Affinity gel synthesis from the p-aminobenzoic acid derivative 4-amino-2-methylbenzoic acid and purification of polyphenol oxidase from various plant sources.

The polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme, which causes enzymatic browning, has been repeatedly purified from fruit and vegetables by affinity chromatography. In the present research, Sepharose 4B-l-tyrosine-4-amino-2-methylbenzoic acid, a novel affinity gel for the purification of the PPO enzyme with high efficiency, was synthesized. Additionally, Sepharose 4B-l-tyrosine-p-aminobenzoic acid affinity gel, known in the literature, was also synthesized, and 9.02, 16.57, and 28.13 purification folds were obtained for the PPO enzymes of potato, mushroom, and eggplant by the reference gel. The PPO enzymes of potato, mushroom, and eggplant were purified 41.17, 64.47, and 56.78-fold from the new 4-amino-2-methylbenzoic acid gel. Following their isolation from the new affinity column, the assessment of PPO enzyme purity involved the utilization of SDS-PAGE. According to the results from SDS-PAGE and native PAGE, the molecular weight of each enzyme was 50 kDa. Then, the inhibition effects of naringin, morin hydrate, esculin hydrate, homovanillic acid, vanillic acid, phloridzin dihydrate, and p-coumaric acid phenolic compounds on purified potato, mushroom, and eggplant PPO enzyme were investigated. Among the tested phenolic compounds, morin hydrate was determined to be the most potent inhibitor on the potato (Ki: 0.07 ± 0.03 µM), mushroom (Ki: 0.7 ± 0.3 µM), and eggplant (Ki: 4.8 ± 1.2 µM) PPO enzymes. The studies found that the weakest inhibitor was homovanillic acid for the potato (Ki: 1112 ± 324 µM), mushroom (Ki: 567 ± 81 µM), and eggplant (Ki: 2016.7 ± 805.6 µM) PPO enzymes. Kinetic assays indicated that morin hydrate was a remarkable inhibitor on PPO.

Sulfonamide derivatives with benzothiazole scaffold: Synthesis and carbonic anhydrase I-II inhibition properties.

The secondary sulfonamide derivatives containing benzothiazole scaffold (1-10) were synthesized to determine their inhibition properties on two physiologically essential human carbonic anhydrases isoforms (hCAs, EC, 4.2.1.1), hCA I, and hCA II. The inhibitory effects of the compounds on hCA I and hCA II isoenzymes were investigated by comparing their IC50 and Ki values. The Ki values of compounds (1-10) against hCA I and hCA II are in the range of 0.052 ± 0.022-0.971 ± 0.280 and 0.025 ± 0.010-0.682 ± 0.335, respectively. Some of these inhibited the enzyme more effectively than the standard drug, acetazolamide. In particular, compounds 5 and 4 were found to be most effective on hCA I and hCA II.

Relationship between patellofemoral joint morphology and chondromalacia patella.

BACKGROUND: For the normal functioning of the patellofemoral joint (PF), the relationship between the patella and the trochlear groove must be compatible. PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between patellofemoral joint morphology (PFM) and patellar chondromalacia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Overall, 136 knees of patients aged 20-55 years examined between March 2020 and March 2021 were included in this study. In all patients, trochlear sulcus angle, trochlear sulcus depth, trochlear facet asymmetry, patella alta (Insall-Salvati [IS] index), and patellar facet asymmetry were measured. Of these cases, 66 knees with an abnormality detected in any of the measurements for PFM were included in the case group. Moreover, 70 knees with demonstrating normal PFM measurements were included in the control group. RESULTS: The incidence and grade of chondromalacia was higher in the case group than in the control group (P < 0.001). Between the patients with and without chondromalacia trochlear sulcus angle (mean = 138.25° ± 10.02° vs. 132.58° ± 7.24°; P = 0.001), IS index (mean = 1.25 ± 0.21 vs. 1.16 ± 0.15; P = 0.014), patellar facet asymmetry (mean = 0.77 ± 0.09 vs. 0.73 ± 0.12; P = 0.039), trochlear sulcus depth (mean = 5.39 ± 1.42 mm vs. 6.27 ± 1.04 mm; P < 0.001), and trochlear facet asymmetry (mean = 0.67 ± 0.11 vs. 0.71 ± 0.09; P = 0.023) measurements, there was a significant difference. CONCLUSION: The presence of at least one of the measures indicating pathology in PFM is associated with the presence and severity of chondromalacia.

A comparison of postoperative complications following cardiac implantable electronic device procedures in patients treated with antithrombotic drugs.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of postoperative complications following cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) procedures in patients treated with antithrombotic drugs has not been studied sufficiently. Here we present a comparison of complications after CIED implantations. METHODS: Using an observational study design, the study included 1807 patients with a taking antiplatelet drugs (n: 1601), nonvitamin K anticoagulants (NOAC) (n: 136), and warfarin (n: 70) undergoing CIED surgery. Primary endpoint was accepted as cumulative events including composite of clinically significant hematoma (CSH), pericardial effusion or tamponade, pneumothorax, and infection related to device system. Secondary outcomes included each compenent of cumulative events. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify predictors of cumulative events. RESULTS: The overall cumulative event rate was 3.7% (67 of 1807). Cumulative events occured 3.1% (50 of 1601) in the antiplatelet, 5.1% (7 of 136) NOAC, and 14.3% (10 of 70) warfarin groups (p < 0.001). CSH occurred in 2 of 70 patients (2.9%) in the warfarin group, as compared with 5 of 1601 (0.3%) in the antiplatelet group (p: 0.032). However, no significant differences were found between NOAC and warfarin groups in terms of CSH (0.7% vs. 2.9% respectively, p: 0.267). Warfarin treatment was an independent predictor of cumulative events and increased 2.9-fold the risk of cumulative events. Major surgical complications were rare and did not differ significantly between the study groups. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and severity of complications may be lower in patients treated with periprocedurally antiplatelet or NOAC therapy when compared with warfarin therapy. Further randomized control studies are required to confirm our findings.

Some indazoles as alternative inhibitors for potato polyphenol oxidase.

Fresh-cut vegetables and fruits have gained attention among consumers because of their fresh appearance, lack of pollution, nutrition, and convenience. However, in fresh-cut foods, enzymatic browning is the main problem. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is a vital enzyme involved in the process of enzymatic browning. In this study, PPO was purified from potato using Sepharose 4B-l-tyrosine-p-aminobenzoic acid affinity chromatography and the effect of some indazoles on the enzyme was determined. The enzyme was purified with a specific activity of 52,857.14 EU/mg protein and 21.26-purification fold. Indazoles exhibited inhibitor properties for PPO with IC50 values in the range of 0.11-1.12 mM and Ki values in the range of 0.15 ± 0.04-3.55 ± 0.88 mM. Among these compounds, 7-chloro-1H-indazole was shown as the most potent PPO inhibitor (Ki : 0.15 ± 0.04 mM). Determination of the enzyme's inhibition kinetics will simplify the testing of candidate PPO inhibitors.

The Role of Brain CT in Patients with Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest with Return of Spontaneous Circulation.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The diagnosis and treatment process after resuscitation of patients with spontaneous return of circulation (ROSC) after cardiac arrest is important. There is no clear recommendation on utilization of computerized tomography (CT) of the brain in patients with ROSC. In this study, it was aimed to diagnosis the pathology detection rates in the brain tomography of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients with ROSC after resuscitation in the emergency department and the effect of these pathologies on treatment management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 131 patients who were admitted to the Emergency Medicine Clinic with cardiac arrest between 08.05.2019 and 07.12.2020, had ROSC after resuscitation and underwent brain CT in the first 24 h were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups; those with clinically significant pathology in brain CT who underwent treatment changes and those without clinically significant pathology. All data recorded in the study form were analyzed using IBM SPSS 20.0 (Chicago, IL, USA) statistics program. P < 0.005 value was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: 51.1% (67) of the patients were women. The age median value was 73 (IQR25-IQR75;63-83). The most common comorbidity in patients was hypertension with 42% (55). Patients with clinically significant pathology observed in brain tomography studied after ROSC were 12.2% (16) of all patients. The most common management changes were requesting a consultation from the neurology department (n = 9) and adding a new drug to the treatment (n= 5) The 30-day and 1-year mortality rates showed no significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: We have seen that the data obtained from the CT studied in the early period after the ROSC was achieved, did not change the management of our patients x in the early and late periods after resuscitation. We conclude that it is not necessary to have a brain CT scan in the emergency department in the early period.

An investigation of atherosclerotic markers in patients with posterior semi-circular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the presence and incidence of arteriosclerosis in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 89 patients who were admitted to the ear, nose, throat outpatient clinic with complaint of vertigo and were diagnosed with BPPV based on the positive Dix-Hallpike test results were included (BPPV group) between January 2010 and July 2010. Data from otological asymptomatic controls (n=129) who were referred to the radiology department from other clinics for ultrasound examination were obtained. Intima-media thickness and arteriosclerosis measurements were carried out. Arteriosclerosis measurement was performed through a Doppler ultrasound. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference in carotid, femoral intima-media thicknesses and elastic modulus measurements between the controls and BPPV group. In the BPPV group, carotid artery cross-sectional compliance, cross-sectional distensibility, femoral artery cross-sectional compliance and cross-sectional distensibility were statistically significantly lower. CONCLUSION: Our study results suggest that atherosclerotic changes may play a role in the underlying etiology of BPPV.

Heart Failure Awareness Survey in a Turkish Population: HFAS-TR.

OBJECTIVE: Heart failure is a leading cause of death and the most common diagnosis leading to hospitalization. Its awareness is lower than that of other cardiovascular diseases, both in the general population and among patients with heart failure (HF). This study aimed to establish the current level of knowledge about HF in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) in Türkiye. METHODS: This questionnaire-based survey study is multicenter, conducted across 34 centers from December 2021 to July 2022. We performed a survey consisting of two sets of questions focusing on individual characteristics of the patients and HF-related knowledge. RESULTS: The study included a total of 2,307 outpatient HF patients, comprising 70.5% males and 29.5% females with a mean age of 64.58 ± 13 (56-74) years and a mean body mass index value of 32.5 ± 10 kg/m2. HFrEF and HFmrEF were determined in 74.7% and 25.3% of patients, respectively. Thirty percent of the patients were unaware that they had HF. While 28.7% of the patients thought that they had sufficient information about HF, 71.3% believed they lacked adequate knowledge. In the study, 25.2% of the participants identified dyspnea, 22% identified tiredness, and 25.4% identified leg edema as the most common symptoms of HF. Only 27.4% of patients recognized all three typical symptoms of HF. CONCLUSION: We found that the study population's knowledge about HF symptoms and the nature of the disease was poor. Educational and awareness activities are necessary to optimize outcomes and benefits.

Is gray-white matter ratio in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients' really early predictor of neurological outcome?

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the association between neurological outcome and gray-white ratio (GWR) in brain computed tomography (CT) in patients with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) who were brought to the emergency department (ED) due to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). METHODS: This study has a retrospective design. Patients with ROSC who were brought to the ED due to OHCA and who underwent brain CT in the first 24 h were included in the study. Demographic data, brain CT results (intensities of gray matter and white matter in Hounsfield units and calculated GWR), and hospital outcome were recorded. The cerebral Performance Categories (CPC) score was used as the outcome of the study. RESULTS: A total of 160 patients were included in the study. 55% of the patients were male and the median age was 75.5. The median brain CT time of the patients was 120 min. 16.3% of the patients were in the good neurological outcome group. When attenuation values and GWRs of the patients were compared according to CPC of patients (good-poor), no statistically significant difference was detected in any parameter except MC2 attenuation (P > 0.05 for all values). The patients were separated into groups geriatric and nongeriatric and GWRs were compared. GWRs were lower in the geriatric groups (P < 0.05 for all values). CONCLUSION: Although it is emphasized in the literature that detection of low GWR in brain CT can help the clinical decision process in patients surviving comatose arrest, we think that it is not valid for especially in geriatric patients and in patients who underwent early brain CT after ROSC.

Evaluation of abdominal computed tomography findings in patients with COVID-19: a multicenter study

PURPOSE: To evaluate the frequency of abdominal computed tomography (CT) findings in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and interrogate the relationship between abdominal CT findings and patient demographic features, clinical findings, and laboratory test results as well as the CT atherosclerosis score in the abdominal aorta. METHODS: This study was designed as a multicenter retrospective study. The abdominal CT findings of 1.181 patients with positive abdominal symptoms from 26 tertiary medical centers with a positive polymerase chain-reaction test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 were reviewed. The frequency of ischemic and non-ischemic CT findings as well as the association between CT findings, clinical features, and abdominal aortic calcific atherosclerosis score (AA-CAS) were recorded. RESULTS: Ischemic and non-ischemic abdominal CT findings were detected in 240 (20.3%) and 328 (27.7%) patients, respectively. In 147 patients (12.4%), intra-abdominal malignancy was present. The most frequent ischemic abdominal CT findings were bowel wall thickening (n = 120; 10.2%) and perivascular infiltration (n = 40; 3.4%). As for non-ischemic findings, colitis (n = 91; 7.7%) and small bowel inflammation (n = 73; 6.2%) constituted the most frequent disease processes. The duration of hospital stay was found to be higher in patients with abdominal CT findings than in patients without any positive findings (13.8 ± 13 vs. 10.4 ± 12.8 days, P < 0.001). The frequency of abdominal CT findings was significantly higher in patients who did not survive the infection than in patients who were discharged after recovery (41.7% vs. 27.4%, P < 0.001). Increased AA-CAS was found to be associated with a higher risk of ischemic conditions in abdominal CT examinations. CONCLUSION: Abdominal symptoms in patients with COVID-19 are usually associated with positive CT findings. The presence of ischemic findings on CT correlates with poor COVID-19 outcomes. A high AA-CAS is associated with abdominal ischemic findings in patients with COVID-19.

The effect of coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia on myocardial ischemia detected by single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to examine the effects of COVID-19 pneumonia on cardiac ischemia detected by myocardial perfusion imaging with single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT-MPI) in patients presenting with chest pain and shortness of breath after recovery from COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Patients with a history of COVID-19 confirmed by reverse transcriptase-PCR test who underwent SPECT-MPI for the evaluation of ischemia with the complaints of chest pain and shortness of breath were screened for this study. Patients who underwent thorax CT during the acute period of the COVID-19 were included. Patients with and without pneumonia were determined based on computed tomographic criteria. The patients with a summed stress score of at least 4 on SPECT-MPI were considered to have abnormal MPI in terms of ischemia. RESULTS: A total of 266 patients were included in the study. Sixty-five (24%) patients had ischemia findings on SPECT-MPI. Thorax CT showed pneumonia in 152 (57%) patients, and the patients were divided into two groups as pneumonia and nonpneumonia. Abnormal SPECT-MPI scores, which represented myocardial ischemia, were higher in the pneumonia group. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that the presence of hyperlipidemia and pneumonia on CT increased the risk of ischemia on SPECT-MPI (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.08-3.99; P-value = 0.029; and OR, 2.90; 95% Cl, 1.52-5.54; P-value = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: COVID-19 pneumonia was identified as an independent predictor of ischemia on SPECT-MPI. Symptoms including chest pain and shortness of breath in patients who have had COVID-19 pneumonia may be attributed to coronary ischemia.

The effect of prior COVID-19 infection on coronary microvascular dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Frame Count (TFC) is an index that provides a quantitative evaluation of coronary microvascular dysfunction. In this study, we aimed to examine the effect of COVID-19 infection on TFC in patients admitted with chest pain and dyspnoea after COVID-19 disease and had abnormal findings in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. METHODS: For this single-center retrospective study, patients with and without a history of COVID-19 who were underwent coronary angiography for abnormal findings in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy between January 1, 2021 and June 30, 2021 were analysed. Patients were divided into two groups as patients with COVID-19 history and those without. After exclusion criteria, patients with adequate angiographic monitoring and data were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 210 patients, 48 with a history of COVID-19, were included in the study. The mean age was ±55 10 years, and 122 (58%) patients were women. In patients with a history of COVID-19, TFC was significantly higher in the LAD (p < 0.001) and LCx (p < 0.001) arteries and RCA TFC (p = 0.223) was similar in both groups. In the linear mix model, male gender (ß = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.26-3.51, p < 0.001) and history of COVID-19 (ß = 1.51, 95% CI = 0.49-2.53, p = 0.004) were significantly associated with TFC. CONCLUSION: TFC may be elevated due to coronary microvascular dysfunction in patients with a history of COVID-19.

SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging identifies myocardial ischemia in patients with a history of COVID-19 without coronary artery disease.

We aimed to examine the effect of a history of COVID-19 on myocardial ischemia in single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) in patients who presented with shortness of breath and/or chest pain after recovery. For this single-center retrospective study, patients who presented at cardiology outpatient clinics and had SPECT-MPI were screened. A total of 1888 patients were included in the study, 340 of whom had a history of COVID-19. 64 patients with > 50% stenosis on coronary angiography were excluded from the study. The primary outcome of the study was abnormal MPI. In the study population, the median age was 56 (49-64 IQR) years, and 1127 (65%) of the patients were female. Abnormal MPI was detected in 77 patients (23%) in the COVID-19 group and in 244 patients (16%) in the non-COVID-19 group. After adjustment was performed for clinical predictors using Bayesian logistic regression, an important association was found between the presence of a confirmed prior COVID-19 infection and abnormal MPI (posterior median odds ratio, 1.70 [95% CrI, 1.20-2.40], risk difference, 9.6% [95% CrI, 1.8%, 19.7%]). In SPECT-MPI, ischemia rates were observed to be higher in COVID-19 group and it was found that a confirmed prior COVID-19 might predict of abnormal MPI.

Relationship between Abdominal Aortic Calcification, Abdominal Adiposity, and Liver Density.

OBJECTIVE: To identify any relationship among visceral adipose tissue area (visceral FA), liver density (liver HU), psoas muscle area (psoas MA), waist circumference (WC) and the presence and severity of abdominal aortic calcific atherosclerosis (AAC). STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Ankara Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey, from January to February 2019. METHODOLOGY: This study included 316 patients, who had CT performed for urolithiasis investigation. For all patients, the presence and grade of AAC was recorded. Then, liver HU, spleen density (spleen HU), psoas MA, visceral FA, total abdominal fat area (total FA), subcutaneous fat area (subcutaneous FA), WC and hip circumference (HC) were measured on a workstation. RESULTS: AAC was present in 127 patients (40.2%). The age, visceral FA, total FA, visceral FA/total FA ratio, WC and WC/HC ratio of patients with AAC were significantly higher than for patients without AAC (p <0.05). Psoas MA was significantly lower in patients with AAC (p <0.05).  The cut-off value of visceral FA for the prediction of AAC was 131 cm2. The risk for AAC was 4.5 times higher in the group with visceral FA >131 cm2 (p <0.001). There were significant correlations between AAC grade and liver HU and spleen HU (p = 0.002 and p = 0.001, respectively). However, there was no significant correlation between AAC grade and liver HU/spleen HU ratio (p = 0.741). CONCLUSION: Psoas muscle area, visceral adiposity and waist circumference can be used to predict abdominal aortic calcification. Key Words: Visceral adipose tissue, Subcutaneous adipose tissue, Fatty liver.

Purification of Polyphenol Oxidase from Potato and Investigation of the Inhibitory Effects of Phenolic Acids on Enzyme Activity.

BACKGROUND: Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) belongs to the oxidoreductase enzyme family. METHODS: Here, PPO was purified from potato using Sepharose 4B-L-tyrosine-p-aminobenzoic acid affinity chromatography. It determined the interactions between some phenolic acids and the enzyme. RESULTS: The enzyme was obtained with a specific activity of 15333.33 EU/mg protein and 7.87- fold purification. It was found that phenolic acids exhibited inhibitory properties for PPO. The IC50 values of the phenolic acids were found in the range of 0.36-2.12 mM, and their Ki values were found in the range of 0.28± 0.07-1.72±0.32 mM. It was determined that all studied compounds displayed a competitive inhibition effect. Among these compounds, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid was found to be the most effective PPO inhibitor (Ki: 0.28±0.07 mM). CONCLUSION: Investigating the inhibition kinetics of the enzyme will simplify the testing of PPO inhibitor candidates.

Centralization of mammography reporting with mobile trucks: Turkish experience.

Screening via mammography is a complex process to be implemented. OBJECTIVE: To report the initial results and the effectiveness of newly implemented Turkey's population based breast cancer screening program performed for 40-69 years old women; and effectiveness of the newly implemented out-sourcing mobile trucks and national central report center. The study is conducted prospectively in one year (March 2016-March 2017) in all 81 provinces of Turkey. Mammography images were transferred via on-line web based system to the central reporting center. BI-RADS Scores and KETEM models (Mobile vs. Stationary) were the parameters were compared. In total mammography images of 414.802 patients were transferred from 155 KETEMs to the central reporting center. From these patients; 95.872 (23,1%) were aged between 40 and 44. Among all images, 21.999 (5,3%) were BI-RADS 0-4-5, 391.123 (94,3%) were BI-RADS 1-2. Totally recall rate of the national reporting center was 5.3%. Number of patients screened per day were significantly higher in out-sourcing mobile trucks compared to stationary KETEMs (31.8 vs. 8.9; p < 0.05). This is the first and the largest breast cancer screening study which results of a population based mammography screening for 40-69 years old women are evaluated at the same time with the evaluation of the efficacy of newly implemented centralized reporting center and the mobile screening trucks in comparison with stationary cancer screening centers. According to the initial results; Turkey's newly implemented population based breast cancer screening system seems to be feasible and effective.

The relationship between bone mineral density and arterial stiffness in women.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) and arterial stiffness as a preclinical atherosclerosis criterion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Carotid and femoral artery Doppler ultrasonography and arterial stiffness measurements were performed on 113 female patients referred for BMD measurements. RESULTS: The cross-sectional compliance and cross-sectional distensibility of the carotid artery were positively correlated with the BMD of the Ward's triangle, the femoral neck, and the lower femoral neck; and the Ward's triangle, respectively. A negative correlation was found between the intima-media thickness of the femoral artery and the femoral elastic modulus with the BMD of L1, L12, L13, and L23; and the BMD of L1, L3, L13, L24, L34, the femoral neck, the lower femoral neck, and Ward's triangle, respectively. The cross-sectional compliance and cross-sectional distensibility of the femoral artery were positively correlated with the BMD of the femoral neck, upper femoral neck, lower femoral neck, Ward's triangle; and the BMD of the total femur and Ward's triangle, respectively. CONCLUSION: The arterial stiffness measurements in women are correlated with BMD, regardless of age and other demographic factors.

Standardisation of the neck-shaft angle and measurement of age-, gender- and BMI-related changes in the femoral neck using DXA.

INTRODUCTION: The morphology of the proximal femur has often been investigated in the literature, but the normal population ranges and standard deviations have still not been determined for this area. This study aimed to determine the age-, gender- and body mass index (BMI)-related changes in the femoral neck, especially on the neck-shaft angle, by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements. METHODS: Retrospective analyses of DXA images of the proximal femur from 18,943 individuals aged 20-108 years were performed. The age, gender, weight and height of each individual were obtained at the time of bone measurement. Data on theta angle were obtained from DXA measurements. Simple linear regression analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to investigate the relationships between theta and age, gender and BMI. RESULTS: There was a significant correlation between theta and age (p < 0.001). We also found a significant difference between the various age groups using analysis of variance (p < 0.001), but there was no meaningful correlation between theta and BMI (p = 0.377) and the BMI groups (p = 0.180). There were small but statistically significant differences in the neck-shaft angle between males and females (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In this study, DXA-based measurements were used and many parameters of proximal femur geometry were calculated with limited radiation exposure. We have demonstrated that the mean neck-shaft angle is greater in males than in females, and that theta increases with age. We also found a significant difference between different age groups, but no meaningful correlation between theta and BMI.

Highly soluble 3,4-(dimethoxyphenylthio) substituted phthalocyanines: synthesis, photophysical and photochemical studies.

The synthesis of a new 3,4-(dimethoxyphenylthio) substituted phthalonitrile (1) and its soluble metal free (2), zinc (II) (3), oxo-titanium (IV) (4) and nickel (II) (5) phthalocyanine derivatives are reported for the first time. The new compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, (1)H NMR, UV-Vis, fluorescence spectroscopies and mass spectra. General trends are described for fluorescence, photodegradation and singlet oxygen quantum yields and fluorescence lifetimes of oxo-titanium (IV) and zinc (II) phthalocyanine compounds in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The effects of the metal ion on the photophysical and photochemical parameters for these phthalocyanines (3 and 4) are also reported.