Cardioprotective effects of H3 receptor activation could be double-sided: insights from isoproterenol-induced cardiac injury.

Histamine H3 receptors (H3Rs) are known to modulate neurotransmitter release in the nervous system, but their role in cardiac injury remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the cardioprotective role of H3Rs in a mouse model of myocardial injury. Forty BALB/c male mice were divided into four groups: Control (SF), Isoproterenol (ISO), Imetit (IMT), and IMT + ISO. The IMT and IMT + ISO groups were pretreated orally with 10 mg/kg imetit-dihydrobromide(imetit) for 7 days. In the last 2 days, the ISO and IMT + ISO groups received a subcutaneous injection of 85 mg/kg isoproterenol to induce myocardial ischemia. Electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings were obtained, and heart tissues were analyzed histopathologically. The results demonstrated that the administration of imetit resulted in the prolongation of the PR interval in the IMT group. QRS and QT intervals were prolonged in the ISO group. The J-wave area in the ISO group was significantly larger than in the other groups. Histopathological analyses revealed the presence of small vacuoles, inflammatory cell infiltration, and collagen aggregates in cardiomyocytes in the ISO group. No significant cellular changes were observed in the IMT group, in contrast. The IMT + ISO group exhibited fewer ischemic findings than the ISO group. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed positive H3R immunoreactivity in all groups. Imetit pretreatment increased the immunoreactivity of H3Rs in both the IMT and IMT + ISO groups. The findings of this study suggest that H3Rs may be present on the postsynaptic side in cardiac myocytes, in addition to adrenergic presynaptic nerve endings. Furthermore, imetit has been found to significantly reduce the effects of myocardial ischemia by activating H3Rs. The better characterization of the postsynaptic role of H3Rs offers potential for the development of new therapeutic strategies.

The effect of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on the management of differentiated thyroid cancer in Turkey: a single tertiary centre experience.

PURPOSE: Many countries have implemented unprecedented health measures since the World Health Organisation declared the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a global pandemic. These measures have resulted in delays in the diagnosis of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). However, there is limited data on the impact of restrictions imposed during the pandemic on DTC management. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyse the clinicopathological and follow-up data of DTC patients diagnosed before and during the COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS: This retrospective study included 191 DTC patients that were diagnosed between December 2018 and June 2021. The patients were divided into two groups: patients diagnosed before (December 2018 to February 2020) and during (March 2020 to June 2021) the COVID-19 pandemic. The clinicopathological and follow-up data between the two groups were compared. RESULTS: Similar preoperative cytology results were obtained from the two groups. No difference with regard to tumour size, lymphovascular invasion and extrathyroidal invasion was observed between the two groups. While the American Thyroid Association risk stratification was similar between the two groups, radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy was applied less during the COVID-19 period. Although RAI therapy was administered at a lower rate during the COVID-19 period, the recurrence rates among patients after two years of follow-up were similar to those during the pre-COVID-19 period. CONCLUSION: Although the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions during the pandemic period caused difficulties in the management of DTC patients, this did not negatively affect their prognosis. These findings can confirm the applicability of active surveillance in DTC patients and may help change the real-life treatment practices in selected low-risk DTC patients.

The predictive value of hematologic parameters in the risk of thyroid malignancy in cases with atypia/follicular lesion of undetermined significance.

BACKGROUND: Atypia/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) is still the most challenging category in the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and mean platelet volume (MPV) in predicting malignancy in cases with AUS/FLUS nodules. METHODS: A total of 200 patients with AUS/FLUS nodules who underwent thyroidectomy were included in this study. Preoperative hemogram parameters, ultrasonographic findings, fine-needle aspiration results, and postoperative final histopathological diagnoses of the patients were recorded retrospectively. RESULTS: Thyroid malignancies were detected in 122 of the patients (61.0%). Patients in the benign group (BG) were older than those in the malignancy group (MG) (52.0 ± 11.3 vs. 45.9 ± 12.3 years, p < 0.001). The median TSH values of the two groups were comparable. Statistically significant differences were obtained between the two groups in respect of mean WBC of 7.53 ± 1.44 in MG and 6.87 ± 1.35 (103/mm3) in BG, mean neutrophil of 4.65 ± 1.12 in MG and 3.95 ± 0.99 (103/mm3) in BG, and median NLR of 2.18 (0.71-4.57) in MG and 1.75 (0.80-3.42) in BG (p < 0.001). The median PLR and MPV values of the two groups were similar. When NLR cut-off point was designated as 2.24, the accuracy of NLR in distinguishing malignancy from the benign condition was 0.65 in ROC analysis (area under the curve, 0.665; specificity, 0.808; sensitivity, 0.492). CONCLUSION: High NLR values may provide limited help in predicting thyroid malignancy in the AUS/FLUS nodule population, while PLR and MPV are not reliable parameters.

Classical heart rate variability and nonlinear heart rate analysis in mice under Napentobarbital and ketamine/xylazine anesthesia.

BACKGROUND: Anesthetics are often used in animal experiments to achieve immobilization and relieve pain. However, many anesthetics can alter the dynamics of cardiovascular systems. We aimed to compare the effects of two frequently used anesthetics agents on heart rate variability (HRV) parameters in mice. METHODS: This observational study was performed between May and June 2014 in 21 male BALB/c mice aged 16-20 weeks. The animals were divided into three groups: pentobarbital (P), (n = 7); pentobarbital+fentanyl (P+F), (n = 7); and ketamine+xylazine (K+X), (n = 7). Surface electrocardiography (ECG) electrodes were placed in lead II configuration. The tachogram of RR intervals was obtained after R waves were detected using the Pan-Tompkins real-time QRS recognition algorithm. Frequency-domain, time-domain, and nonlinear HRV analyses were performed. RESULTS: The bradycardia effect was higher in the K+X group (p < 0.01). Time-domain indices were higher in group K+X compared to group P (p < 0.01) and group P+F (p < 0.001). Very low frequency (VLF) power was significantly lower in group K+X compared to group P and group P+F (p < 0.01). Low frequency (LF) power, low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio, and total power (TP) were higher in group K+X compared to group P (p < 0.01) and group P+F (p < 0.001). The detrended fluctuation analysis short-term parameter (DFAα1 ) was significantly higher in group K+X compared to group P+F (p < 0.05) and the long-term parameter (DFAα2 ) was lower in group K+X compared to group P (p < 0.05). Standard deviations SD1 and SD2 were higher in group K+X compared to group P (p < 0.001) and group P+F (p < 0.001), SD2/SD1 ratio was lower in group K+X compared to group P (p < 0.05) and group P+F (p < 0.05). Entropy measures did not differ between groups. DISCUSSION: HRV analyses, including nonlinear methods, indicated that a K+X combination reduces imbalance and disorder in the regulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in comparison to both P and the P+F combination.

Tumor Volume Can Be Used as a Parameter Indicating the Severity of Disease in Parathyroid Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether tumor volume and tumor size are related to disease severity in parathyroid cancer (PC). METHODS: Patients treated for PC at our institution were retrospectively identified. Data were collected about clinical and pathologic characteristics, laboratory parameters, tumor volume, recurrence, metastasis, and mortality. Correlation analysis was applied to laboratory parameters, tumor volume, and tumor size in PC patients. RESULTS: The study included 20 patients diagnosed with PC at our center. The median follow-up was 33 months. Serum calcium (median, 12.5 mg/dL), serum parathormone (PTH) (median, 743 pg/mL), and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (median, 298 U/L) levels were found to be increased, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[0H)D) (median, 12.3 ng/mL) and serum phosphorus (median, 2.1 mg/dL) levels were decreased. Magnesium level was within normal limits (median, 1.9 mg/dL). The median tumor volume was 5.7 mL and median tumor size was 2.5 cm. Significant positive correlations were found between tumor volume and calcium, ALP, and PTH levels. A significant negative correlation was found between tumor volume and 25(OH)D level. There were no significant correlations between tumor size and calcium, ALP, PTH, and 25(OH)D. CONCLUSION: These results found that the tumor volume affected PTH, calcium, ALP, and 25(OH)D levels. The morbidity and mortality associated with PC were usually associated with PTH secretion and hypercalcemia. Therefore, tumor volume may be a more effective parameter than tumor size when evaluating the severity of disease.

The Effects of Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis on Clinicopathologic Factors in Papillary Thyroid Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the impact of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) on clinicopathologic parameters, prognostic outcome, and initial treatment responses in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of 1409 patients with PTC, comprising 443 patients with pathology-proven PTC with CLT and 447 patients with PTC without CLT. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 58 months (range, 8-380 months), and the median age at the time of diagnosis was 43 years. The age at diagnosis was significantly lower in patients with CLT than in those without CLT (42 years vs 45 years, respectively; P = .001). The preoperative thyroid-stimulating hormone level was found to be significantly higher in patients with CLT than in those without CLT (1.71 mIU/L vs 1.28 mIU/L, respectively; P < .001). Multifocality and capsular, lymphovascular, and perineural invasion were detected at a higher rate in the group with CLT than in the group without CLT (P = .015, P = .024, P = .004, and P = .039, respectively). No difference was found between the 2 groups in terms of tumor size, bilaterality, extrathyroidal invasion, lymph node metastasis, disease stage, or response to treatment (P > .05). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study demonstrated that the coexistence of PTC and CLT is very frequent. Patients with the coexistence of PTC and CLT were diagnosed at a younger age, and the thyroid-stimulating hormone level was higher in these patients. Contrary to previous studies, no positive effect of the CLT and PTC combination was detected on any clinicopathologic factor. In addition, lymphovascular and perineural invasions, which had negative effects on prognosis, were more common in the group with CLT.

The Evaluation of Low- and High-Dose Steroid Treatments in Subacute Thyroiditis: A Retrospective Observational Study.

OBJECTIVE: The optimal steroid regimen in the treatment of subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is controversial. This study aims to compare low- and high-dose steroid regimens in the treatment of SAT. METHODS: A single-center, retrospective observational cohort study with up to 1 year of follow-up was conducted. A total of 44 patients in the 16-mg methylprednisolone (MPS) group and 47 patients in the 48-mg MPS group were enrolled. Clinical and laboratory findings from the time of diagnosis to 1-year of the follow-up were assessed. Treatment response, recurrence, and hypothyroidism (HPT) rates were evaluated. RESULTS: Clinical symptoms, sedimentation rates, C-reactive protein, and thyroid hormone levels of the patients were similar in the 2 groups. Recovery was achieved in all patients at the end of the treatments; however, treatment duration needed to be extended for 6 (13.6%) and 1 (2.1%) of the patients in the 16-mg and 48-mg MPS groups, respectively. The 48-mg MPS group had a higher SAT recurrence rate than the 16-mg MPS group (P = .04). Logistic regression analysis suggested that a lower thyroid-stimulating hormone level at the end of the treatment was a predictor of recurrence (ß = -0.544, P = .014, 95% CI: 0.376-0.895). While the transient HPT rate was 10 (21.3%) and 10 (22.7%) in the 48-mg and 16-mg MPS groups, respectively, a permanent HPT developed in 5 (10.6%) of patients in the 48-mg MPS and 3 (6.8%) in the 16-mg MPS group. The permanent and transient HPT rates were determined to be similar in the low- and high-dose groups (P > .05). CONCLUSION: Low-dose steroid therapy may be sufficient to achieve a complete recovery and better outcomes in SAT.

Residual Pyramidal Lobe Increases Stimulated Thyroglobulin and Decreases Endogenous Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Stimulation in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of pyramidal lobe remnants after total thyroidectomy (TT) and the effect on stimulated thyroglobulin (Tg). METHODS: The study included 1740 differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients who were followed up by our center. The department database was searched to identify DTC patients with residual pyramidal lobe after TT. All postoperative technetium-99m pertechnetate thyroid scintigraphy images were re-evaluated for pyramidal lobe residue. Serum stimulated Tg and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels measured within the first 6 months after TT were retrieved from the database. RESULTS: Pyramidal lobe residue was detected in 10.4% of the patients who underwent TT. Evidence of the pyramidal lobe was present on preoperative ultrasonography in 1.6% of the patients with residual pyramidal lobe. Stimulated Tg in patients with pyramidal lobe residue was significantly higher than that in patients without residue (P = .01). Endogenous stimulated TSH in patients with residual pyramidal lobe was significantly lower than that in patients without residue (P = .036). In 5.7% of patients with pyramidal lobe residue, a TSH level of >30 mIU/L was not achieved, which was a significantly higher rate than that in patients without pyramidal lobe residue (P = .034) and is the level required for maximum radioiodine uptake. CONCLUSION: Pyramidal lobe residue was found in almost 10% of DTC patients. The pyramidal lobe is often missed on preoperative ultrasonography. Residual pyramidal lobe increased stimulated Tg and decreased endogenous stimulated TSH. Residual pyramidal lobe may complicate the follow-up of DTC patients.

Impact of high visceral adiposity index associated with metabolic syndrome on erectile function in sexually active men: Results of a cross-sectional study.

AIMS: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common condition affected by many factors. We aimed to show the impact of the metabolic syndrome (MeTS) on male sexual function based on visceral adiposity index (VAI). METHODS: Participants who met MeTS criteria (Group 1, n = 96) and did not meet MeTS criteria (Group 2, n = 189) were included in this cross-sectional study. The MeTS diagnosis was made in the presence of at least 3 of the following criteria: fasting serum glucose level higher than 100 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol level below 40 mg/dL, triglyceride level higher than 150 mg/dL, waist circumference higher than 102 cm and blood pressure higher than 130/85 mmHg. Demographic data were recorded; biochemical and hormonal tests were measured. Erectile and other sexual function scores were recorded. The VAI was calculated using the [(Waist Circumference/39.68) + (1.88 × body mass index)] × triglyceride/1.03 × 1.31/HDL formula. RESULTS: Mean age, smoking volume, testosterone (T) and testosterone/estradiol (T/E2 ) ratios of the groups were similar (P > .05). The mean VAI was two-fold higher in patients in Group 1 (P < .001) and erectile function score was lower in Group 1 than Group 2 (P = .001). Other sexual function scores were similar (P > .05). The METS was associated with an increased risk of ED (P = .001). Logistic regression analysis showed that each integer increase in the VAI was associated with a 1.4-fold increased risk of ED (P < .001). Higher T values were associated with a better erectile function (P = .03). For the VAI = 4.33, receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed a sensitivity of 89.6% and specificity of 57.7%. CONCLUSION: Compared with non-MeTS, the presence of MeTS has emerged as a risk factor for patients with ED with high VAI levels while the other sexual functions are preserved. Management of ED patients with MeTS should cover a comprehensive metabolic and endocrinological evaluation in addition to andrological work up.

The visceral adiposity index, lipid accumulation product, and plasma atherogenic index are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with newly diagnosed acromegaly.

BACKGROUND: Acromegaly is a rare chronic endocrine disorder, the active form of which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in acromegaly patients are important in terms of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine whether the visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and plasma atherogenic index (PAI) are early cardiovascular risk markers in patients with active acromegaly. METHODS: The study included 45 patients newly diagnosed with acromegaly and 45 age-sex matched healthy control subjects. The VAI, LAP, and PAI values were calculated, and carotid artery intima media thickness (CIMT) was measured in both the patients and control groups. RESULTS: The PAI, VAI, LAP, and CIMT values were significantly higher in patients with acromegaly compared with the control subjects (p < 0.004, p < 0.027, p <0.012, and p <0.001, respectively). In the patient group, a significant positive correlation was found between the growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels, and between the VAI, LAP and PAI values. A significant positive correlation was determined between CIMT and LAP values in the patient group. DISCUSSION: CIMT is a noninvasive method used to show early atherosclerosis. However, it is operator dependent. Therefore, VAI, LAP and PAI can be used as noninvasive, simple measurement methods to evaluate early atherosclerosis in patients with acromegaly.

The effects of salt consumption habits on iodine status and thyroid functions during pregnancy

Background/aim: Iodine is the basic substrate for thyroid hormone synthesis and is vital for the general population and especially pregnant women. Iodine deficiency may cause severe health problems for a foetus. This study aimed to determine the relationship, if any, between iodine level and thyroid function tests, and to determine the relationship between consumption of salt types and its effects on thyroid function tests in the first trimester of pregnancy. Materials and methods: Three hundred and six pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy, who had known no thyroid disease history and had not received iodine supportive therapy, were included in the study. All patients were questioned for their preferred table salt or rock salt in daily use and urine iodine concentrations (UICs) were analysed in spot urine. The results were evaluated statistically according to salt usage preferences. Results: The median age of patients in the study was 27.8 (± 5.4). In terms of salt consumption habits, 235 (76.8%) of patients reported using table salt, and 71 (23.2%) reported using rock salt. Iodine deficiency was found in 75.81% (n = 232) of all cases according to urinalysis. Median UICs of table salt group were significantly higher than rock salt group (123.7 µg/L and 70.9 µg/L respectively, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Although large-scale salt iodination began long time ago, iodine deficiency is still a serious health problem among pregnant women. According to this study, use of rock salt is associated with low urinary iodine concentration in pregnant women and TSH values within the reference limits are not a good indicator for determining the iodine level.

Assessment of diagnostic value of preoperative elastography in thyroid nodules having indeterminate cytology results

Background/aim: The management of nodules with indeterminate cytology [atypia of undetermined significance (AUS), follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS), follicular neoplasm (FN), suspicious for a follicular neoplasm (SFN), and suspicious for malignancy (SM)] results is controversial. To assess the role of the elastography technique in the diagnosis of malignancy in the subtypes of indeterminate thyroid nodules. Materials and methods: We included 132 patients with indeterminate cytology who underwent thyroid surgery. Sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve, and optimal cut-off points were calculated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for elastography score (ES) and strain index (SI). Results: Malignancy was observed in 27/95 (28.4%) of the AUS-FLUS cytology and 12/24 (50%) of FN, SFN cytology. All of the 13 patients (100 %) with SM are found to be malignant on histology. In the FLUS group, nodules with ES greater or equal to 3, the presence of malignancy was higher 17/41 (41.5%) when compared with nodules with ES smaller than 39/46 (19.6 %) (p = 0.023). In the SFN group, 2 of 2 nodules with an ES score of 4 and 1 of 1 nodule with an ES score of 5 were malignant. In the FLUS group, 4 of 10 nodules with an ES score of 4 and 2 of 2 nodules with an ES score of 5 were malignant. Conclusion: Thyroid elastography may reduce unnecessary surgery for both patients with AUS/FLUS and selected SFN cytology. Elastography appears to be helpful in follicular variants and other types of papillary thyroid cancer, however, not in follicular thyroid cancer.

Fatty acid-binding protein-4 as a biomarker predicting acromegaly-associated diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: The known pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM) in acromegaly is mainly based on growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) excess. Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP-4), a novel adipokine, is found to induce insulin resistance and type 2 DM. We aimed to investigate the possible effect of FABP-4 on glucose metabolism in patients with acromegaly. METHODS: This case-control study included 28 patients newly diagnosed with acromegaly and 57 healthy volunteers. The patients with acromegaly were classified according to their glycemic status as with DM, prediabetes, and normal glucose tolerance. Anthropometric measurements, laboratory test results, and FABP-4 levels of the subjects were evaluated. RESULTS: Although no difference was observed in FABP-4 levels between acromegaly and control groups, the FABP-4 level was higher in the patients with acromegaly having DM compared to the patients with acromegaly having prediabetes and NGT, and the control group (p = 0.004, p = 0.001, p = 0.004, respectively). Logistic regression analysis suggested that the FABP-4 is an independent predictor of DM in acromegaly (ß = 7.382, OR = 38.96, 95% CI: 1.52-5.76, p = 0.018). DISCUSSION: The FABP-4 may be a helpful predictor of acromegaly-associated DM.

Can High Visceral Adiposity Index Be a Risk Factor for Sexual Dysfunction in Sexually Active Men?

BACKGROUND: To our knowledge, there is no study in the literature that has investigated a cutoff value of the visceral adiposity index (VAI) for erectile dysfunction (ED) in men. AIM: To show a possible relationship between ED and VAI levels representing adipose tissue dysfunction and to identify a cutoff value of the VAI for ED. METHODS: This prospective cross-sectional study included 276 participants in 5 groups: non-ED, mild ED, mild-moderate ED, moderate ED, and severe ED. The VAI was calculated. Fasting glucose, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, testosterone (T), prolactin, and estradiol were measured. Erectile function, sexual satisfaction, orgasm, desire, and general satisfaction scores were recorded using the International Index of Erectile Dysfunction 1-15 questionnaire. The participants were divided into BMI1 (<25.0), BMI2 (25-29.9), and BMI3 (>30.0) categories based on body mass index (BMI) and WC1 (<94 cm), WC2 (94-102 cm), and WC3 (>102 cm) categories based on waist circumference (WC). OUTCOMES: The VAI was investigated as an independent risk factor for ED, compared with BMI and WC. RESULTS: The median VAI progressively increased, but a marked increase was recorded in groups 4 and 5 (P = .001). A significant increase in ED was observed for a VAI score higher than 4.33 (P = .001). Each integer increase of the VAI was associated with a 1.3-fold increased risk of ED. The odds ratio of ED for the VAI = 4.33 was 4.4 (P < .001). The WC and BMI significantly increased as the degree of ED increased (P = .001), but statistical analysis showed a significant decrease only in moderate and severe ED groups (P < .05). Starting from non-ED patients, serum triglyceride increased and high-density lipoprotein decreased progressively in all ED groups (P = .001). T/E2 slightly reduced as the severity of ED increased (P > .05). T decreased in ED groups (P = .022). Regardless of the ED level, other sexual subdomains decreased in ED patients (P = .001). The ED rates in 3 increasing BMI and WC categories were similar (P > .05). For VAI = 4.33, BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2, and WC > 102 cm, sensitivity and specificity were 61.2% and 73.8%, 31.6% and 90.5%, and 54.3% and 69.0%, respectively. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The VAI should be considered as a reliable independent risk factor for ED as a predictor of visceral adipose dysfunction. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS: The main strength is that this is the first study to investigate the association between the VAI and sexual dysfunction in men. The low number of participants is the limiting factor. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the VAI can be used as a reliable independent risk factor marker for ED as a predictor of visceral adipose dysfunction. Bolat MS, Kocamanoglu F, Ozbek ML, et al. Can High Visceral Adiposity Index Be a Risk Factor for Sexual Dysfunction in Sexually Active Men? J Sex Med 2020;17:1926-1933.

The Importance of Vitamin D Level in Subacute Thyroiditis Disease and the Effect of Vitamin D on Disease Prognosis.

OBJECTIVE: Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is an inflammatory thyroid disease that manifests with severe pain. The presence of the vitamin D receptor in immune system cells shows that vitamin D deficiency can trigger inflammatory diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in SAT patients, and the relationship between vitamin D level and permanent hypothyroidism and recurrence rate. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels of 170 SAT patients and 86 control subjects were compared. RESULTS: The 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in the SAT patients, and there was no seasonal difference. A negative correlation was determined between the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and 25(OH)D, but no significant relationship was found between vitamin D level and prognosis. CONCLUSION: As a result of this study, it was shown that vitamin D levels in subacute thyroiditis patients were significantly lower than in the healthy control group. Although there is no relationship between vitamin D level and disease prognosis, vitamin D deficiency may increase the rate of respiratory tract infections (especially, influenza, coxsackievirus, measles, adenovirus, retroviruses) and eventually SAT development.

Application of the nonlinear methods in pneumocardiogram signals.

In this work, the pneumocardiogram signals of nine rats were analysed by scale index, Boltzmann Gibbs entropy and maximum Lyapunov exponents. The scale index method, based on wavelet transform, was proposed for determining the degree of aperiodicity and chaos. It means that the scale index parameter is close to zero when the signal is periodic and has a value between zero and one when the signal is aperiodic. A new entropy calculation method by normalized inner scalogram was suggested very recently. In this work, we also used this method for the first time in an empirical data. We compared the both methods with maximum Lyapunov exponents and observed that using together the scale index and the entropy calculation method by normalized inner scalogram increases the reliability of the pneumocardiogram signal analysis. Thus, the analysis of the pneumocardiogram signals by those methods enables to compare periodical and/or nonlinear aspects for further understanding of dynamics of cardiorespiratory system.

Clinical evaluation of pituitary insufficiency in adult population

Background/aim: This retrospective study aimed to investigate the clinical profile of pituitary insufficiency (PI) in adult population. Materials and methods: One hundred and fifty patients who were diagnosed as having PI between 2012 and 2018 (53.3% female, mean age 48.13 ± 15.83 years) were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Age at diagnosis was higher in females as compared with males (51.13 ± 15.95 vs. 44.70 ± 15.08 years, P = 0.012). The most frequent presenting signs were headache (29.4%) and visual disturbance (19.6%) in general. Females frequently presented with headache (33.3%), whereas males presented with sexual dysfunction (34.4%). The most frequent cause of PI was nonfunctional pituitary adenoma (28.8%) in general population. A frequent cause of PI was Sheehan's syndrome (33.8%) among females and nonfunctional pituitary adenoma (38.6%) among males. Pituitary macroadenoma (75.8%) was frequent in pituitary tumors with PI. 55.3 % of the patients had 4 pituitary hormones deficiencies and 26.0% of patients had 3 pituitary hormones deficiencies. Gonadotropin deficiency was the leading pituitary hormone deficiency. The frequency of posttraumatic PI was 4.7% in the general population. Conclusion: Nonfunctional pituitary adenoma was the most common cause of PI among males and Sheehan's syndrome was a major etiologic factor in females. Sheehan's syndrome remains an important health problem in Turkey although obstetric care has improved. Posttraumatic PI should be considered in the differential diagnosis of idiopathic PI.

Lobectomy may not be suitable for patients with follicular neoplasm cytology

Background/aim: The most appropriate surgical management of follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm (FN) lesions is still contradictory. We aimed to evaluate the data of our patients with follicular neoplasm treated with thyroidectomy. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 74 patients who were diagnosed with follicular neoplasm cytology (FN cytology) by fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and had undergone total thyroidectomy or lobectomy with isthmectomy (LwI). Results: We examined a total of 74 patients, of which 64 (83.7%) were female and 10 (16.3%) were male. The malignancy rate in the pathological examinations of these patients was 31/74 (41.9%). The most common cancer among the patients with malignancy was papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) (20/31, 65%). Among the subtypes of PTCs, 11 were classical PTC, 5 were a follicular variant of PTC, 2 were the oncocytic variant of PTC, 1 was the diffuse sclerosing variant, and 1 was a columnar cell variant of PTC. Conclusion: Since most FN cytology has been pathologically diagnosed with papillary cancer and some papillary cancer subtypes have been unfavorable pathologically, total thyroidectomy should be the most suitable treatment option in this group. Lobectomy with LwI is not suitable for patients with FNAB-proven FN cytology.

Parathyroidectomy improves cardiovascular risk factors in normocalcemic and hypercalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Parathyroidectomy has ameliorated cardiovascular risk factors in patients with hypercalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), but the effect of parathyroidectomy on normocalcemic PHPT is not exactly known. This case-controlled study aimed to investigate the effect of parathyroidectomy on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with normocalcemic and hypercalcemic PHPT. METHODS: Subjects with normocalcemic PHPT (n = 35), age- and sex-matched hypercalcemic PHPT (n = 60) and age- and sex-matched control (n = 60) were included. Cardiometabolic disorders were investigated with traditional cardiometabolic risk factors and the Framingham cardiovascular risk score (CRS) before and 6 months after parathyroidectomy. RESULTS: Diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, insulin resistance, osteoporosis, having fractures were similarly increased in the hypercalcemic and normocalcemic PHPT groups (p > 0.05) compared with the controls (p < 0.05). Blood pressures, glucose metabolism (glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR) and lipid profiles were similarly increased in the PHPT groups (p > 0.05) compared with the controls (p < 0.05). After parathyroidectomy, blood pressures, serum total cholesterol, and HOMA-IR were decreased in both PHPT groups (p < 0.05). CRS was lower in the controls (5.74 ± 3.24, p < 0.05). After parathyroidectomy, CRS was decreased in the normocalcemic (11.98 ± 10.11 vs. 7.37 ± 4.48) and hypercalcemic (14.62 ± 11.06 vs. 8.05 ± 7.72) PHPT groups. Increased blood pressures were independent predictors of serum iPTH. CONCLUSION: The normocalcemic and hypercalcemic PHPT groups had similarly increased cardiovascular risk factors, even independently of serum calcium. Parathyroidectomy ameliorated the increased cardiovascular risk factors in both normocalcemic and hypercalcemic PHPT.

Effect of parathyroidectomy on epicardial fat thickness as a cardiovascular risk factor in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism

Background/aim: Several studies demonstrated that primary hyperparathyroidism is related to increased risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and risk is decreased by parathyroidectomy. Epicardial fat thickness (EFT) has been postulated as a new marker of CVD risk. We evaluated the impact of parathyroidectomy on EFT in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Materials and methods: Thirty-four PHPT patients (29 female, 5 male) and 28 age- and sex-matched controls (19 female, 9 male) were included in the study. Demographic, anthropometric, and biochemical data were recorded both before parathyroidectomy and 6 months after the procedure. Epicardial fat thickness was measured by transthoracic echocardiography. Results: Mean age was 53.15 ± 8.44 years. Mean preoperative EFT was higher than mean EFT in the control group (0.49 ± 0.07 cm to 0.46 ± 0.08 cm, P: 0.0005), and EFT decreased after parathyroidectomy (0.49 ± 0.07 cm to 0.44 ± 0.08 cm, P: 0.0005). Systolic blood pressure and calcium, parathormone, and hsCRP levels decreased after parathyroidectomy (P < 0.05). Vitamin D levels increased (P < 0.05). Diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, carotid intima-media thickness, and HOMA-IR, fasting plasma glucose, and phosphorus levels were unchanged after parathyroidectomy (P > 0.05). Preoperatively, EFT was correlated with SBP (r: 0.360, P: 0.0285) and age (r: 0.466, P: 0.0036). Multiple linear regression used to identify independent predictors of change in epicardial fat did not find any predictor of change in epicardial fat (P > 0.05). Conclusion: EFT was decreased by parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.However, the decrease in EFT was not correlated with any of the cardiovascular risk factors. More comprehensive studies evaluating the potential relation between PHPT and EFT need to be conducted.