A case of hepatitis-associated aplastic anaemia following living-donor liver transplantation for fulminant hepatitis showing loss of heterozygosity in the 6p chromosome in the affected liver.

The mechanisms underlying hepatitis-associated aplastic anaemia (HAAA) that occurs several weeks after the development of acute hepatitis are unknown. A 20-year-old male developed HAAA following living-donor liver transplantation for fulminant hepatitis. The patient's leucocytes lacked HLA-class I due to loss of heterozygosity in the short arm of chromosome 6p (6pLOH). Interestingly, the patient's liver cells resected during the transplantation also exhibited 6pLOH that affected the same HLA haplotype as the leucocytes, suggesting that CD8+ T cells recognizing antigens presented by specific HLA molecules on liver cells may have attacked the haematopoietic stem cells of the patient, leading to the HAAA development.

Exacerbation of immunoglobulin G4-related inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm after endovascular repair.

A 78-year-old male was admitted to our hospital with lumbar pain and was found to have an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and femoral artery aneurysm (FAA). Initially, the patient underwent endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) for the AAA and aneurysmectomy for the FAA. The FAA was diagnosed by histology as immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD). The preoperative serum IgG4 level was within the normal range, although a slight serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) elevation was observed. Four years later, the AAA-sac diameter had expanded and the serum levels of both IgG4 and IL-6 levels had increased. Six years after the initial EVAR, aneurysmorrhaphy of AAA-sac was performed. The resected specimen revealed adventitial fibrosis and prominent lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate with regulatory T cells, satisfying histological diagnostic criteria for IgG4-RD. Immunoreactive matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly MMP-2 and MMP-9, and IL-6 were detected within numerous spindle cells in the adventitia of both the FAA and the AAA-sac. Five months after the aneurysmorrhaphy, the residual AAA-sac was again enlarged with a thickened wall that accumulated [18 F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG-PET) on positron emission tomography; these findings were paralleled by increased levels of serum IgG4 and IL-6. Therefore, persistent inflammation after EVAR may be attributed to the inflammatory sequelae of IgG4-RD.

Clinicopathological features of immunoglobulin G4-related pleural lesions and diagnostic utility of pleural effusion cytology.

OBJECTIVE: Immunoglobulin (Ig)G4-related disease is a recently described systemic immune-mediated fibro-inflammatory disease that frequently occurs in tumorous form. Herein, we elucidated the clinicopathological and cytological characteristics of IgG4-related pleural lesions (PLs). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Among 22 patients with fibro-inflammatory PLs of idiopathic aetiology, eight cases were diagnosed as IgG4-PL and the remaining 14 as non-IgG4-PL according to comprehensive diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related disease. Cell block examination of pleural effusion (CBPE) was performed in five patients with IgG4-PL and in six with non-IgG4-PL. Both groups were compared in terms of clinical presentation, laboratory data, histopathological features of resected pleura, and cytological features of pleural effusion (PE). RESULTS: PE was the most common (six patients, 75%) clinical presentation of IgG4-PL. IgG4-PL comparatively showed significantly more frequent concomitant allergic disease (P = .021), higher serum IgE levels (P = .012), higher adenosine deaminase levels in pleural fluid (P = .005), and rare spontaneous recovery without treatment (P = .046). The IgG4-PL group was histologically characterised by thicker fibrous pleura, storiform fibrosis, and infiltration of regulatory T cells, eosinophils and basophils. Using CBPE, IgG4-PL was cytologically distinct with numerous IgG4+ cells and eosinophils. The cytology of CBPE positively correlated with the histology of pleural tissue in the number of IgG4+ cells and eosinophils (R = .769 and .803, respectively). CONCLUSION: IgG4-PL frequently presents with PE and is histologically and cytologically characterised by abundant infiltration of IgG4+ cells and eosinophils. We believe that CBPE with immunohistochemistry/special staining could assist in the auxiliary diagnosis of IgG4-PL.

Upregulated interleukins (IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13) in immunoglobulin G4-related aortic aneurysm patients.

OBJECTIVE: Immunoglobulin (Ig) G4-related aortic aneurysms (IgG4-AAs) are a special aortic aneurysm among IgG4-related diseases (IgG4-RDs), which are inflammatory and fibrous conditions characterized by tumorous swelling of affected organs and high serum IgG4 concentrations. Recently, IgG4-RD pathogenesis was shown to be associated with T-helper-2 (Th2) and regulatory T (Treg) dominant cytokine production, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and IL-13. IL-6 is a key proinflammatory cytokine contributing to lymphocyte and plasmacyte maturation and to atherosclerosis and aneurysm development. We serologically and histopathologically evaluated the cytokine profile in IgG4-AA patients. METHODS: Patients with IgG4-AAs (n = 10), non-IgG4-related inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms (non-IgG4-AAAs; n = 5), atherosclerotic AAAs (aAAAs; n = 10), and normal aortas without dilatation (n = 10) were examined for serum IL-10, IL-13, and IL-6 levels. Resected aortic tissues were evaluated for cluster of differentiation (CD) 34 (in the endothelial cells and mesenchymal cells) and CD163 (by macrophages) expression using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Serum IL-10 levels were rather higher in IgG4-AA patients (median, 1.3 pg/mL) than in non-IgG4-AAA and aAAA patients and in patients with normal aortas. Elevated serum IL-13 levels relative to standard values were detected in two IgG4-AA patients but not in the other groups. Cells immunopositive for IL-10 and IL-13 were more frequent in IgG4-AAs and significantly correlated with serum IgG4 levels. Serum IL-6 levels (median, 78.5 pg/mL) were also significantly higher in IgG4-AA patients than in non-IgG4-AAA and aAAA patients and control patients with normal aortas (P = .01, P = .001, and P = .004, respectively). They positively correlated with serum IgG4 levels and adventitial thickness, but other cytokines did not. The number of IL-6-immunopositive cells in the adventitia was significantly higher in IgG4-AA patients (median, 17.8/high-power field) than in aAAA patients or patients with normal aortas (P =.001 and P = .002, respectively). In situ hybridization confirmed frequent IL-6 messenger (m)RNA expression in the endothelium, mesenchymal cells, and histiocytes in IgG4-AA adventitia. In the same cells of IgG4-AAs, coexpression of IL-6 and CD34 mRNA or CD163 mRNA was detected. CONCLUSIONS: The cytokine profiles of IgG4-AA patients had two characteristics: local IL-10 and IL-13 upregulation in IgG4-AAs was related to Th2 and Treg-predominant cytokine balance, similar to other IgG4-RDs, and IL-6 upregulation in the adventitia was characterized by activated immune reactions in IgG4-AA patients. IL-6 synthesis, through contributions of mesenchymal cells and macrophages in the adventitia, is strongly involved in IgG4-AA pathogenesis or progression, or both.

Clinicopathological features of immunoglobulin G4-related constrictive pericarditis.

AIM: Constrictive pericarditis (CP) is characterised by scarring fibrosis and a loss of pericardial elasticity, which causes heart failure. IgG4 (immunoglobulin G4)-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic fibro-inflammatory disease characterised by the infiltration of IgG4-immunopositive plasmacytes and high serum IgG4 levels that frequently shape tumorous lesions. Although pericardial involvement of IgG4-RD is rare, with indications of CP, pericardial effusion and irregular masses, the clinical and pathological features remain unclear. In this study, we examined the relationship between CP and IgG4-RD. METHODS: Among 35 thick-walled CP cases (histologically pericardial thickening ≥2 mm), eight cases were aetiology identified. Using the diagnostic criteria for IgG4-RD, 11 cases were classified as IgG4-CP, whereas the remainder were considered true idiopathic CP (16 cases) and the clinical pathological features were evaluated. RESULTS: Compared with the other groups, the IgG4-CP group was more common in men and associated with low-grade fever and massive pericardial effusion with frequent recurrence. Deaths resulting from heart failure occurred in a few cases of the IgG4-CP group, but not in other groups. An increase in C-reactive protein and a high positivity rate of anti-nuclear antibodies frequently occurred in the IgG4-CP group. Histologically, the IgG4-CP group included lymphoid follicle, eosinophil infiltration and few calcifications. CONCLUSIONS: Pericardial IgG4-RD occurs not only as nodular lesions, but also as thick-walled CP, and accounts for approximately 40% of thick-walled CP cases of unknown cause. The predominant clinical characteristic was refractory and recurrent pericardial effusion. Recognising IgG4-RD as a cause of CP is important to initiate appropriate therapy.

Disordered Balance of T-Cell Subsets in Arterial Tertiary Lymphoid Organs in Immunoglobulin G4-Related Vascular Disease.

BACKGROUND: Arterial/aortic tertiary lymphoid organs (ATLOs), characterized by germinal centers, control local arterial immune responses. T follicular helper cells (Tfh), resident in germinal centers, regulate immunoglobulin production and germinal center development. They consist of Tfh1, Tfh2, and Tfh17 subsets. T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells possess suppressive functions as regulatory T cells and migrate into germinal centers. Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related diseases manifest in vascular lesions as frequently formed inflammatory aneurysms (IgG4-related abdominal aortic aneurysm [IgG4-AAAs]). IgG4-AAAs contain several ATLOs. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed whole-slide immunohistochemical image analysis in surgical specimens of IgG4-AAAs (n=21), non-IgG4-related inflammatory AAAs (n=17), atherosclerotic AAAs (n=10), and Takayasu arteritis (n=5). IgG4-AAA was characterized by numerous, large, irregular-shaped ATLOs, and higher numbers of Tfr and Tfh2 cells than Tfh1 cells were present compared with others. The morphologic abnormalities (in number, area, and form) of ATLOs in IgG4-AAAs and the increased number of Tfr cells are closely related to the activity of IgG4-related diseases. All T-cell subsets were more enriched within ATLOs than outside ATLOs. In particular, an increase in Tfr cells in IgG4-AAAs was associated with ATLO formation. Increased Tfh17 cells were found in Takayasu arteritis, and atherosclerotic AAA and non-IgG4-related inflammatory AAAs were characterized by increased Tfh1 cells. CONCLUSIONS: In the classification of vascular lesions, considering the imbalance in T-cell subsets, IgG4-AAA should be positioned as adventitial vasculitis with predominant Tfr and Tfh2 cells, accompanied by the abnormal appearance of ATLOs.

Expression of 5α-reductase in apocrine carcinoma of the breast and its correlation with clinicopathological aggressiveness.

AIMS: Apocrine carcinomas of the breast frequently lack oestrogen and progesterone receptors and often express androgen receptor. However, little is known about the role of androgen in apocrine carcinoma. Androgen-producing enzymes, such as 5α-reductase (5αR), which converts testosterone locally to the potent androgen dihydrotestosterone, have recently gained attention in studies of the intratumoural actions of androgens. The goal of this study was to examine 5αR expression and its relationship to other clinicopathological factors in apocrine carcinoma. METHODS AND RESULTS: Of 48 cases of infiltrating apocrine carcinoma, 30 cases (62.5%) were immunopositive for 5αR. Twenty-seven of the 5αR-positive cases were also positive for androgen receptor. In comparison to 5αR-negative cases, 5αR-positive cases showed clinicopathological aggressiveness characterized by significantly larger infiltrating tumour size (P = 0.001), higher frequency of lymphatic (P = 0.029) and vascular invasion (P = 0.009), higher histological grade (P = 0.048) and shorter recurrence-free survival time (P = 0.047). No significant differences in nuclear grade, hormonal receptors, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) or p53 protein were detected between two groups. All five cases of intraductal apocrine carcinoma lacked 5αR. CONCLUSION: Approximately 60% of infiltrating apocrine carcinomas were immunopositive for 5αR. The 5αR-positive apocrine carcinomas were clinicopathologically more aggressive than 5αR-negative cases. Our findings suggest that autocrine androgen synthesis accelerates tumour aggressiveness in apocrine carcinoma.

[Clinical evaluation of a novel multiplex HPV genotyping reagent using the luminex xMAP technology].

Of the more than 100 strains of human papillomavirus (HPV) reported to date, 13 strains are clinically significant due to the highly associated risk of cervical cancer. HPV test reagents are currently being developed to aid detection of these strains. The present study compared a novel HPV genotyping reagent using a Luminex device, which enables simultaneous quantitation of multiple targets using fluorescent beads, and gene-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction (Luminex method) with approved in vitro diagnostics. Subjects comprised 256 patients examined at our hospital for either secondary cervical cancer testing or follow-up (mean age, 40 years; age range, 20-85 years) and specimens were obtained using a cervical brush and lavage fluid. The HPV-positive rate with the Luminex method was 51.4%(132/256), of which single and multiple strain infections constituted 65.9% (87/132) and 34.1% (45/132), respectively. Correlation testing of 50 positive and 50 negative Luminex method specimens was conducted using the HPV DNA Hybrid Capture II (HCII), revealing high overall (97%[97/100]), positive(100% [47/47]) and negative(94.3% [50/53]) concordance rates. Correlation was also high for the Clinichip HPV (Clinichip), with overall, positive and negative concordance rates of 98% (98/100), 100%(48/48) and 96.2%(50/52), respectively. Furthermore, the detection concordance rate with the Clinichip was 95.8% (46/48). Sequencing of the seven specimens showing result discrepancies (HCII, n = 3; Clinichip, n = 4) confirmed concordance with the Luminex method results in all cases, indicating the validity of the present method. The present findings suggest that the Luminex method has sufficient response capability for clinical application.

The disturbance of the distribution of T helper cell subsets in the mantle area surrounding germinal centers in immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing sialadenitis.

The function of germinal centers (GCs) is an important factor in the pathogenesis of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related disease, in which inflammatory and fibrotic processes are controlled by type 2 helper T (Th) cells and regulatory T cells. T follicular helper cells (Tfh), which are present in GCs, regulate GC development, and they consist of Tfh1, Tfh2, and Tfh17 subsets. This study examined the association of Th cell subsets in IgG4-RD and pathogenesis of the disease using whole-slide image analysis for immunohistochemistry. IgG4-related sclerosing sialadenitis (IgG4-SS, n = 19) was characterized by higher numbers of Tfh2 and Tfh17 cells than Tfh1 cells compared to the findings in patients with chronic sialadenitis (n = 18) or Sjögren syndrome (n = 17). The number of Tfh2 cells was significantly associated with all parameters of GC structures and the number of IgG4 + plasmacytes, whereas the number of Tfh1 cells was inversely associated with the aforementioned parameters. Concerning extrafollicular helper T (Teh) cells, among three groups, the Tfh2/Teh2 ratio was highest and the Tfh1/Teh1 ratio was lowest in the IgG4-SS group, which exhibited a characteristically regional distribution of Tfh and Teh subsets, especially higher numbers of Teh2 cells and lower numbers of Teh1 cells in the mantle areas surrounding GCs. Mantle Teh2 cells and central Tfh17 cells were significantly correlated with morphological abnormalities of GCs. Our results indicated that the peculiar regional distribution and altered balance of Tfh and Teh subsets are novel hallmarks of IgG4-SS that are associated with GC formation in IgG4-SS.

Cooperative action of gut-microbiota-accessible carbohydrates improves host metabolic function.

Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs) exert health-promoting effects, but how each MAC impacts gut microbiota and regulates host physiology remains unclear. Here, we show that l-arabinose and sucrose cooperatively act on gut microbiota and exert anti-obesogenic effects. Specifically, l-arabinose, a monosaccharide that is poorly absorbed in the gut and inhibits intestinal sucrase, suppresses diet-induced obesity in mice in the presence of sucrose. Additionally, the suppressive effect of l-arabinose on adiposity is abrogated in mice lacking the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) receptors GPR43 and GPR41. Mechanistically, l-arabinose increases the relative abundance of acetate and propionate producers (e.g., Bacteroides), while sucrose enhances SCFA production. Furthermore, l-arabinose and sucrose activate the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways of Bacteroides, respectively, indicating that they synergistically promote acetate production through distinct pathways. These findings suggest that each MAC has a unique property and thus may serve as a precision gut-microbiota modulator to promote host homeostasis.

Regional disturbance of the distribution of T regulatory cells and T helper cells associated with irregular-shaped germinal centers in immunoglobulin G4-related sialadenitis.

Although many germinal centers (GCs) have been reported in immunoglobulin (Ig) G4-related disease, the significance of GCs in IgG4-related disease has not received attention. Both T follicular regulatory cells (Tfr), which are regulatory T cells (Treg) in GCs, and T follicular helper cells (Tfh) produce the cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 and regulate GC development. In whole-slide image analysis in surgical specimens using immunohistochemistry, IgG4-related sclerosing sialadenitis (IgG4-SS, n = 17) was characterized by markedly numerous, large, and irregular-shaped GCs with increased IL-10 + cells and Tfr and Tfh in the total area of the salivary gland compared with controls, including patients with chronic sialadenitis (n = 17) and Sjögren syndrome (n = 15). In particular, the central area of GC in IgG4-SS showed a higher Tfr number and Tfr/Tfh ratio than controls. The number of Tfr in the central area was significantly correlated with the number of IgG4 + plasmacytes and the number, size, and irregularity of GCs. In the mantle area, which surrounds GCs, IgG4-SS showed a higher Treg number and Treg/T helper cells (Th) ratio than controls. In IgG4-SS, the Treg/Th ratio was highest in the mantle area outside GCs and the Tfr/Tfh ratio was highest in the central area inside GCs. However, in controls, the Treg/Th ratio gradually decreased from outside to inside GCs. Our findings reveal that the morphological abnormality of GCs and the characteristic localization and altered balance of Treg and Th in the different compartments of inside and outside GCs would be the novel hallmarks of IgG4-SS.

Matrix proteins of basement membrane of intrahepatic bile ducts are degraded in congenital hepatic fibrosis and Caroli's disease.

Congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF) and Caroli's disease are though to result from ductal plate malformation, and the basal laminar components play important roles in biliary differentiation during development. To clarify the involvement of basal laminar components in the ductal plate malformation, this study examined the immunohistochemical expression of laminin and type IV collagen in the livers of CHF and Caroli's disease. Using the polycystic kidney (PCK) rat, an animal model of Caroli's disease with CHF, in vivo and in vitro experiments were also performed. Immunostaining showed that basement membrane expression of laminin and type IV collagen around intrahepatic bile ducts was degraded in CHF, Caroli's disease, and the PCK rats. The degradation of laminin and type IV collagen around bile ducts was also observed in foci of cholangiocarcinoma in situ of Caroli's disease. In vitro, PCK cholangiocytes were found to overexpress plasminogen and a serine proteinase, the tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). When PCK cholangiocytes were cultured in Matrigel, the amounts of laminin and collagen in the gel were significantly reduced, and addition of alpha2-antiplasmin in the culture medium inhibited the degradation of laminin and collagen in Matrigel. These results suggest that biliary overexpression of plasminogen and tPA leads to the generation of excessive amounts of plasmin, and subsequent plasmin-dependent lysis of the extracellular matrix molecules may contribute to the biliary dysgenesis in CHF and Caroli's disease, including progressive cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts in Caroli's disease. In addition, it is suggested that once cholangiocarcinoma in situ develops in the biliary epithelium of CHF and Caroli's disease, it tends to transform into invasive carcinoma, due to instability of the basement membrane of the bile ducts.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by biliary innate immunity contributes to the sclerosing cholangiopathy of biliary atresia.

Infections of Reoviridae consisting of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome and the biliary innate immune response to dsRNA are implicated in the aetiopathogenesis of biliary atresia (BA). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has recently been proposed as a mechanism behind the sclerosing cholangitis in BA. We hypothesized that the innate immune response to dsRNA in biliary epithelial cells plays an important role in peribiliary fibrosis via biliary EMT. Experiments using cultured human biliary epithelial cells revealed that stimulation with poly(I : C) (a synthetic analogue of viral dsRNA) increased the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, an EMT-inducer), S100A4 (a mesenchymal marker) and Snail (a transcriptional factor), and decreased that of epithelial markers (biliary-type cytokeratin 19 and E-cadherin) and Bambi (TGF-beta1 pseudoreceptor). The expression of TGF-beta1 (EMT-inducer) and vimentin (a mesenchymal marker) was not affected by poly(I : C). Both EMT-inducers, bFGF and TGF-beta1, evoked a decrease and increase in the expression of the epithelial markers and of vimentin respectively, and the expression of Bambi was down-regulated on stimulation with bFGF. Combined treatment with bFGF and TGF-beta1 quickly and completely induced a transformation of morphology as well as change from epithelial to mesenchymal features in cultured biliary epithelial cells. Immunohistochemistry revealed that biliary epithelial cells lining extrahepatic bile ducts and peribiliary glands in BA frequently show a lack of epithelial markers and an aberrant expression of vimentin. Moreover, the biliary epithelium showing sclerosing cholangitis expressed bFGF accompanied by bFGF-positive mononuclear cells. In conclusion, the EMT may contribute to the histogenesis of sclerosing cholangiopathy, and the biliary innate immune response to dsRNA viruses induces biliary epithelial cells to undergo EMT via the production of bFGF and the increased susceptibility to TGF-beta1 caused by the down-regulation of Bambi expression.

Synthesis of acinetobactin.

A structure involving the absolute configuration of acinetobactin (1b) was clarified. It was reconfirmed that preacinetobactin (1a) produced 1b by a rearrangement reaction.

Adventitial matrix metalloproteinase production and distribution of immunoglobulin G4-related abdominal aortic aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: IgG4-related diseases are systemic inflammatory fibrous lesions characterized by elevated serum IgG4 and infiltration of IgG4-positive plasmacytes. They can manifest in vascular lesions as frequently formed aneurysms with prominent thickening of the adventitia (IgG4-related abdominal aortic aneurysm; IgG4-AAA). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade the extracellular matrix, mainly in the tunica media, resulting in destruction of aortic structures to cause enlargement of the aneurysm. However, the expression of adventitial MMPs in IgG4-AAAs is poorly understood. METHODS: MMPs and MMPs-presenting cells in the adventitia of IgG4-AAAs (n = 19) of human surgical specimens were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and dual messenger RNA in situ hybridization. The results were compared with those from control groups of non-IgG4-related inflammatory AAA (n = 18), atherosclerotic AAA (aAAA; n = 11), and autopsy cases (n = 11). Preoperative serum MMPs levels of these groups were compared with the histologic data. RESULTS: Expression of MMP-9, MMP-2, and MMP-14 at the protein and messenger RNA levels in the adventitia was significantly higher in IgG4-AAAs than in controls. Other MMPs were scarce. The total number of MMP-9-positive cells was positively correlated with the diameter of the aneurysm (R = 0.461; P = .031), the adventitial thickness (R = 0.688; P < .001), and the number of IgG4-positive cells (R = 0.764; P < .001). Within lymphoid follicles, MMP-9-presenting cells were predominantly detected in large follicular dendritic cells, followed by histiocytes, fibroblasts, and plasmacytic dendritic cells. Outside lymphoid follicles, fibroblasts, and histiocytes mainly expressed MMP-9, and tissue dendritic cells also produced MMP-9. The levels of MMP-9 derived from follicular dendritic cells and histiocytes and plasmacytic dendritic cells outside lymphoid follicles were significantly higher in IgG4-AAA group than in other groups. Expression of adventitial MMP-2 and MMP-14 by histiocytes and fibroblasts was predominantly detected outside lymphoid follicles. Serum MMP-9 levels were significantly higher in IgG4-AAAs (835 ng/mL) than in controls, and correlated with serum IgG4 levels and the total numbers of adventitial MMP-9-positive cells, whereas serum MMP-2 levels did not differ among the three aneurysmal groups. CONCLUSIONS: MMP-9 production in adventitial immune cells concerning lymphoid follicles was characteristic of IgG4-AAAs and might work in its activity with aneurysmal dilatation and adventitial thickening. Expressions of adventitial MMP-2 and MMP-14 were detected in histiocytes and fibroblasts outside lymphoid follicles, and were less concerned with the activity of IgG4-AAAs.

Bone marrow-derived cells from male donors can compose endometrial glands in female transplant recipients.

OBJECTIVE: For continuous regeneration of human endometrium in menstrual cycles, endometrial stem cells are assumed to supply differentiating endometrial glandular cells. To elucidate the origin of endometrial stem cells, we examined the presence of donor-derived cells in endometria from patients who received bone marrow transplantation from male donors. STUDY DESIGN: Endometrial specimens biopsied after hormone replacement therapy were obtained and examined using fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis targeting X or Y chromosomes. RESULTS: All recipients had donor-derived Y chromosome-positive endometrial cells, accounting for 0.6-8.4% of glandular epithelial cells and 8.2-9.8% of stromal cells. Most of the endometrial glands were chimeric, consisting of both donor-derived and recipient cells. CONCLUSION: Donor-derived cells are capable of composing endometrium in recipients, even those of the opposite sex. These results suggest unexpected plasticity of bone marrow stem cells as well as a potential origin of endometrial stem cells.

Fine needle aspiration cytology findings of myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma: A case report.

Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS) is rare low-grade soft-tissue tumor that occurs in extremities. Clinically it is difficult to differentiate from benign lesions, such as nodular fasciitis, and malignant tumors, such as liposarcoma. We report a case of MIFS in the forearm of a 34-year-old man. The resected tumor measured 5.3 × 2.7 × 2.5 cm3 , had a lobular structure with indistinct boundary, and consisted of a large amount of translucent and yellow mucous-like substrate. Cytological examination of a preoperative puncture aspiration specimen showed histiocyte- and fibroblast-like tumor cells in a mucous-like matrix together with scattered lipoblast- and ganglion-like cells. Nuclear chromatin of the tumor cells showed a fine granular appearance but no notable hyperchromasia. There were no clear malignant findings. On Giemsa staining of the tumor cells, there were fine granular and hyaline intracytoplasmic substances that showed purple to reddish-purple metachromaticity. Prominent inflammatory cells were not observed in the specimens. MIFS should be considered in the differential diagnosis for a myxoid tumor in the extremities.

Expression of aberrant mucins in lobular carcinoma with histiocytoid feature of the breast.

The clinicopathological profiles of histiocytoid carcinoma of the breast have not been well examined because of their rarity and heterogenous groups of ductal and lobular origin. A large foamy or granular cytoplasm of histiocytoid carcinoma was characterized by abundant mucin, but the properties of mucin in histiocytoid carcinoma have also not been well investigated. We selected eight cases of histiocytoid features of invasive lobular carcinoma (HLC) and compared with 14 age- and tumor size-matched cases of classical invasive lobular carcinoma (CLC). Mucin profiles were significantly different between the two groups: a fair number of HLC cases were immunopositive for MUC2 and MUC5AC (75 and 50%, respectively); in contrast, almost all CLC cases showed both as negative. Both groups were immunopositive for MUC1 and negative for MUC4 and MUC6. The prognosis of HLC was significantly worse than CLC; HLC showed shorter disease-free time than CLC (p=0.0262). In particular, HLC with MUC2 and MUC5AC expressions showed significantly shorter disease-free time and survival time than lobular carcinoma without the expressions of MUC2 and MUC5AC (p=0.0055 and p=0.0060, respectively). Therefore, the expression of 'non-mammary mucins', such as MUC2 and MUC5AC in HLC, is characteristic and indicates the more malignant transformation of tumor cells and poorer prognosis.

Activation of ERK/IER3/PP2A-B56γ-positive feedback loop in lung adenocarcinoma by allelic deletion of B56γ gene.

In order to investigate the involvement of the IER3/PP2A-B56γ/ERK-positive feedback loop, which leads to sustained phosphorylation/activation of ERK in carcinogenesis, we immunohistochemically examined the expression of IER3 and phosphorylated ERK in lung tumor tissues. IER3 was overexpressed in all cases of adenocarcinomas examined, but was not overexpressed in squamous cell carcinomas. Phosphorylated ERK (pERK) was also overexpressed in almost all adenocarcinomas. EGFR and RAS, whose gene product is located upstream of ERK, were sequenced. Activating mutation of EGFR, which is a possible cause of overexpression of IER3 and pERK, was found only in 5 adenocarcinomas (42%). No mutation of RAS was found. We further examined the sequences of all exons of B56γ gene (PPP2R5C) and IER3, but no mutation was found. Using a single nucleotide insertion in intron 1 of PPP2R5C, which was found in the process of sequencing, allelic deletion of PPP2R5C was examined. Eight cases were informative (67%), and the deletion was found in 4 of them (50%). Three cases having deletion of PPP2R5C did not have EGFR mutation. Finally, PPP2R5C deletion or EGFR mutation that could be responsible for IER3/pERK overexpression was found in at least 8 cases (67% or more). This is the first report of a high incidence of deletion of PPP2R5C in human carcinomas.

Cytologic features of nipple adenoma: a report of four cases of adenoma of the nipple.

We report four cases of adenoma of the nipple, a rare benign epithelial benign tumor occurring under the nipple and areola. Clinically, erosion findings of the nipple require discrimination from Paget's disease. In addition, a mass found in the nipple warrants discrimination from ductal carcinoma. Two cases underwent aspiration biopsy cytology and the other underwent tumor imprint cytology, respectively, revealing a large number of epithelial cell populations in the necrotic background material. These large cell clusters had a papillary or sheet structure and exhibited decreased cell cohesiveness at the cluster part. In addition, small clusters and solitary epithelial cells were also present. Furthermore, a two-cell pattern comprising both duct epithelial and myoepithelial cells was observed in the cell clusters. Two other cases underwent nipple brush cytology, revealing a few small papillary clusters with isolated epithelial cells in the hemorrhagic background. The clusters appeared as benign duct proliferative lesions such as papilloma, papillomatosis, and adenosis. An accurate diagnosis warrants the recognition of regular nuclei with bland chromatin and myoepithelial cells and the identification of the lesion location.