Effects of Therapeutic Ultrasound Applied to the Lumbar Region on Renal Function: A Randomized Controlled Prospective Trial.

OBJECTIVES: Therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) is one of the most commonly used modalities in low back pain treatment. The objective of this study was to determine whether TUS applied to the low back region in patients with chronic low back pain had any effect on renal function. METHODS: Forty patients with chronic low back pain were randomized to 2 groups by a block randomization method. Thirty-seven patients completed the final evaluation. All patients were treated for 5 sessions per week for 3 weeks with the same physiotherapy modalities (superficial heating and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) and exercise therapy; in addition to these treatments, the second group was treated with TUS for 10 minutes (frequency, 1 MHz; intensity, 1.5 W/cm2 ; and effective irradiation area of the transducer head, 5 cm2 ). The serum creatinine, serum cystatin C, 24-hour urine creatinine, creatinine clearance, 24-hour urine microalbumin and microprotein, urine volume, and glomerular filtration rate were measured. The patients were evaluated at baseline (day 0) and the end of the treatment (day 21). RESULTS: The serum cystatin C levels were increased in both groups, but this increase was not significant (P > .05). There was no difference between the groups in the percent change in all outcome measures (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: This showed that TUS applied to the low back region does not affect renal function.

Cross-sectional study of urinary problems in adults with cerebral palsy: awareness and impact on the quality of life.

We aimed to assess the functional status, urinary problems, and awareness of these problems in adults with cerebral palsy (CP) and their relationship with the quality of life. One-hundred-seventeen adults with CP (53 women, 64 men) were included in this study. Subjects were asked to fill out a urological questionnaire which dealt with urinary symptoms, awareness of urinary problems, and pharmacological treatment they received. Subjects were also assessed with the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), Functional Independence Measures (FIM), Functional Mobility Scale (FMS), and King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ). The mean age of the subjects was 25.3 ± 7.8 years. Of the patients, 83.8% were currently unemployed, 95.7% were single, and 96.5% were living with family. Of the patients, 20.5% had experienced frequency, 38.5% had nocturia, 48.7% had urgency, and 36.8% had urge urinary incontinence. Approximately 80% of the patients did not refer to physician due to urinary problems, and 60% of patients were not recorded history about urinary problem by any physician. Urge urinary incontinence was statistically more frequent in females than males (54.7 and 21.9%,respectively, p < 0.05).Female patients had significantly higher KHQ incontinence impact, role limitation, physical limitation, emotion, incontinence severity measures, and symptom severity subgroup scores than male patients (p < 0.05). Urge urinary incontinence was most frequent (65.4%) in spastic quadriplegic CP (p < 0.05). All functional status scores (GMFCS, FIM-toilet transfer, and FMSs) were worse in spastic quadriplegic patients than other topographical involvement of CP (p < 0.0125). Although the urinary problems are common in adult with CP, it is yet an overlooked condition that could affect quality of life. Therefore, health care professionals, patients, and their caregivers should be aware of the increased risk of urinary problems in these patients.

Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the fibromyalgia rapid screening tool (FiRST).

[Purpose] An easy-to-use, psychometrically validated screening tool for fibromyalgia is needed. This study aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Fibromyalgia Rapid Screening Tool by correlating it with 2013 American College of Rheumatology alternative diagnostic criteria and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. [Subjects and Methods] Subjects were 269 Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation clinic outpatients. Patients completed a questionnaire including the Fibromyalgia Rapid Screening Tool (twice), 2013 American College of Rheumatology alternative diagnostic criteria, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Scale reliability was examined by test-retest. The 2013 American College of Rheumatology alternative diagnostic criteria was used for comparison to determine criterion validity. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated according to 2013 American College of Rheumatology alternative diagnostic criteria. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to find the confounding effect of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale on Fibromyalgia Rapid Screening Tool to distinguish patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. [Results] The Fibromyalgia Rapid Screening Tool was similar to the 2013 American College of Rheumatology alternative diagnostic criteria in defining patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Fibromyalgia Rapid Screening Tool score was correlated with 2013 American College of Rheumatology alternative diagnostic criteria subscores. Each point increase in Fibromyalgia Rapid Screening Tool global score meant 10 times greater odds of experiencing fibromyalgia syndrome. [Conclusion] The Turkish version of the Fibromyalgia Rapid Screening Tool is reliable for identifying patients with fibromyalgia.

Risk of falls in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

BACKGROUND: Risk of vertebral fractures is increased in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The underlying mechanisms for the elevated fracture risk might be associated with bone and fall-related risks. The aims of this study were to evaluate the risk of falls and to determine the factors that increase the risk of falls in AS patients. METHODS: Eighty-nine women, 217 men, a total of 306 AS patients with a mean age of 40.1 ± 11.5 years from 9 different centers in Turkey were included in the study. Patients were questioned regarding history of falls within the last 1 year. Their demographics, disease characteristics including Bath AS Disease Activity Index, Bath AS Metrology Index (BASMI), Bath AS Functional Index (BASFI), and risk factors for falls were recorded. The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) test was used for evaluation of static and dynamic balance. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured. RESULTS: Forty of 306 patients reported at least 1 fall in the recent 1 year. The patients with history of falls had higher mean age and longer disease duration than did nonfallers (P = 0.001). In addition, these patients' BASMI and BASFI values were higher than those of nonfallers (P = 0.002; P = 0.000, respectively). We found that the patients with history of falls had lower SPPB scores (P = 0.000). We also found that the number of falls increased with longer disease duration and older age (R = 0.117 [P = 0.041] and R = 0.160 [P = 0.005]). Our results show that decreased SPPB scores were associated with increased number of falls (R = 0.183, P = 0.006). Statistically significant correlations were found between number of falls and AS-related lost job (R = 0.140, P = 0.014), fear of falling (R = 0.316, P = 0.000), hip involvement (R = 0.112, P = 0.05), BASMI (R =0.234, P = 0.000), and BASFI (R = 0.244, P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of pain, stiffness, fatigue, and lower-extremity involvement as well as asking for a history of falls will highlight those at high risk for further falls. In addition to the general exercise program adopted for all patients, we suggest that a balance rehabilitation program should be valuable for the patients with risk factors for fall. Exercise may improve fear of falling and BASFI and BASMI scores. However, further study is needed to investigate these hypotheses. We believe that clinicians should train and support the patients via reducing fear of falls and maintaining good posture and functional capacity.

An evaluation of bladder emptying methods and the effect of demographic and clinical factors on spontaneous voiding frequency in stroke patients.

In this study, the bladder emptying methods at different stages of the post-stroke period along with the effects of demographic and clinical parameters on spontaneous voiding frequency were investigated. The frequencies of bladder emptying methods at admission to the rehabilitation clinic, after neurourological and urodynamic assessment and at home after discharge were spontaneous voiding (SV) 51/99 (51.5 %), 62/99 (62.6 %), 73/99 (73.7 %), emptying without a urinary catheter + an external collector system (EWUC + ECS) 24/99 (24.2 %), 18/99 (18.2 %), 17/99 (17.2 %), intermittent catheterization (IC) 1/99 (1.0 %), 15/99 (15.2 %), 6/99 (6.1 %), indwelling urethral catheter (IUC) 23/99 (23.2 %), 4/99 (4.0 %) and 3/99 (3.0 %), respectively. Lower spontaneous voiding frequencies were observed in single-divorced and geriatric individuals (p < 0.05). The number of patients who modified the method at home was 2/62 for SV, 5/18 for EWUC + ECS, 9/15 for IC, and 2/4 for IUC. The majority of stroke patients were able to void spontaneously and the spontaneous voiding frequency increased at follow-up. The spontaneous voiding frequency was low in geriatric and single-divorced subgroups. The method in which the most changes occurred was IC.

Upper limb tendinitis and entrapment neuropathy in coal miners.

BACKGROUND: It is well-known that work-related upper limb musculoskeletal disorders, particularly tendinitis and nerve entrapment, remain a difficult and costly problem in industrialized countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate tendinitis and entrapment neuropathy of the upper limb of Turkish coal miners. METHODS: Eighty coal miners and 43 age-matched clerical workers were included in the study. The evaluation procedures included collection of personal and clinical data, physical examination and bilateral electrodiagnostic testing. Subjects were examined to diagnose tendinitis and nerve entrapment of the upper limb. Bilateral median and ulnar nerves conduction tests were performed on all subjects. Data were collected between August 2011 and December 2011. RESULTS: There were 33 subjects with lateral epicondylitis, 10 with medial epicondylitis, and 22 with De Quervain's disease among the coal miners. There were seven subjects with lateral epicondylitis, eight with medial epicondylitis, and four with De Quervain's disease in the control group. The two groups significantly differed in the prevalences of lateral epicondylitis and De Quervain's disease (P = 0.024 and P =0.029, respectively). Sixteen subjects in the coal miners and 12 subjects in the controls had carpal tunnel syndrome (P = 0.66). Thirty-seven subjects in the coal miners had ulnar neuropathy of the elbow (UNE), while four subjects in the controls had UNE; this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Lateral epicondylitis, De Quervain disease, and ulnar neuropathy are common work-related upper limb disorders among coal miners.

Attitudes of patients with spondylarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis regarding biological treatment during COVID-19 pandemic: A multi-center, phone-based, cross-sectional study.

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to investigate the medical treatment attitudes of patients with spondylarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who were using biological drugs during the novel coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Patients and methods: In this multi-center, cross-sectional study, a total of 277 patients (178 males, 99 females; median age: 45 years; range, 20 to 77 years) who were using biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) for rheumatic diseases and were reached by phone between June 1st, 2020 and June 30th, 2020 were included. Demographic characteristics, working status, type of the rheumatic disease, comorbidities, smoking habits, and type of the bDMARDs were recorded. Disease activity was evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The patients were asked whether they continued the treatment plan, as it was before or changed and, if changed, how they changed the plan and what happened after the change. Results: Of the patients, 229 had spondylarthritis and 48 had RA. A total of 36.1% of the patients were smokers, and the most common comorbidity was hypertension (17.3%). Totally, 5.8% of the patients had a history of contact with a COVID-19 positive person. Only three (1.1%) patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 infection and none of them died. Of the patients, 64.3% continued their treatment, while 35.7% adopted various changes. Most patients made the decision about the treatment plan on their own (n=160, 57.8%), while 38.3% of them consulted their physicians and 13.9% of them consulted any health staff. The only significant parameter for changing the drug course was receiving intravenous bDMARDs (by infusion at hospital) (p=0.001). These patients had also a higher disease activity as measured by VAS, compared to the patients receiving non-infusion therapy (p=0.021). As a result of these changes, severity of the symptoms increased in 91 (32.9%) patients. Disruption of regular biological treatment and prior infusion therapy more likely worsened the complaints (p<0.001 and p=0.024, respectively). Conclusion: Intravenous bDMARD therapy seems to be the main factor affecting the continuity of the treatment in the pandemic period. During the pandemic period, alternative treatment options should be considered other than infusion therapy not to interrupt the treatment of these patients.

The effect of mirror therapy on lower extremity motor function and ambulation in post-stroke patients: A prospective, randomized-controlled study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the effects of mirror therapy (MT) on lower extremity motor function and ambulation in post-stroke patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 42 post-stroke patients (25 males, 17 females; mean age 58 years; range, 32 to 71 years) were included. All patients were randomly divided into two groups as the control group (n=21) receiving a conventional rehabilitation program for four weeks (60 to 120 min/day for five days a week) and as the MT group (n=21) receiving MT for 30 min in each session in addition to the conventional rehabilitation program. The Brunnstrom stages of stroke recovery, Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Motricity Index (MI) scores, six-minute walking test (6MWT), Functional Ambulation Category (FAC), and the degree of ankle plantar flexion spasticity using the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) were evaluated at baseline (Day 0), at post-treatment (Week 4), and eight weeks after the end of treatment (Week 12). RESULTS: There were significant differences in all parameters between the groups, except for the degree of ankle plantar flexion spasticity, and in all time points between Week 0 and 4 and between Week 0 and 12 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that MT in addition to conventional rehabilitation program yields a greater improvement in the lower extremity motor function and ambulation, which sustains for a short period of time after the treatment.

Comparison of effectiveness of different kinesiological taping techniques in patients with chronic low back pain: A double-blind, randomized-controlled study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the effects of kinesiological taping (KT) method combined with physiotherapy modalities and exercise therapy on the severity of pain, range of lumbar motion, and degree of disability. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between November 2015 and November 2016, a total of 125 patients (63 males, 62 females; mean age 45 years; range, 20 to 65 years) who were diagnosed with chronic non-specific low back pain were included in this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. The patients were randomly assigned to four groups. All groups received the same physiotherapy modalities and exercise therapy. Group 1 received physiotherapy modalities and exercise therapy alone; Group 2 received additional sham KT; Group 3 received additional KT with a space correction technique; and Group 4 received additional KT with a fascia correction technique. Kinesiological taping was applied for three weeks with five-day intervals and four times in total. The patients were evaluated at baseline (Day 0), at the end of the treatment (Day 21), and on Day 51. Pain severity using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), ranges of lumbar motion using the fingertip-to-floor distances and modified lumbar Schober test, and the degree of disability using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) were evaluated. RESULTS: We found a significant difference among the groups in terms of VAS motion T0-51 changes (p<0.05). There was also a significant difference among the groups in terms of T0-21 and T0-51 changes in the ODI and RMDQ (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study results suggest that KT ensures reduction in pain and disability, irrespective of the technique of taping, with sustainable short-term effects following the end of the treatment.

The effect(s) of a six-week home-based exercise program on the respiratory muscle and functional status in ankylosing spondylitis.

BACKGROUND: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic, inflammatory rheumatic disease. Involvement of costovertebral and costotransverse joints results in rigidity of the chest wall and inability to expand the chest fully on inspiration. Also significant reduction in exercise capacity in the AS patients was reported. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of a 6-week home-based exercise program on the respiratory muscle and energy cost in AS. METHODS: Twenty-two AS patients were included. Chest expansion, tragus-wall distance, modified Schober test, maximal inspiratory pressure, maximal expiratory pressure, 6-minute walking distance, physiologic cost index and functional status Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index of patients were measured at baseline and repeated at the end of an open 6-week home-based exercise program. Breathing exercises and upper extremity exercises were taught to all the patients. The patients were then asked to practice these exercises at home individually for 6 weeks. RESULTS: Chest expansion, maximal inspiratory pressure, and maximal expiratory pressure values and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index scores of patients significantly increased after 6 weeks (P < 0.001). Six-minute walking distance and physiologic cost index values did not change at the end of the 6 weeks (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A home-based exercise program can have an effect on some measures respiratory muscle and functional status. Greater emphasis should be placed on maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness as well as spinal mobility to encourage patients with AS.

Lung clearance of 99mTc-DTPA in ankylosing spondylitis.

The association of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and lung parenchyma abnormalities has been shown in previous studies by radiological and pulmonary function tests. Technetium-99m diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid ((99m)Tc-DTPA) dynamic lung scanning is an easy, noninvasive method to assess alveolar-capillary barrier permeability. We aimed to study the abnormalities in pulmonary clearance of (99m)Tc-DTPA in patients with AS, and the presence of any correlation between this clearance and the radiological and pulmonary function tests. We studied twenty-one nonsmoker patients with AS who were compared to 21 age and sex matched healthy volunteers. All subjects underwent pulmonary function tests and pulmonary scintigraphy with (99m)Tc-DTPA to evaluate pulmonary clearance. Clearance half time (T(1/2)) of (99m)Tc-DTPA through the lungs was calculated by placing a monoexponential fit on the 30 min activity curves. High resolution CT and pulmonary function tests were performed for each patient. Our results showed the following: Spirometric parameters of forced vital capecity (FVC) and theratio of forced expiratory value in 1sec/FVC (FEV1%) scores were worse in patients compared to the control group (P<0.005 and P<0.05, respectively). Clearance half time was longer in AS group than in the control group (58.45+/-7.59 and 51.62+/-4.79 min, respectively; P<0.05). There was a negative correlation between T(1/2) value and FEV1% (r=-0.876, P< 0.01), of AS patients and the control group. Additionally, there were moderate positive correlation between T(1/2) and FVC (r=0.705, P<0.001), weak positive correlation between T(1/2) and FEF2575 (r=0.493, P<0.05), and T(1/2) and DLCO (r=0.444, P<0.05). A positive correlation was found between the duration of the disease and T(1/2) (r=0.44, P<0.05). In conclusion, longer T(1/2) values and lower FVC values in nonsmoker AS patients may suggest not only the pulmonary involvement in AS but also the duration of the disease.

Pro-inflammatory Cytokines and Oxidized Low-Density-Lipoprotein in Patients With Fibromyalgia.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the differences in serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), (IL-8), and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) between female fibromyalgia (FM) patients and healthy females and also to examine a possible relationship between the cytokines/biomarker and the severity of pain and clinical features of FM. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This case-control study included 48 female patients (mean age 26.51±6.98 years; range, 18 to 50 years) who were diagnosed with FM according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria and 43 healthy female subjects (mean age 23.93±4.22 years; range, 18 to 50 years). Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-8, and Ox-LDL were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in both groups. Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, Visual Analog Scale, symptom severity scale, and widespread pain index were carried out and also their relationships with TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-8, and Ox-LDL levels were evaluated. RESULTS: There was no difference in levels of the serum TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-8, and Ox-LDL between FM patients and healthy controls (p>0.05). The severity of pain was significantly associated with TNF-α (r=0.338; p=0.021) and IL-8 (r=0.299; p=0.043) levels, and Ox-LDL (r=0.415; p=0.006) level was found to be related to symptom severity of FM. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that serum levels of TNF-α and IL-8 may be involved in the occurrence of pain in FM. The level of Ox-LDL may play an important role in the severity of symptoms. Future studies are needed to determine whether and how Ox-LDL plays a role in FM.

Recurrent uveitis under golimumab treatment in a patient diagnosed with axial spondyloarthritis: Is it a paradoxical effect?

Anti-tumor necrosis factor drugs are highly effective in the treatment of spondyloarthropathies. In recent years, there have been reports of paradoxical effects with the use of these drugs. Herein, we report the first case of axial spondyloarthropathy in whom recurrent attacks of panuveitis paradoxically developed under golimumab treatment in the light of literature data.

Nephrolithiasis in ankylosing spondylitis and its relationship with disease assessment scales.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of renal calculi in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and to determine its relationship with disease assessment variables. METHODS: The study was designed retrospectively, and it included a cohort of 320 patients with AS diagnosed using the Modified New York Criteria. A total of 119 patients who underwent renal ultrasonography (USG), in who the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, blood calcium, phosphorus, Vitamin D, parathormone, and urinary calcium excretion were measured, and who also had lateral cervical and lumbar radiography in the same time period were extracted from the cohort. All patients' demographic characteristics and the results of blood and urine tests were recorded. The Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), Ankylosing Spondylitis Mobility Index (BASMI), and Modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spinal Score (mSASSS) were evaluated in all patients. RESULTS: Thirteen of the 119 patients had renal calculi confirmed by USG data. The frequency of nephrolithiasis detected by USG was 10.9% in patients with AS. The disease lasted significantly longer in patients with renal calculi ([nephrolithiasis (+): 18.39±8.72 years; nephrolithiasis (-): 12.02±8.43 years, p=0.01]). The BASMI total score was significantly higher in the group of patients with renal calculi. There was not any significant difference in terms of blood samples, HLA-B27, BASDAI, BASFI, and mSASSS between groups. CONCLUSION: The frequency of renal stones is increased in patients with AS compared to healthy population. Especially patients who had AS for a long time and higher BASMI values are more susceptible to renal calculi. It is important to point out that the results of this type of studies would be more reliable if the study is conducted on large patient groups and population-based prevalence.

Regional bone density changes in anterior cruciate ligament deficient knees: a DEXA study.

Bone mineral density (BMD) loss is one of the secondary problems occurring in knee joint after injury of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The effect of this injury on BMDs of specific regions is not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate BMD changes in unreconstructed ACL-deficient knees with subregion analysis of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Precision and reliability studies of DEXA revealed that two region of interests (ROI) in medial condyle, two ROIs in lateral femoral condyle (LFC) and one ROI in medial tibial plateau (MTP) in anteroposterior (AP) DXA view and one ROI for each of distal femur, proximal tibia and patella in lateral view had high reproducibility and reliability. Thirty-two patients with complete ACL ruptures were collected for the study and uninjured sides served as the control. All the patients were male with a mean age of 30 years. Mean duration of ACL rupture was 24 months. There were significant BMD losses in both ROIs of LFC and ROI of MTP in AP view and all three ROIs of lateral view. Greatest BMD losses in AP and lateral views were at MTP and patella respectively. There was a significant association between patellar BMD loss and duration after trauma. Bone bruises in lateral condyle might be the cause of selective involvement of LFC. Periarticular bone mineral loss in ACL-deficient knees has a predilection for the specified region of interest rather than uniform periarticular loss. This may be important for graft fixation or a factor in tunnel enlargement.

Familial Mediterranean fever with recurrent erysipelas-like erythema and myalgia: A case report.

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a disease progressing with recurrent serositis episodes and usually accompanied by fever. Symptoms, such as myalgia and skin lesion, are less common in the clinical presentation of FMF. Herein, we present a 23-year-old female patient who was admitted to our outpatient clinic with myalgia. She had no findings of typical episodes for FMF. However, on physical examination, she had an unrecognized skin lesion. In conclusion, FMF should be kept in mind in patients with recurrent erysipelas-like lesions.

The reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Fibromyalgia Participation Questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Fibromyalgia Participation Questionnaire (FPQ). METHODS: One hundred and eighty-four female patients with fibromyalgia syndrome were included in the study. All patients filled out the Turkish FPQ (FPQ-T) questionnaire, which was obtained by translation from German according to the guideline for the process of cross-cultural adaptation The patients filled out the revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) and reevaluated the FPQ-T two hours later. Internal consistency reliability of the FPQ-T was assessed by calculating the "if item deleted" using Cronbach's alpha and the "item-total correction" coefficient for each item of the questionnaire. The consistency of the subscales and the correlation of the test-retest values were assessed. The test-retest values were compared using the Wilcoxon test. Criterion validity was measured using FIQ scales by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. RESULTS: For internal reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.957 for nonworking patients and 0.958 for working patients. Cronbach's alpha values of 0.939, 0.871, and 0.914 were obtained for daily, social, and work life, respectively. Correlation coefficients were 0.888 for daily life, 0.859 for social life, and 0.901 overall in the nonworking group versus 0.896 the in working group. The comparison of scores obtained from test-retest measurements showed no significant difference except for Item 3. The correlation of the symptom severity score (SSS) and the FPQ-T was r=0.385 (p<0.001) and r=0.390 (p<0.001) for the nonworking and working subgroups, respectively. The evaluation of construct validity showed a significant correlation between the SSS and FPQ-T. CONCLUSION: The results of our study showed that the FPQ-T is reliable and valid for assessing participation and social functioning in fibromyalgia patients in Turkish society.

Effectiveness of the kinesiotaping in the patellofemoral pain syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the effect of kinesiotaping implementation on pain and functional status in patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2014 and July 2014, this prospective, single-center, randomized-controlled study included a total of 75 knees from 43 patients (20 males, 23 females; mean age 33.8±7.9 years; range, 20 to 50 years). All patients were divided into three treatment groups: Group 1 (25 knees) were treated with kinesiotaping and exercise, Group 2 (25 knees) were treated with sham taping + and exercise, and Group 3 (25 knees) were treated with exercise alone. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used to assess the pain severity. The Kujala Patellofemoral Scale (KPS) was used to determine the effect of the knee pain on the patients' daily living activities. All three groups were given the same exercise program during six weeks. Kinesiotaping was applied twice a week, 12 times in total during the treatment period of six weeks. The VAS and KPS assessments for all patients were made at baseline, then at the end of the treatment (week 6) and at week 12 the end of the 12th week. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups in terms of age, sex, height, weight, and Body Mass Index (p>0.05, for all). A statistically significant improvement was observed in all groups in terms of the mean VAS and KPS scores before the treatment, at week 6, and at week 12 (p<0.001, for all). There was no statistically significant change in the mean changes of the VAS and KPS among the groups at week 6 and 12. CONCLUSION: Our study results suggest that the addition of the kinesiotaping application to the exercise treatment for PFPS seems to be ineffective on pain control and improved daily life activities.

Relationship between FokI polymorphism in the vitamin D receptor gene and fibromyalgia syndrome.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene FokI polymorphism frequencies distribution in subjects with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) compared to healthy controls. METHOD: Using a case-control design, 100 female patients, who were diagnosed with FMS according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria and 100 healthy female subjects were enrolled in this study. FokI polymorphisms of the VDR gene were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) in both groups. RESULTS: No significant differences in the frequencies distribution of both genotype and alleles of the FokI polymorphism in the VDR gene were observed between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The relationship between VDR gene FokI polymorphism and FMS, particularly in Turkish women, could not be determined in this study. However, further studies with larger patient numbers may be needed to prove a relation between VDR gene polymorphism and FMS.

Overactive bladder symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis: Frequency, severity, diagnosis and treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and severity as well as the diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder problems in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) followed up at five centers in Turkey. DESIGN: Survey study. SETTING: Outpatient tertiary clinics of physical medicine and rehabilitation and neurology. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive MS patients scheduled for outpatient follow-up (n = 309). INTERVENTION: MS patients were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding the frequency and severity, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of their overactive bladder problems. RESULTS: The mean age ± SD was 39.3 ± 10.6 years. Urinary urgency was the most common urinary symptom (62%), followed by frequency (50.4%), urge incontinence (44.7%) and nocturia (33%). Residual urine volume was measured using a portable ultrasound instrument in 13.3% of the patients and by catheterization in 16.2% of them. Urodynamic investigations and urinary tract ultrasound were performed on 26.5% and 35.3% of the patients, respectively. Anticholinergic medications were prescribed for 27.5% of the patients. Intermittent catheterization and indwelling catheterization were used on 8.1% and 1.9% of the patients, respectively. The overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS) was significantly higher in patients who had had residual urine measurement (P < 0.001), upper urinary tract assessment by ultrasound (P < 0.001), urodynamic assessment (P < 0.001), admitted to a doctor for urinary symptoms (P < 0.001), and current or past catheter use (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Urgency was the most common urinary symptom followed by frequency, urge incontinence and nocturia in MS patients. The patients with lower OABSS had detailed urological assessments less frequently than the patients with higher OABSS.