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OBJECTIVES: Our previous research in Mbyá-guaraní communities of central Misiones showed high levels of growth stunting and intestinal parasites in children, as well as associations between these variables and deficient sanitary conditions. New studies were necessary to update the present health status of the previously studied Mbyá populations after around two decades. Therefore, we evaluated the current nutritional status, intestinal parasites, and socio-environmental conditions among Mbyá-guaraní children from these communities. METHODS: Body weight and height of 102 individuals (aged 2-14) were measured and nutritional status was estimated according to the World Health Organization criteria. Serial fecal samples and anal swabs were analyzed from 75 children (aged 1-14). Socio-environmental data were obtained from questionnaires. RESULTS: The prevalence of undernutrition was 31.4% and excess of weight was 10.8%. The prevalence of stunting and of overweight reached 30.4% and 8.8%, respectively. About 85% of the children were infected with at least one of the 14 species identified, and around 44% had multiple parasite infections. The most prevalent species were Enterobius vermicularis and hookworms. Among undernourished children, 88.2% were parasitized by at least one of the potentially pathogenic species detected. Most of the families lived in overcrowded conditions in precarious houses, defecated in latrines, and consumed well water. A higher risk of parasitosis was associated with the source of drinking water. CONCLUSIONS: Although the prevalence of undernutrition and intestinal parasites decreased compared with our previous studies, we still observed the coexistence of stunting, excess weight, and parasitic infections, in a context of socio-environmental vulnerability.
Assuntos
Enteropatias Parasitárias , Desnutrição , Argentina/epidemiologia , Criança , Transtornos do Crescimento/epidemiologia , Humanos , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Estado Nutricional , PrevalênciaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to analyze the nutritional status and body composition of children from San Rafael, Mendoza, avoiding urban and rural categorization by generating subpopulations as a function of their socio-environmental characteristics. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in 3,596 schoolchildren from 4.0 to 13.9 years of age. Body weight, height, upper arm circumference, and triceps skinfold were measured. Body mass index, total muscle, and fat areas of the arm were calculated. To estimate nutritional status and body composition, the NHANES III reference was used. The socio-environmental variables were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. These variables were processed by categorical principal-component analysis (catPCA). RESULTS: The catPCA allowed the differentiation of four groups, three with urban characteristics (high urban, medium urban, impoverished urban), and a rural group. Stunting occurred at a higher rate in the impoverished urban group, and the occurrence of underweight children was higher in the rural group. The prevalence of excess weight varied in the range of 20-26%. The latter value corresponded to children of the high urban group, who also did not show reduced muscle mass. CONCLUSION: Children from San Rafael presented differences in nutritional condition and body composition associated with pronounced socio-environmental heterogeneity. Thus, we could observe a gradient from the "high urban" group, with better social, economic, and sanitation conditions and at the same time a more obesogenic environment to the "impoverished urban" and "rural" groups, whose vulnerability reflected a higher prevalence of child undernutrition and the association with excess weight and reduced muscle mass. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:796-803, 2016. © 2016Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Composição Corporal , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Estado Nutricional , Adolescente , Argentina/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Desnutrição/etiologia , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Argentinean population is characterized by ethnic, cultural and socio-economic diversity. AIM: To calculate the percentiles of weight-for-age (W/A) and height-for-age (H/A) of schoolchildren from Argentina employing the LMS method; and to compare the obtained percentiles with those of the international and national references. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Anthropometric data of 18 698 students (8672 girls and 10 026 boys) of 3-13 years old were collected (2003-2008) from Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chubut, Jujuy, La Pampa and Mendoza. Percentiles of W/A and H/A were obtained with the LMS method. Statistical and graphical comparisons were established with the WHO (international reference) and with that published by the Argentinean Paediatric Society (national reference). RESULTS: Differences in W/A and H/A, regarding the references, were negative and greater at the highest percentiles and in most of the age groups. On average, the differences were greater for boys than girls and for national than international references. CONCLUSION: The distribution of weight and height of schoolchildren, coming from most regions of the country, differs from those of national and international references. It should be advisable to establish a new national reference based on internationally recognized methodological criteria that adequately reflect the biological and cultural diversity of the Argentinean populations.
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Estatura/fisiologia , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Adolescente , Argentina , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Valores de Referência , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim was to analyze the socio-environmental variables associated with malnutrition and intestinal parasitoses in children from Aristóbulo del Valle, Province of Misiones (Argentina). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in 2,291 schoolchildren (age, 4-14 years). Body weight and height were measured and body mass index was calculated. NHANES III reference was used to estimate the nutritional status-underweight, stunting, wasting, overweight, and obesity. The parasitological analysis was performed by fecal and anal brush samples. The socio-environmental variables were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire. These variables were processed by categorical principal component analysis (cat-PCA). RESULTS: The two first axes defined four subgroups of schoolchildren: three of these were associated with urban characteristics (high, middle, and periurban), whereas the remaining subgroup was considered rural. Stunting and parasitic infections occurred mainly in the periurban group, that is the group of higher socio-environmental vulnerability. On the other hand, the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity and the lowest parasitism was observed in the high urban group. CONCLUSIONS: The similarity between rural and middle urban groups in stunting prevalence reveals that cities are not healthier than rural environments. On the contrary, the fact that the rural group presents the lowest prevalence of overweight reaffirms that poverty and malnutrition are progressively moving from rural to urban areas, and that rural children have still more diverse and healthy diets favored by the consumption of homemade products (i.e., orchards, animal husbandry, etc.), placing them at an earlier stage of the nutrition transition.
Assuntos
Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Argentina/epidemiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Masculino , Desnutrição/etiologia , Estado Nutricional , População Rural , Fatores Socioeconômicos , População UrbanaRESUMO
Environmental perturbations of many kinds influence growth and development. Little is known, however, about the influence of environmental factors on the patterns of phenotypic integration observed in complex morphological traits. We analyze the changes in phenotypic variance-covariance structure of the rat skull throughout the early postnatal ontogeny (from birth to weaning) and evaluate the effect of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) on this structure. Using 2D coordinates taken from lateral radiographs obtained every 4 days, from birth to 21 days old, we show that the pattern of covariance is temporally dynamic from birth to 21 days. The environmental perturbation provoked during pregnancy altered the skull growth, and reduced the mean size of the IUGR group. These environmental effects persisted throughout lactancy, when the mothers of both groups received a standard diet. More strikingly, the effect grew larger beyond this point. Altering environmental conditions did not affect all traits equally, as revealed by the low correlations between covariance matrices of treatments at the same age. Finally, we found that the IUGR treatment increased morphological integration as measured by the scaled variance of eigenvalues. This increase coincided and is likely related to an increase in morphological variance in this group. This result is expected if somatic growth is a major determinant of covariance structure of the skull. In summary, our findings suggest that environmental perturbations experienced in early ontogeny alter fundamental developmental processes and are an important factor in shaping the variance-covariance structure of complex phenotypic traits.
Assuntos
Animais Recém-Nascidos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/fisiopatologia , Crânio/anatomia & histologia , Crânio/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Análise de Variância , Animais , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/etiologia , Masculino , Fenótipo , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Estresse FisiológicoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status and body composition in Mbyá-Guaraní adolescents and adults from three communities in the Province of Misiones, in northern Argentina. METHODS: Anthropometric parameters were analyzed in 45 individuals (aged 14-60). Data were transformed to z-scores using NHANES I and II. RESULTS: Ninety-three percent of the sample showed some kind of malnutrition (undernutrition and/or excess of weight). Stunting and overweight reached the highest prevalences (85.0 and 10.0%, respectively). The most Mbyá people were found to have low arm muscle and fat areas. They also tended to have shorter than normal lower limbs. Centralized obesity was evident in both sexes and in all the age intervals. CONCLUSIONS: Extreme poverty, together with changes in life habits and diet composition, resulted in decrease of body size and changes in body proportions and composition. Although these changes could be considered as an adaptive response to the chronic exposure of these populations to adverse environmental conditions, they would favor the co-occurrence of malnutrition and overweight in a single scenario, and consequently increase the risk of infectious and nontransmissible diseases.
Assuntos
Composição Corporal , Pesos e Medidas Corporais , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Estado Nutricional/etnologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Argentina/epidemiologia , Feminino , Transtornos do Crescimento/etnologia , Humanos , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/etnologia , Masculino , Desnutrição/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Pobreza/etnologia , Prevalência , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The aim of this study was to assess the physical growth of schoolchildren from Argentina by comparison with the CDC/NCHS and Argentinean growth references (AGR), to contribute to the discussion about the use of local or international references for the assessment of growth in developing countries. Weight and height were measured in 3,411 schoolchildren aged 5-14 years. Data were log-transformed and compared with both references by paired samples t-test (CI = 0.95; alpha = 0.005). The boys' weights were greater than CDC/NCHS (up to 10, and at 14 years old) and the national reference at all ages (P < 0.005). The girls also were heavier than CDC/NCHS (at 7 and 12 years old, P < 0.005) and AGR, except at age 11 and 14 years. In boys, height was lower than CDC/NCHS at 9 and 14 years of age, and higher than AGR at all ages (P < 0.005). The girls were also shorter than CDC/NCHS at 7, 13, and 14 years old (P < 0.005), and-except at age 14-taller than AGR. The weight was higher than both of the references. Height showed a clear dissociation from the national reference and minor differences from CDC/NCHS. Nevertheless, around puberty, the children's height fell short of CDC/NCHS, especially the girls, whose values approached those of their Argentinean peers. This divergence could be associated with cohort effects or population variations in adolescent growth spurt. The use of a single growth reference for preadolescent may be appropriate. The height decrease in adolescents suggests the usefulness of local standards at this period.
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Desenvolvimento do Adolescente , Estatura , Peso Corporal , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Adolescente , Argentina/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Valores de Referência , População UrbanaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate intestinal parasitosis, undernutrition and socio-environmental factors in schoolchildren from Clorinda (Formosa, Argentina). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serial fecal samples and anal swabs of 114 schoolchildren, canine feces and soil samples were analyzed. Body weight and height of 215 schoolchildren were measured and undernutrition was estimated according to the World Health Organization criteria. Socio-environmental variables were assessed by means of a semi-structured questionnaire. RESULTS: 78.1% of children were infected by at least one of the 12 species identified and 70.8% had multiple parasitic infections. Blastocystis sp., Giardia lamblia and Enterobius vermicularis were the most prevalent. Additionally, 17.5% of children were infected by at least one geohelminth (e.g. Ascarislumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworms). 64.3% of canine of canine feces were positive and six parasitic species were found; the most frequent were Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala and G. lamblia. Furthermore, 37.5% of soil samples showed zoonotic parasites (i.e. Ascaris sp., Toxocara sp.). Finally, 10.0% of the children were undernourished and 85.7% of them had parasites. The risk for parasitosis was higher in children that lived in houses with inadequate solid waste disposal and whose parents were unemployed or had temporary jobs. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of environmental sanitation, unstable employment of parents and the presence of zoonotic species were the most relevant factors observed. Consequently, these conditions result in an increase of parasitic infections and negatively influence the growth of children.
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INTRODUCTION: Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) is widely recognized as an adequate indicator of nutritional status. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the reference percentiles for MUAC, upper arm muscle area (UAMA), and upper arm fat area (UAFA) in the Argentine child and adolescent population using the LMS method (lambda, mu, sigma). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample was made up of schoolchildren aged 4.0-13.9 years living in Jujuy, Catamarca, Misiones, Buenos Aires, Mendoza, and Chubut. MUAC and tricipital skinfold anthropometric measurements were obtained between 2003 and 2008 as per standardized protocols. UAMA and UAFA were calculated, and percentiles by age and sex were estimated and compared using an analysis of variance. RESULTS: A total of 22 736 schoolchildren (11 397 boys and 11 339 girls) were included. The 50th percentile was higher for the MUAC and UAFA among girls and for the UAMA among boys. The MUAC curves showed sharper increases as of 7 years old in all percentiles among both boys and girls. A similar pattern was observed for the UAMA, with higher values among boys. Lastly, the UAFA showed a constant increase among girls and a stabilization among boys as of 11 years old. Differences for age were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The tabulated and plotted percentiles and the MUAC, UAMA, and UAFA may be used as local references for epidemiological and anthropological studies.
Introducción: La circunferencia del brazo (CB) se reconoce como buen indicador del estado nutricional. Objetivo: Estimar los percentilos de referencia para la CB y las áreas muscular (AM) y grasa (AG) del brazo en la población infantojuvenil argentina mediante el empleo del método LMS (lambda, mu, sigma, en inglés). Materiales y métodos: La muestra estuvo constituida por escolares de 4,0 a 13,9 años residentes en Jujuy, Catamarca, Misiones, Buenos Aires, Mendoza y Chubut. Las mediciones antropométricas de la CB y del pliegue tricipital se realizaron entre 2003 y 2008 siguiendo protocolos estandarizados. Se estimaron las AM, AG, se calcularon los percentilos por edad y sexo, y se compararon mediante el análisis de la varianza. Resultados: Se incluyeron 22 736 escolares (11 397 varones y 11 339 mujeres). Los valores correspondientes al percentilo 50 fueron superiores, en las mujeres, para CB y AG, y, en los varones, para AM. Las curvas de CB presentaron incrementos más marcados a partir de los 7 años en todos los percentilos, para ambos sexos. Un patrón similar se observó para AM, con valores superiores en los varones. Por último, el AG mostró aumento constante en las mujeres y estabilización en los varones a partir de los 11 años. Se observaron diferencias para la edad. Conclusiones: Los valores de percentilos, tabulados y graficados, de la CB y de las AM y AG del brazo pueden constituir una referencia local para estudios epidemiológicos y antropológicos.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/anatomia & histologia , Braço/anatomia & histologia , Músculo Esquelético/anatomia & histologia , Adolescente , Argentina , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
We analyzed the nutritional status of urban and rural schoolchildren from Mendoza (Argentina), but avoided rural and urban categorization by generating subpopulations as a function of their socioenvironmental characteristics. We transformed weight and height data into z-scores using the CDC/NCHS growth charts; defined underweight, stunting, and wasting by z-scores of less than -2 SD; and calculated overweight and obesity, according to the cutoff proposed by the International Obesity Task Force. Socioenvironmental characteristics included housing, public services, parental resources, and farming practices; we processed these variables by categorical principal-component analysis. The two first axes defined four subgroups of schoolchildren: three of these were associated with urban characteristics, while the remaining subgroup was considered rural. Nutritional status differed across groups, whereas overweight was similar among the groups and obesity higher in urban middle-income children. Urban differences were manifested mainly as underweight, but rural children exhibited the greatest stunting and wasting. Thus, the negative effects of environment on nutritional status in children are not restricted to poor periurban and rural areas, though these are indeed unfavorable environments for growth: some urban families provide children with sufficient quantity and diversity of foods to expose them to obesity. By contrast, the more affluent urban families would appear to have greater possibilities for allowing their children to adopt a healthy life-style. Although the causes of differences in nutritional status between middle- and high-income urban groups are not clear, these determinants probably involve economic as well as educational influences.
Assuntos
Saúde Ambiental , Estado Nutricional , População Rural , Meio Social , Estudantes , População Urbana , Adolescente , Argentina , Criança , Proteção da Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Transtornos do Crescimento/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Masculino , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Instituições Acadêmicas , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess nutritional condition in two cohorts (C) of children from households with different Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN) attending neighborhood schools in Puerto Madryn, Argentina. METHODS: A cross-sectional study on six to 11 year-old children attending seven neighborhood schools surveyed in the periods 2001-2006 (C1, n=2 040) and 2014-2016 (C2, n=1 696) was performed. Weight, height and body mass index were measured using the World Health Organization cut-off values for nutritional condition. Neighborhood structural poverty was determined with percent UBN from the 2001 and 2010 census. Chi2 was used to compare the prevalence of nutritional condition between C and UBN categories. RESULTS: In the seven neighborhoods analyzed, percent UBN was 0%-10% (n=3), 10%-25% (n=2) and 25%-50% (n=1), without changes in the period 2001-2010. In the remaining neighborhood, UBN increased from 25%-50% to >50%. The nutritional evaluation of children showed significant differences in the prevalence of obesity in most schools, while low height-for-age and overweight prevalence was significant only in one school. Comparison of C1 and C2 only showed significant differences in the prevalence of obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Structural poverty rates in Puerto Madryn neighborhoods were mostly unchanged; however, the nutritional condition of children was different: while the prevalence of chronic malnutrition did not change or decreased, the prevalence of obesity increased in all neighborhoods. Our findings could help to determine changes in the context of resident population and identify vulnerable groups.
OBJETIVO: Estimar el estado nutricional de dos cohortes (C) de niños concurrentes a escuelas de barrios con diferentes Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas (NBI) de Puerto Madryn, Argentina. MÉTODOS: Investigación transversal. Se midieron peso y talla de niños de seis a 11 años asistentes a escuelas ubicadas en siete barrios. La C1 (n=2 040) fue relevada entre 2001-2006 y C2 (n=1 696) entre 2014-2016. Se calculó el Índice de Masa Corporal y se emplearon los puntos de corte de la OMS para determinar el estado nutricional. Para estimar la pobreza estructural se extrajeron, para 2001 y 2010, los porcentajes de NBI censales de cada barrio. Las prevalencias de estado nutricional entre cohortes y categorías de NBI se compararon mediante Chi2. RESULTADOS: En los siete barrios analizados, las NBI fueron: 0%-10% (n=3), 10%-25% (n=2) y 25%-50% (n=1), sin variación entre 2001-2010. En otro barrio, las NBI aumentaron de 25%-50% a >50%. Al evaluar el estado nutricional de los niños de cada escuela hubo diferencias para obesidad en la mayoría de ellas y para baja talla/edad y sobrepeso solo en una. La comparación C1-C2 indicó diferencias para obesidad. CONCLUSIONES: Los barrios de Puerto Madryn conservan, en gran parte, sus niveles de pobreza estructural. No ocurre lo mismo con el estado nutricional de los niños: mientras las prevalencias de desnutrición crónica se mantienen o descienden, las de obesidad aumentan en todos los barrios. El análisis efectuado permite evaluar transformaciones del contexto de residencia de la población e identificar grupos vulnerables.
Assuntos
Desnutrição/etiologia , Obesidade Infantil/etiologia , Pobreza , Argentina/epidemiologia , Criança , Doença Crônica , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Estado Nutricional , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to assess body weight recovery in rats with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) castrated and treated with growth hormone (GH). Wistar albino rats were divided into the following experimental groups: control (C), sham-operated (SH), IUGR, IUGR castrated (IUGR+C), and IUGR castrated and injected with GH (IUGR+C+GH). IUGR was induced by partial bending of uterine vessels at day 14 of pregnancy. GH (Genotropin 3.0 mg/kg/day) was administered from weaning (21 days old) to 60 days of age. SH rats were injected only with diluent. Castration was performed at weaning. Body weight, body weight velocity and relative food intake were registered weekly. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and LSD post hoc test. The between-subjects analysis showed significant differences for sex and treatment factors. Differences in body weight were significant among treatments, being SH > IUGR > IUGR+ C+GH > IUGR+C in males, and SH > IUGR+C > IUGR+C+GH > IUGR in females. Differences in relative food intake were IUGR+C > IUGR+C+GH > IUGR > SH in males, and IUGR+C+GH > IUGR+C > IUGR > SH in females. These results indicate that nutritional rehabilitation impairs the effects of IUGR. While the absence of testosterone inhibited body weight gain, the absence of estrogens promoted catch-up growth. Castrated animals with or without GH treatment ate relatively more, suggesting the absence of an anabolic effect of gonadal steroids.
Assuntos
Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/tratamento farmacológico , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/fisiologia , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/uso terapêutico , Animais , Castração , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/fisiopatologia , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/cirurgia , Ligadura , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores Sexuais , Útero/irrigação sanguíneaRESUMO
The effects of paternal heredity, congenital variation, and preweaning nutrition on craniofacial growth were studied on weanling Wistar (W), Holtzman (H), and their reciprocal crosses, W/H and H/W, male rats. Between-group Mahalanobis D2 distances were calculated from the measurements made on lateral and vertical X-rays. Preweaning nutrition evoked the largest cranial differences, and paternal heredity the lowest; the effect of congenital variation was intermediate between these extremes. It is concluded that "strain" differences actually are the result of the complex interplay among congenital and lactational factors that can modify the genetic effect due to strain. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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The intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is a complex phenomenon since it causes variability in postnatal growth responses. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of lactational rehabilitation on body and cranial growth and sexual dimorphism in IUGR rats. IUGR model was carried out by means of uterine vessels bending in pregnant rats at the first day of pregnancy. Control and sham-operated animals were also included. During suckling, IUGR and sham-operated pups were cross-fostered to a control dam. The animals were x-rayed every four days, from birth to weaning. Body weight and length, and neural and facial variables were measured. The reduced placental blood flow delayed growth in pups. Facial growth was more impaired than the neural one. An incomplete catch up growth was found, since males reached sham values only in neurocranial height and females--except facial length and width--were similar to sham. Because of sex differences in growth recovery, normal sexual dimorphism in body and craniofacial pattern was not expressed in the IUGR group. This study suggests that reduced uteroplacental blood supply in the rat interferes with the full expression of normal dimorphism based on gender and confirms the impact of IUGR on postnatal growth.
Assuntos
Animais Recém-Nascidos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/fisiopatologia , Caracteres Sexuais , Envelhecimento , Animais , Animais Lactentes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Constituição Corporal , Peso Corporal , Ossos Faciais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/terapia , Lactação , Masculino , Sistema Nervoso/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Crânio/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
An experiment on rat undernutrition through seven generations was performed in order to see: (1) whether the nutritional stress on growth increases from one generation to the next, and (2) if an equilibrium point (AFP) in which the RFI--the amount of food intake (mg) per gram of body weight--reached is the same in both control and undernourished animals. The RFI values were calculated for each generation, between the 30th and 100th days of age. A moderate undernutrition was applied to the seven generations (F1 to F7) following the parental (P) one, which acted as controls. Undernourishment was made from conception to the end of the experiment (100 days old). The RFI values diminished with the age increment and increased through generations. There was, however, a clear AFP of 75.9 +/- 3.5 mg/g at 100 days of age in males, and of 78.7 +/- 4.2 mg/g at 90 days of age in females. A clear cumulative increment of RFI through the filial generations was also found at intermediate growth ages. The frequently argued nongenetic transmission of the nutritional deficiencies from parents to descendants was corroborated with the present results. Such cumulative effect was evident at ages before the AFP was reached; i.e., when the decrement in body mass of the undernourished animals was not yet equilibrated with the amount of available nutrients.
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Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Distúrbios Nutricionais/genética , Distúrbios Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Análise de Variância , Animais , Peso Corporal , Feminino , Crescimento , Masculino , Distúrbios Nutricionais/patologia , Pais , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Caracteres Sexuais , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate intestinal parasitosis, undernutrition and socio-environmental factors in schoolchildren from Clorinda (Formosa, Argentina). Materials and Methods Serial fecal samples and anal swabs of 114 schoolchildren, canine feces and soil samples were analyzed. Body weight and height of 215 schoolchildren were measured and undernutrition was estimated according to the World Health Organization criteria. Socio-environmental variables were assessed by means of a semi-structured questionnaire. Results 78.1% of children were infected by at least one of the 12 species identified and 70.8% had multiple parasitic infections. Blastocystis sp., Giardia lamblia and Enterobius vermicularis were the most prevalent. Additionally, 17.5% of children were infected by at least one geohelminth (e.g. Ascarislumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworms). 64.3% of canine of canine feces were positive and six parasitic species were found; the most frequent were Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala and G. lamblia. Furthermore, 37.5% of soil samples showed zoonotic parasites (i.e. Ascaris sp., Toxocara sp.). Finally, 10.0% of the children were undernourished and 85.7% of them had parasites. The risk for parasitosis was higher in children that lived in houses with inadequate solid waste disposal and whose parents were unemployed or had temporary jobs. Conclusions The lack of environmental sanitation, unstable employment of parents and the presence of zoonotic species were the most relevant factors observed. Consequently, these conditions result in an increase of parasitic infections and negatively influence the growth of children.(AU)
RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la parasitosis intestinal, la desnutrición y los factores socio-ambientales en escolares de Clorinda (Formosa, Argentina). Materiales y Métodos Se analizaron muestras fecales y escobillados anales seriados de 114 escolares, heces caninas y muestras de suelo. Se midió el peso corporal y la talla de 215 escolares y se evaluó la desnutrición según los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Las variables socio-ambientales se evaluaron mediante una encuesta semiestructurada. Resultados El 78,1% de los niños estuvieron parasitados por al menos 1 de las 12 especies identificadas y el 70,8% presentó parasitosis múltiples. Blastocystis sp., Giardia lamblia y Enterobius vermicularis fueron las más prevalentes. Además, el 17,5% de los niños estaban infectados con al menos un geohelminto (e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, ancylostomideos). El 64,3% de las heces caninas resultaron positivas y se encontraron seis especies parasitarias; las más frecuentes fueron Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala y G. lamblia. Además, el 37,5% de las muestras de suelo mostraron parásitos zoonóticos (i.e. Ascaris sp., Toxocara sp.). Finalmente, el 10% de los niños estaban desnutridos y el 85,7% de ellos resultaron parasitados. El riesgo de parasitosis fue mayor en los niños que vivían en casas con eliminación inadecuada de desechos sólidos y cuyos padres estaban desempleados o tenían empleos temporales. Conclusiones La falta de saneamiento ambiental, el empleo inestable de los padres y la presencia de especies zoo-nóticas fueron los factores observados más relevantes. En consecuencia, estas condiciones resultan en un aumento de las infecciones parasitarias e influyen negativamente en el crecimiento de los niños.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Doenças Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/diagnóstico , Meio Ambiente , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Fezes/químicaRESUMO
Introducción: La circunferencia del brazo (CB) se reconoce como buen indicador del estado nutricional. Objetivo: Estimar los percentilos de referencia para la CB y las áreas muscular (AM) y grasa (AG) del brazo en la población infantojuvenil argentina mediante el empleo del método LMS (lambda, mu, sigma, en inglés). Materiales y métodos: La muestra estuvo constituida por escolares de 4,0 a 13,9 años residentes en Jujuy, Catamarca, Misiones, Buenos Aires, Mendoza y Chubut. Las mediciones antropométricas de la CB y del pliegue tricipital se realizaron entre 2003 y 2008 siguiendo protocolos estandarizados. Se estimaron las AM, AG, se calcularon los percentilos por edad y sexo, y se compararon mediante el análisis de la varianza. Resultados: Se incluyeron 22 736 escolares (11 397 varones y 11 339 mujeres). Los valores correspondientes al percentilo 50 fueron superiores, en las mujeres, para CB y AG, y, en los varones, para AM. Las curvas de CB presentaron incrementos más marcados a partir de los 7 años en todos los percentilos, para ambos sexos. Un patrón similar se observó para AM, con valores superiores en los varones. Por último, el AG mostró aumento constante en las mujeres y estabilización en los varones a partir de los 11 años. Se observaron diferencias para la edad. Conclusiones: Los valores de percentilos, tabulados y graficados, de la CB y de las AM y AG del brazo pueden constituir una referencia local para estudios epidemiológicos y antropológicos.
Introduction: Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) is widely recognized as an adequate indicator of nutritional status. Objective: To estimate the reference percentiles for MUAC, upper arm muscle area (UAMA), and upper arm fat area (UAFA) in the Argentine child and adolescent population using the LMS method (lambda, mu, sigma) Materials and methods: The sample was made up of schoolchildren aged 4.0-13.9 years living in Jujuy, Catamarca, Misiones, Buenos Aires, Mendoza, and Chubut. MUAC and tricipital skinfold anthropometric measurements were obtained between 2003 and 2008 as per standardized protocols. UAMA and UAFA were calculated, and percentiles by age and sex were estimated and compared using an analysis of variance. Results: A total of 22 736 schoolchildren (11 397 boys and 11 339 girls) were included. The 50th percentile was higher for the MUAC and UAFA among girls and for the UAMA among boys. The MUAC curves showed sharper increases as of 7 years old in all percentiles among both boys and girls. A similar pattern was observed for the UAMA, with higher values among boys. Lastly, the UAFA showed a constant increase among girls and a stabilization among boys as of 11 years old. Differences for age were observed. Conclusions: The tabulated and plotted percentiles and the MUAC, UAMA, and UAFA may be used as local references for epidemiological and anthropological studies.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Argentina , Valores de Referência , Circunferência Braquial , Composição Corporal , AntropometriaRESUMO
RESUMEN Objetivo Estimar el estado nutricional de dos cohortes (C) de niños concurrentes a escuelas de barrios con diferentes Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas (NBI) de Puerto Madryn, Argentina. Métodos Investigación transversal. Se midieron peso y talla de niños de seis a 11 años asistentes a escuelas ubicadas en siete barrios. La C1 (n=2 040) fue relevada entre 2001-2006 y C2 (n=1 696) entre 2014-2016. Se calculó el Índice de Masa Corporal y se emplearon los puntos de corte de la OMS para determinar el estado nutricional. Para estimar la pobreza estructural se extrajeron, para 2001 y 2010, los porcentajes de NBI censales de cada barrio. Las prevalencias de estado nutricional entre cohortes y categorías de NBI se compararon mediante Chi2. Resultados En los siete barrios analizados, las NBI fueron: 0%-10% (n=3), 10%-25% (n=2) y 25%-50% (n=1), sin variación entre 2001-2010. En otro barrio, las NBI aumentaron de 25%-50% a >50%. Al evaluar el estado nutricional de los niños de cada escuela hubo diferencias para obesidad en la mayoría de ellas y para baja talla/edad y sobrepeso solo en una. La comparación C1-C2 indicó diferencias para obesidad. Conclusiones Los barrios de Puerto Madryn conservan, en gran parte, sus niveles de pobreza estructural. No ocurre lo mismo con el estado nutricional de los niños: mientras las prevalencias de desnutrición crónica se mantienen o descienden, las de obesidad aumentan en todos los barrios. El análisis efectuado permite evaluar transformaciones del contexto de residencia de la población e identificar grupos vulnerables.(AU)
ABSTRACT Objective To assess nutritional condition in two cohorts (C) of children from households with different Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN) attending neighborhood schools in Puerto Madryn, Argentina. Methods A cross-sectional study on six to 11 year-old children attending seven neighborhood schools surveyed in the periods 2001-2006 (C1, n=2 040) and 2014-2016 (C2, n=1 696) was performed. Weight, height and body mass index were measured using the World Health Organization cut-off values for nutritional condition. Neighborhood structural poverty was determined with percent UBN from the 2001 and 2010 census. Chi2 was used to compare the prevalence of nutritional condition between C and UBN categories. Results In the seven neighborhoods analyzed, percent UBN was 0%-10% (n=3), 10%-25% (n=2) and 25%-50% (n=1), without changes in the period 2001-2010. In the remaining neighborhood, UBN increased from 25%-50% to >50%. The nutritional evaluation of children showed significant differences in the prevalence of obesity in most schools, while low height-for-age and overweight prevalence was significant only in one school. Comparison of C1 and C2 only showed significant differences in the prevalence of obesity. Conclusions Structural poverty rates in Puerto Madryn neighborhoods were mostly unchanged; however, the nutritional condition of children was different: while the prevalence of chronic malnutrition did not change or decreased, the prevalence of obesity increased in all neighborhoods. Our findings could help to determine changes in the context of resident population and identify vulnerable groups.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Pobreza , Estado Nutricional , Desnutrição/diagnóstico , Sobrepeso/diagnóstico , Argentina , Estudos Transversais/instrumentação , Estudos de CoortesRESUMO
We analyzed intestinal parasitic infections in children aged 1-12 years from a poor neighborhood in La Plata, Argentina, and determined the correlations with their nutritional status and socio-environmental conditions. We performed parasitological analyses with anal brushed technique (for Enterobius vermicularis eggs) and fecal samples, employing the techniques of Ritchie, Carles Barthelemy and Willis. The worm burdens of nematodes were estimated by means of Kato Katz technique. Low weight-for-age (underweight), height-for-age (stunting) and weight-for-height (wasting) were calculated based on the 5th centile of the WHO 2006 (children under 5) and CDC 2000 (older children and adolescents) growth references. We also analyzed samples of soil, water, and canine feces and surveyed other domestic and environmental data using structured questionnaires to each child's parents. To associate the parasitological, anthropometric and socio-environmental data, a categorical analysis of principal components (catPCA) was conducted. In the first axis of catPCA, the correlations among socio-environmental variables showed a gradient of "relative welfare". The eigenvectors showed the most influential variables in the analysis were promiscuity (0.0765), father's education (-0.741), crowding (0.727), wastewater disposal (-0.658), mother's education (-0.574), and flooding (-0.409). The 85% of children were parasitized and 79.6% polyparasitized. The 27.7% of children had deficit in some nutritional status indicator, being the stunting the most prevalent deficit (16.8%). There also found parasites in 42% of the dog feces, 53% of the soil samples, and non-pathogenic amoebae in the water samples. The SEV was mainly associated with geohelminths and stunting, especially among the poorest children. The study evidences that living conditions are variable within this population. Part of these variations could be linked to the differences in the extent to which parents are able to use their scant resources to influence their children's morbidity. Further studies need to be done from a qualitative approach.
Assuntos
Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Estado Nutricional , Canal Anal/parasitologia , Animais , Antropometria , Argentina/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Nematoides/classificação , Nematoides/isolamento & purificação , Parasitologia/métodos , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Environmental factors play an important role in the etiology of overweight (S) and obesity (O), constituting the "obesogenic environment". The objectives of the present study are: a) to estimate overweight and obesity prevalences in 3 to 14 years-old schoolchildren from Brandsen (Provincia de Buenos Aires), and b) to analyze the probability of occurrence of overweight and obesity in relation to the socioenvironmental conditions of resident. POPULATION AND METHODS: Weight and height were measured in 989 boys and girls aged 3 to 14 years. S and O were estimated following the criteria suggested by the International Obesity Task Force. The prevalences of S and O were compared between genders and ages. The socio- environmental information was gathered according to surveys and processed by Categorical Principal Components Analysis (catPCA). Generalized Linear Model (link logit) against the variables S and O was employed. RESULTS: S was found in 15,8% of schoolchildren and O in 7,2%. None significative statistics differences between both genders and ages, were found. The first axis of the catPCA discriminated the cases that presented better socio-environmental conditions with positive values and those with more unfavorable conditions with negatives values. Higher probability of obese children was associated with better socio-environmental conditions (higher educational level of parents, higher income and better access to public services), and higher probability of overweight children was associated with less favored environments. CONCLUSIONS: The schoolchildren population of Brandsen presents high overweight and obesity prevalences. The chance of presenting overweight is higher in children from households with adverse socio-environmental conditions. On the contrary, obese children are to be more found in households which have more favorable socio-environmental conditions.