The oscillation speed of the COP was also higher. When analysing the displacement of the COP, anteroposterior and mediolateral components, there were also differences, except when comparing the group of dancers with DS with respect to the group without ID. The visual condition only influenced the group of participants without disabilities. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study show that there is a less efficient static postural control in people with ID, as greater displacements were observed in the COP of the participants with ID. The differences in some specific variables that analyse the displacement of the COP were smaller when comparing the group of dancers with DS and the individuals without ID.

Cardiac autonomic modulation and exercise capacity in older adults with intellectual disability: A 6-month randomised control trial.

BACKGROUND: Despite reported physical and functional improvements with aerobic and sprint interval training (SIT) protocols in individuals with intellectual disability (ID), it is not known if these interventions' effectivity would promote improvements in cardiac autonomic modulation. This study aimed to investigate if a 6-month SIT or a continuous aerobic programme could enhance physical performance and cardiac autonomic modulation at rest, during physical activity (PA) and after it in older adults with an ID. METHODS: This is a randomised control trial. Participants with ID (age: 50.58 ± 7.25) were allocated to one of three groups [multicomponent aerobic training group (MATG), multicomponent interval sprint training group (MISTG) and control group (CG)]. The programmes lasted 24 weeks, with three sessions/week, 75-90 min per session. The HRV was analysed at rest and recovery, the delta of heart rate (HR) was analysed during 6MWT, and the HR t-off kinetics was analysed in recovery after 6MWT. RESULTS: There were not found differences between groups, moments, or interaction for cardiac autonomic modulation at rest and recovery. During exercise, only MSITG showed a significant increase of HR between rest and the first 30 s of exercise (P < 0.05). Physical performance increased only in MSITG (P < 0.05), while CG showed a significant reduction (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The MSITG improved the physical performance and the vagal withdrawal at the beginning of the submaximal exercise. These findings suggest that high-intensity exercise may positively impact baroreflex function, mitigating the decline in autonomic reflex response capacity associated with aging in individuals with ID.

Quality of life, physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in black African women: B-Healthy project.

PURPOSE: To study the associations between physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in black African women from a low socioeconomic community in South Africa. METHODS: Black African women (n = 146) aged 35-75 years from a low socioeconomic community in South Africa participated in this study. We measured PA levels via ActiHeart® accelerometers, and CRF by measuring peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2 peak). HRQoL was assessed once with the SF-8 Health Survey (SF-8). Participants were classified into groups based on age, moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA), and V̇O2 peak. Logistic regressions were used to compare the odds of having total HRQoL component scores above reported norms across PA and fitness groups. Two multiple linear regression models were developed using physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) as response variables respectively. RESULTS: V̇O2 peak and MVPA varied considerably across the sample and declined with increasing age. Participants in higher quartiles of MVPA and CRF showed trends to higher PCS scores. For CRF these trends were statistically significant, and persisted after adjustment for age and other possible confounders (p = 0.036). PCS was significantly associated with age, relative V̇O2 peak, and income (all p < 0.05), while MCS was associated with income (p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: CRF is the most significant predictor, together with age and income, on the PCS of the HRQoL among black African women. We recommend that when seeking improvements in HRQoL, interventions should focus on improving CRF, particularly V̇O2 peak.

[Guidelines of the Chilean Endocrinology Society for the correct clinical use of bone densitometry]. / Recomendaciones para el uso correcto de densitometría ósea en la práctica clínica. Consenso de la Sociedad Chilena de Endocrinología y Diabetes.

Osteoporosis is a silent and frequent disease, which increases fracture risk. Approximately half of women and one of five men over 50 years old will suffer an osteoporotic fracture throughout their lives. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) allows a real bone mineral density (BMD) measurement in different parts of the skeleton and is considered the "gold standard" for quantifying osteoporosis with high accuracy and precision. The Board of the Chilean Society of Endocrinology and Diabetes (SOCHED) required from the Bone Disease Study Group to develop a consensus about the "Correct use of bone densitometry in clinical practice in Chilean population". Therefore, we elaborated 25 questions which addressed key aspects about the indications for a DXA scan, and the details of how to perform and report this test. Since some of the evidence obtained was of low quality or inconclusive, we decided to create a multidisciplinary group of national experts in osteoporosis to develop a consensus in this subject. The group consisted of 22 physicians including endocrinologists, gynecologists, geriatricians, radiologists, rheumatologists and nuclear medicine specialists. Using the Delphi methodology to analyze previously agreed questions, we elaborated statements that were evaluated by the experts who expressed their degree of agreement. The final report of this consensus was approved by the SOCHED board.

Characterization of ascaris from ecuador and zanzibar.

To shed light on the epidemiology of ascariasis in Ecuador and Zanzibar, 177 adult worms retrieved by chemo-expulsion from either people or pigs were collected, measured and subjected to polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Upon double digestion with RsaI and HaeIII, PCR-RFLP analysis revealed the presence of A. lumbricoides in people and A. suum in pigs in Ecuador. In contrast, while there are no pigs on Zanzibar, of the 56 worms obtained from people, one was genotyped as A. suum. No additional genetic variation was detected upon further PCR-RFLP analysis with several other restriction enzymes. Upon measurement, worm mass and length differed by location and by species, A. suum being lighter and longer. While there is no evidence to suggest zoonotic transmission in Ecuador, an enduring historical signature of previous zoonotic transmission remains on Zanzibar.

Effects of geohelminth infection and age on the associations between allergen-specific IgE, skin test reactivity and wheeze: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Most childhood asthma in poor populations in Latin America is not associated with aeroallergen sensitization, an observation that could be explained by the attenuation of atopy by chronic helminth infections or effects of age. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of geohelminth infections and age on atopy, wheeze, and the association between atopy and wheeze. METHODS: A case-control study was done in 376 subjects (149 cases and 227 controls) aged 7-19 years living in rural communities in Ecuador. Wheeze cases, identified from a large cross-sectional survey, had recent wheeze and controls were a random sample of those without wheeze. Atopy was measured by the presence of allergen-specific IgE (asIgE) and skin prick test (SPT) responses to house dust mite and cockroach. Geohelminth infections were measured in stools and anti-Ascaris IgE in plasma. RESULTS: The fraction of recent wheeze attributable to anti-Ascaris IgE was 45.9%, while those for SPT and asIgE were 10.0% and 10.5% respectively. The association between atopy and wheeze was greater in adolescents than children. Although Anti-Ascaris IgE was strongly associated with wheeze (adj. OR 2.24 (95% CI 1.33-3.78, P = 0.003) and with asIgE (adj. OR 5.34, 95% CI 2.49-11.45, P < 0.001), the association with wheeze was independent of asIgE. There was some evidence that the association between atopy and wheeze was greater in uninfected subjects compared with those with active geohelminth infections. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Atopy to house dust mite and cockroach explained few wheeze cases in our study population, while the presence of anti-Ascaris IgE was an important risk factor. Our data provided only limited evidence that active geohelminth infections attenuated the association between atopy and wheeze in endemic areas or that age modified this association. The role of allergic sensitization to Ascaris in the development of wheeze, independent of atopy, requires further investigation.

Long-term periodic anthelmintic treatments are associated with increased allergen skin reactivity.

BACKGROUND: The low prevalence of allergic disease in the rural tropics has been attributed to the protective effects of chronic helminth infections. There is concern that treatment-based control programmes for these parasites may lead to an increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases. OBJECTIVE: We measured the impact of 15-17 years of anthelmintic treatment with ivermectin on the prevalence of allergen skin test reactivity and allergic symptoms in school-age children. METHODS: The prevalence of allergen skin test reactivity, exercise-induced bronchospasm and allergic symptoms was compared between school-age children living in communities that had received community-based treatments with ivermectin (for onchocerciasis control) for a period of 15-17 years with those living in geographically adjacent communities that had received no ivermectin. RESULTS: The prevalence of allergen skin test reactivity was double in children living in treated communities compared with those in untreated communities (16.7% vs. 8.7%, adjusted OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.50-2.94, P<0.0001), and the effect was mediated partly by a reduced prevalence of Trichuris trichiura among treated children. Ivermectin treatments were associated with an increased prevalence of recent eczema symptoms (adjusted OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.05-4.78, P=0.04) but not symptoms of asthma or rhino-conjunctivitis. The effect on eczema symptoms was not associated with reductions in geohelminth infections. CONCLUSION: Long-term periodic treatments with ivermectin were associated with an increased prevalence of allergen skin test reactivity. There was some evidence that treatment was associated with an increased prevalence of recent eczema symptoms but not those of asthma or rhino-conjunctivitis.

[Effect of intragastric balloon as an alternative method for weight loosing in obese patients]. / Efecto del balón intragástrico como método alternativo en la pérdida de peso en pacientes obesos.

UNLABELLED: Obesity has increased worldwide affecting people of all ages and accounting for a severe public health problem. There exist several treatment options for obesity: dietary, pharmacological, physical exercising, psychotherapy, and surgical. Placement of the so-called intragastric ballonn, a silicone device similar to a 600-mL sphere, has been proposed, indicated for patients with a body mass index higher than 30 kg/m(2). OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of the intragastric balloon as an alternative method for weight loosing in obese patients. METHODOLOGY: Longitudinal, experimental, descriptive, and exploring study. The sample includes 40 obese patients. Anthropometrical measurements including weight, height, abdominal circumference, tricipital and subscapular folds were done; the body mass index (BMI), muscle surface area and fat a surface area were calculated at baseline, first, third and sixth months after balloon placement. RESULTS: The sample comprised 31 women (77.5%) y 9 men (22.5%). The mean age for women was 35.87 years, and for men 44.67 years. At the end of the study, there was a total mean weight reduction of 18.25 kg, BMI 5.95 kg/m(2), abdominal circumference 13.53 cm, and arm circumference 4.14 cm, in both genders; the decrease in anthropometrical measurements was higher in men than women. CONCLUSIONS: The intragastric balloon showed to be an effective method for weight loosing in obese patients, with better outcomes in men than women.

[Risk factors of nontransmissible chronic diseases in students of medicine of Carabobo University. Venezuela. Year 2006]. / Factores de riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no ransmisibles en estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina. Universidad de Carabobo, Venezuela. Año 2006.

UNLABELLED: Generally, a student changes lifestyle when enters to the University, this can lead to different alimentary habits that could become as risk factors of nontransmissible chronic diseases (NTCD). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence of risk factors of NTCD in students of medicine race in Carabobo University. METHODOLOGY: 120 people were evaluated, students of third to the sixth year of the medicine race, Carabobo University, year 2006. Family records, nutritional habits, alcohol and tobacco consumption were studied. Anthropometric measures, arterial pressure, glycemia and lipids sérics, were determined. RESULTS: Of evaluated students 68 they belonged to feminine sex and 52 masculine, age between 18 and 26 years old. The risk factor more frequent was the sedentary (72.49%), followed of alcoholic habits (68.3%) and smoking tobacco (34.16%). A 37.5% had high consumption of oils and fats, 58.3% starches and sugars. A 33.34% was overweight or obesity; 3.33% with high blood pressure and metabolic syndrome. The family antecedent predominant was high blood pressure (60%) and obesity (28.2%). CONCLUSION: In this student population risk factors for NTCD exist, which alerts on the necessity to restore plans of education and measures of primary prevention in order to diminish to future the appearance of NTCD in the students of the medicine race in Carabobo University.

[Overweight and associated pathologies in adult women]. / Exceso de peso y patologías asociadas en mujeres adultas.

UNLABELLED: Overweight and obesity represent an important public health problem in the world, including developed and underdeveloped countries, as contributing factors for non transmissible chronic illnesses in the adult, affecting both sexes, but especially to women. OBJECTIVE: To associate excess in weight to the presence of comorbidities in adult women. METHODOLOGY: 130 women, age 25 to 70 years with body mass index (BMI) > 25 kg/m(2) were assessed. Weight, height, arm, waist and hip circumferences, tricipital and subescapular skinfolds. BMI, waist/hip ratio (W/H ratio) and fatty area were determined. Presence of diabetes mellitus (DM); high blood pressure (HBP), dyslipidemia and arthropathy were assessed. Overweight and obesity were classified according to OMS criteria. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 11.0. RESULTS: 24,6% of women (n = 32) were overweight; 38,5% (n = 50) were obese I; 23,8% (n = 31) were obese II; and 13,1% (n = 17) had obesity III. Associated pathologies were present in 80,8% of the studied women: 46,9% (n = 61) with dyslipidemia; 42,3% (n = 55) with HBP; 33,1% (n = 43) with arthropaties; and 16,2% (n = 21) with DM. Overweight and obese I women showed a higher prevalence of dyslipidemia (56%) and (52%), respectively; while in Obese II and Obese III, 38,7% and 47,1% presented HBP respectively. There was a positive correlation (Spearman) among DM, HBP and dyslipidemia (p < 0,05) with age; and significant correlation (Pearson, p < 0,05) between W/H ratio and DM. CONCLUSION: There was a high prevalence of associated pathologies in the valued women, being the most frequent dyslipidemia, HBP and arthropathy, which are directly proportional with the age and the IC/C.

[Obesity anthropometrics indicators and the association with coronary ischemic disease]. / Indicadores antropométricos de obesidad y su relación con la enfermedad isquémica coronaria.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association of obesity anthropometrics indicators in coronary ischemic disease (CID). METHODOLOGY: A sample of 120 men was studied; group A (n = 60) with CID and group B (n = 60) without CID and apparent healthy, between 35-55 years old; from Valencia, Venezuela. Age and clinical data were obtained. Weight, height, circumferences of arm, waist, hip, skinfold tricipital and subescapular, were measured; body mass index (BMI), fatty area (FA) and waist/hip index (W/H) were calculated. RESULTS: The mean age for Group A was 45,2 +/- 9,1 years old; BMI 28,5 +/- 4,1 kg/m2 and W/H index of 0,96 +/- 0,004 cm; for Group B age was 40,8 +/- 4,8 years old, BMI 26,39 +/- 4,4 kg/m2 and W/H index 0,90 +/- 0,06 cm. A significant difference for age and BMI (p < 0,05) and for the W/H index (p < 0,01) was found. For men with CID, 40% were obese, 76% had high W/H index and 30% high AG, finding a significant association (p < 0,01) for the W/H index. CONCLUSION: Results showed that there are an positive association between high anthropometrics indicators for W/H index and the BMI index with coronary ischemic disease in the people studied, so they are an important risk factor for this patology.

Comité de Ética Asistencial (CEA) del Hospital Regional de Talca, en pandemia COVID-19 / Care Ethics Committee (CEA) of Talca Regional Hospital, in COVID-19 pandemic

The healthcare ethics committee of the Regional Hospital of Talca, shares with the hospital community, ethical considerations in medical-clinical decisions, in the context of the COVID 19 pandemic. Focus attention on the person, with dignified treatment, with the center in quality and proportional to the individual condition, within the framework of protected teamwork, and that everyone is responsible for mutual care. The considerations of admission to critical units of complicated patients, with principles of caring over healing, without abandoning those who require assistance. Resources are scarce and must be protected, people must not be discriminated against, age is a precedent that must be considered, given the chances of survival, without going beyond the limitations to the therapeutic effort, which must be shared with the treating medical team and of the hospital ethics committee if required. A dignified death is an element to be considered with respect for the person, their families and the community.

Effect of a diet and physical activity intervention on body weight and nutritional patterns in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors.

Energy restriction from a low-calorie diet and increased energy expenditure induced by physical activity (PA) could promote weight loss/maintenance and be important determinants of breast cancer (BC) prognosis. The aim of this study was to assess participation and adherence of overweight and obese BC survivors to a lifestyle intervention and to demonstrate the capacity of this intervention to induce weight loss and nutritional changes. This single-arm pre-post study, which involved one-hourly weekly diet sessions delivered by a dietician and 75-min bi-weekly PA sessions of moderate-to-high intensity led by PA monitors, was offered to overweight and obese BC survivors shortly after treatment. Before and after the intervention, anthropometry, dietary information, quality of life (QoL) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were collected. A total of 112 BC survivors were invited to participate: 42 of them started the intervention and 37 completed it. Participants attended more than 90 % of the sessions offered and showed a significant weight loss of 5.6 ± 2.0 kg, as well as significant decreases in body mass index, fat mass and waist circumference. Significant decreases in total energy (-25 %), fat (-35 %), saturated fat (-37 %) and carbohydrate (-21 %) intakes were observed while QoL and CRF showed significant increases. This feasibility study demonstrated the success of a short-term diet and PA intervention to induce weight loss and promote healthful changes in BC survivors. Assessing the long-term effects of these changes, and in particular their possible impact of BC prognosis, and designing interventions reaching a wider number of BC survivors are still issues to be addressed.

Recomendaciones para el uso correcto de densitometría ósea en la práctica clínica. Consenso de la Sociedad Chilena de Endocrinología y Diabetes / Guidelines of the Chilean Endocrinology Society for the correct clinical use of bone densitometry

Osteoporosis is a silent and frequent disease, which increases fracture risk. Approximately half of women and one of five men over 50 years old will suffer an osteoporotic fracture throughout their lives. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) allows a real bone mineral density (BMD) measurement in different parts of the skeleton and is considered the "gold standard" for quantifying osteoporosis with high accuracy and precision. The Board of the Chilean Society of Endocrinology and Diabetes (SOCHED) required from the Bone Disease Study Group to develop a consensus about the "Correct use of bone densitometry in clinical practice in Chilean population". Therefore, we elaborated 25 questions which addressed key aspects about the indications for a DXA scan, and the details of how to perform and report this test. Since some of the evidence obtained was of low quality or inconclusive, we decided to create a multidisciplinary group of national experts in osteoporosis to develop a consensus in this subject. The group consisted of 22 physicians including endocrinologists, gynecologists, geriatricians, radiologists, rheumatologists and nuclear medicine specialists. Using the Delphi methodology to analyze previously agreed questions, we elaborated statements that were evaluated by the experts who expressed their degree of agreement. The final report of this consensus was approved by the SOCHED board.

Medición de la eficiencia técnica relativa de las fincas asociadas a Coounión en Guasca Cundinamarca / Measurement of the relative technical efficiency of the farms associated to Coounion in Guasca Cundinamarca

Objetivo. Medir la eficiencia técnica relativa en las fincas asociadas a la cooperativa COOUNIÓN mediante Data Envelopment Analysis DEA (Análisis Envolvente de Datos). Materiales y métodos. Se tomaron como muestra las doce fincas asociadas a la Cooperativa Coounión en el municipio de Guasca (Cundinamarca). La información se obtuvo durante el período comprendido entre el 1º de junio del 2008 y el 31 de mayo del 2009. Los datos se estructuraron en seis variables, de las cuales se plantean dos modelos, ambos con cuatro variables y que están orientados a las entradas con rendimientos constantes a escala (CRS). El primer modelo consta de tres entradas: nutrición, mantenimiento, ordeño, y una salida: leche; mientras que el segundo modelo cuenta con dos entradas: nutrición, mantenimiento y dos salidas: carne, crías. Resultados. De las doce fincas solo una presentó, la mejor eficiencia tanto en el modelo 1 como en el modelo 2. Por esta razón, se determinaron las mejores prácticas de esta finca con el fin de replicarlas en las demás. Conclusiones. Aplicar la metodología DEA en las fincas ganaderas es viable porque permite enfocarse principalmente en aquellas variables que son controlables por el ganadero como los insumos. Por consiguiente, la evaluación de la eficiencia técnica relativa se desarrolló orientada a estos; así se demostró que las fincas pueden mantener sus niveles de producción actuales haciendo reducciones significativas en sus costos.

Síndrome de huesos hambrientos: experiencia clínica en su diagnóstico y tratamiento / Hungry bone syndrome: report of 4 cases

Hungry bone syndrome is a unusual complication of the postoperative period of primary hyperparathyroidism. This syndrome is characterized by hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia, due to an excessive bone remineralization. We report the clinical features, laboratory and therapy in four females (aged 39 to 73 years old) with a long standing hyperparathyroidism, elevated alkaline phosphatases and decreased bone mineralization in two. The mean size of the adenoma was 2.9 ñ 1.1 cm. Hypocalcemia appeared between days 1 and 6 of the postoperative period. All were treated with calcium, calcitriol and magnesium at different timing and dosages. The mean hospitalization period was 19.8 ñ 2.1 days. As reported previously, low bone mineralization and a large adenoma are risk factors for the syndrome. Serial monitoring of serum calcium and magnesium and an early supplementation of these minerals could prevent hypocalcemia and decrease the hospitalization time

Tratamiento del hipertiroidismo con radioyodo: efecto de la dosis administrada sobre la función tiroidea y complicaciones asociadas / Treatment of hyperthyroidism with radioiodine: effects of administered dose on complications and thyroid function

Background: Radio-iodine is a definite therapy for Graves disease hyperthyroidism. However, the optimal dosage is still debatable. Aim: To assess the effects of different radioiodine doses on thyroid function and complications in patients with hyperthyroidism. Material and methods: A retrospective analysis of 139 patients with hyperthyroidism, treated with ratioiodine between 1988 and 1998. Radio iodine dose used was classified as low (<10 mCi), intermediate (10-14.9 mCi) or high (ü 15 mCi). Results: Thirty five patients were treated with low doses, 33 with intermediate doses and 71 with high doses. There were no differences between these patients in age, disease severity, frequency of post treatment euthyroidism or complications. Patients treated with low doses had a higher frequency of persistent hyperthyroidism than patients treated with high doses (25.7 and 4.2 percent respectively, p<0,001). Likewise, the frequency of subsequent hypothyroidism was 60 percent in patients treated with low doses and 84.5 percent of those with high doses, in whom it also appeared earlier. Associated complications were clinically irrelevant. In seven patients, Graves ophtalmopathy progressed after treatment, but this progression was not associated with the dose used. Conclusions: Radio iodine in high doses is useful, safe and effective for the treatment of Graves hyperthyroidism

Osteoporosis: epidemiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento / Osteoporosis: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment

La osteoporosis es una enfermedad caracterizada por una disminución de la masa ósea, con deterioro de la microarquitectura del hueso y con aumento del riesgo de fractura. Las fracturas osteoporóticas, especialmente de la cadera, son la consecuencia más grave de la enfermedad. Su prevalencia es alta y seguirá aumentando en todo el mundo debido a su incremento de la población de edad avanzada. Los principales responsables de las pérdidas ósea son las alteraciones del metabolismo mineral: en las mujeres, aquellas secundarias a la pérdida de la función gonadal relacionadas con la menopausia y en ambos sexos, aquellas debidas al proceso del envejecimiento. Además, son importantes algunos factores genéticos y ambientales. Actualmente se conocen con claridad los factores de riesgo de presentar esta condición, así como también se dispone de métodos diagnóstico adecuados para evaluar la masa y el metabolismo óseo. Los tratamientos actualmente en uso permiten no solamente aumentar la masa ósea sino también disminuir la tasa de fracturas

Osteopetrosis o enfermedad marmórea / Osteopetrosis or marmoreal disease

Se analiza la osteopetrosis como enfermedad, su clasificación, anatomía patológica, radiología y diagnóstico. Se presentaron tres casos clínicos tratados en los últimos 15 años. Se discute sobre la dificultad en el tratamiento y los intentos que están haciendo al respecto. La mejor solución seria el trasplante de médula ósea